1
|
Cheng BX, Shao GY, Li Y, Tian QQ, Wang SY, Liu F. Molecular cloning and characterisation of the PmEglin cDNA in the leech Hirudinaria sp. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
2
|
|
3
|
Kane RA, Christodoulides N, Jensen IM, Becker DJ, Mansfield KL, Savage AE. Gene expression changes with tumor disease and leech parasitism in the juvenile green sea turtle skin transcriptome. Gene 2021; 800:145800. [PMID: 34175400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is an epithelial tumor disease that affects immature and adult marine turtles worldwide, particularly green turtles (Chelonia mydas). We know little about the host factors contributing to FP susceptibility, in part because transcriptomic studies that compare transcript expression in turtles with and without FP are lacking. Here, we performed RNA-Seq on healthy skin tissue from immature C. mydas in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA, comparing turtles (1) with and without FP and (2) with and without leech parasites, a putative vector of FP. We assembled a de novo C. mydas skin transcriptome to identify transcripts with significant differential expression (DE) across FP and leech categories. Significant DE transcripts were found across FP and leech comparisons, including 10 of the same transcripts with DE across both comparisons. Leech-positive individuals significantly upregulated different immune and viral interaction transcripts than did leech-negative individuals, including viral interaction transcripts associated with herpesvirus interactions. This finding strengthens the role of marine leeches as mechanical vectors of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) which has been implicated as a causative agent of FP. FP-positive turtles upregulated several tumor progression and suppression transcripts relative to FP-negative turtles, which had no significant DE tumor progression transcripts. FP-positive turtles also upregulated significantly more protein interaction transcripts than FP-negative turtles. DE transcripts across leech comparisons showed no functional enrichment, whereas DE transcripts across FP comparisons showed some GO terms were enriched in FP-positive and FP negative turtles. Notably, only FP-negative turtles were enriched for GO terms involved in acquired and inflammatory immune gene regulation. Overall, our DE transcripts included several candidate genes that may play important roles in C. mydas resistance to or recovery from FP, highlighting that transcriptomics provides a promising venue to understand this impactful disease. Continued investigation of C. mydas responses to FP and leech affliction is imperative for species persistence and the conservation of marine ecosystems worldwide due to the essential role of sea turtles in ecosystem function and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | - Irelyn M Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | - Donald J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | | | - Anna E Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iwama RE, Tessler M, Siddall ME, Kvist S. The Origin and Evolution of Antistasin-like Proteins in Leeches (Hirudinida, Clitellata). Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evaa242. [PMID: 33527140 PMCID: PMC7851590 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodfeeding is employed by many parasitic animals and requires specific innovations for efficient feeding. Some of these innovations are molecular features that are related to the inhibition of hemostasis. For example, bloodfeeding insects, bats, and leeches release proteins with anticoagulatory activity through their salivary secretions. The antistasin-like protein family, composed of serine protease inhibitors with one or more antistasin-like domains, is tightly linked to inhibition of hemostasis in leeches. However, this protein family has been recorded also in non-bloodfeeding invertebrates, such as cnidarians, mollusks, polychaetes, and oligochaetes. The present study aims to 1) root the antistasin-like gene tree and delimit the major orthologous groups, 2) identify potential independent origins of salivary proteins secreted by leeches, and 3) identify major changes in domain and/or motif structure within each orthologous group. Five clades containing leech antistasin-like proteins are distinguishable through rigorous phylogenetic analyses based on nine new transcriptomes and a diverse set of comparative data: the trypsin + leukocyte elastase inhibitors clade, the antistasin clade, the therostasin clade, and two additional, unnamed clades. The antistasin-like gene tree supports multiple origins of leech antistasin-like proteins due to the presence of both leech and non-leech sequences in one of the unnamed clades, but a single origin of factor Xa and trypsin + leukocyte elastase inhibitors. This is further supported by three sequence motifs that are exclusive to antistasins, the trypsin + leukocyte elastase inhibitor clade, and the therostasin clade, respectively. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of this diverse family of leech anticoagulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Eiji Iwama
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tessler
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Kvist
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tessler M, Gaffney JP, Oliveira AG, Guarnaccia A, Dobi KC, Gujarati NA, Galbraith M, Mirza JD, Sparks JS, Pieribone VA, Wood RJ, Gruber DF. A putative chordate luciferase from a cosmopolitan tunicate indicates convergent bioluminescence evolution across phyla. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17724. [PMID: 33082360 PMCID: PMC7576829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrosomes are tunicates in the phylum Chordata, which also contains vertebrates. Their gigantic blooms play important ecological and biogeochemical roles in oceans. Pyrosoma, meaning "fire-body", derives from their brilliant bioluminescence. The biochemistry of this light production is unknown, but has been hypothesized to be bacterial in origin. We found that mixing coelenterazine-a eukaryote-specific luciferin-with Pyrosoma atlanticum homogenate produced light. To identify the bioluminescent machinery, we sequenced P. atlanticum transcriptomes and found a sequence match to a cnidarian luciferase (RLuc). We expressed this novel luciferase (PyroLuc) and, combined with coelenterazine, it produced light. A similar gene was recently predicted from a bioluminescent brittle star, indicating that RLuc-like luciferases may have evolved convergently from homologous dehalogenases across phyla (Cnidaria, Echinodermata, and Chordata). This report indicates that a widespread gene may be able to functionally converge, resulting in bioluminescence across animal phyla, and describes and characterizes the first putative chordate luciferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tessler
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA. .,Department of Biology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Jean P Gaffney
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA. .,The Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, USA.
| | - Anderson G Oliveira
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e, Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Andrew Guarnaccia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA.,The Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Krista C Dobi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA.,The Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Nehaben A Gujarati
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Moira Galbraith
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Jeremy D Mirza
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e, Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John S Sparks
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.,Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | | | - Robert J Wood
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David F Gruber
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA. .,Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA. .,The Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Draft genome of the European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudiniformes) with emphasis on anticoagulants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9885. [PMID: 32555498 PMCID: PMC7303139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The European medicinal leech has been used for medicinal purposes for millennia, and continues to be used today in modern hospital settings. Its utility is granted by the extremely potent anticoagulation factors that the leech secretes into the incision wound during feeding and, although a handful of studies have targeted certain anticoagulants, the full range of anticoagulation factors expressed by this species remains unknown. Here, we present the first draft genome of the European medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, and estimate that we have sequenced between 79–94% of the full genome. Leveraging these data, we searched for anticoagulation factors across the genome of H. medicinalis. Following orthology determination through a series of BLAST searches, as well as phylogenetic analyses, we estimate that fully 15 different known anticoagulation factors are utilized by the species, and that 17 other proteins that have been linked to antihemostasis are also present in the genome. We underscore the utility of the draft genome for comparative studies of leeches and discuss our results in an evolutionary context.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li T, Ma J, Xu Z, Wang S, Wang N, Shao S, Yang W, Huang L, Liu Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Influence of Methanol Assimilation on the Gene Expression in the Recombinant Pichia pastoris Producing Hirudin Variant 3. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080606. [PMID: 31409011 PMCID: PMC6722669 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirudin and its variants, as strong inhibitors against thrombin, are present in the saliva of leeches and are recognized as potent anticoagulants. However, their yield is far from the clinical requirement up to now. In this study, the production of hirudin variant 3 (HV3) was successfully realized by cultivating the recombinant Pichia pastoris GS115/pPIC9K-hv3 under the regulation of the promoter of AOX1 encoding alcohol oxidase (AOX). The antithrombin activity in the fermentation broth reached the maximum value of 5000 ATU/mL. To explore an effective strategy for improving HV3 production in the future, we investigated the influence of methanol assimilation on the general gene expression in this recombinant by transcriptomic study. The results showed that methanol was partially oxidized into CO2, and the rest was converted into glycerone-P which subsequently entered into central carbon metabolism, energy metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. However, the later metabolic processes were almost all down-regulated. Therefore, we propose that the up-regulated central carbon metabolism, energy, and amino acid metabolism should be beneficial for methanol assimilation, which would accordingly improve the production of HV3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jieying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zehua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shulin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The salivary transcriptome of Limnobdella mexicana (Annelida: Clitellata: Praobdellidae) and orthology determination of major leech anticoagulants. Parasitology 2019; 146:1338-1346. [PMID: 31148528 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bloodfeeding requires several adaptations that allow the parasite to feed efficiently. Leeches and other hematophagous animals have developed different mechanisms to inhibit hemostasis, one of the main barriers imposed by their hosts. Limnobdella mexicana is a member of the leech family Praobdellidae, a family of host generalists known for their preference to attach on mucosal membranes of mammals, such as those in nasopharyngeal cavities, bladders and ocular orbits. Previous studies have hypothesized a positive relationship between diversity of anticoagulants and diversity of hosts in bloodfeeding leeches. However, orthology determination of putative anticoagulants and the lack of standardization of sequencing effort and method hinder comparisons between publicly available transcriptomes generated in different laboratories. In the present study, we examine the first transcriptome of a praobdellid leech and identify 15 putative anticoagulants using a phylogeny-based inference approach, amino-acid conservation, Pfam domains and BLAST searches. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the ancestral leech was able to inhibit factor Xa and that some hirudins that have been reported in previous studies on leech anticoagulants may not be orthologous with the archetypal hirudin.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hirudins of the Asian medicinal leech, Hirudinaria manillensis: same same, but different. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2223-2233. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Khan MS, Guan D, Kvist S, Ma L, Xie J, Xu S. Transcriptomics and differential gene expression in Whitmania pigra (Annelida: Clitellata: Hirudinida: Hirudinidae): Contrasting feeding and fasting modes. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4706-4719. [PMID: 31031937 PMCID: PMC6476756 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal utility of leeches has been demonstrated through decades of use in modern hospital settings, mainly as relievers of venous congestion following flap or digit replantation surgery. In the present study, we sequence and annotate (through BLAST- and Gene Ontology-based approaches) the salivary transcriptome of the nonblood feeding hirudinid Whitmania pigra and assess the differential gene expression of anticoagulation factors (through both quantitative real-time PCR [qRT-PCR] and in silico-based methods) during feeding and fasting conditions. This was done in order to evince the diversity of putative anticoagulation factors, as well as estimate the levels of upregulation of genes immediately after feeding. In total, we found sequences with demonstrated orthology (via both phylogenetic analyses and BLAST-based approaches) to seven different proteins that have previously been linked to anticoagulatory capabilities-eglin C, bdellin, granulin, guamerin, hyaluronidase, destabilase I, and lipocalin. All of these were recovered from leeches both in the fasting and in the feeding conditions, but all show signs of upregulation in the feeding leeches. Interestingly, our RNA-seq effort, coupled with a hypergeometric test, indicated that the differentially expressed genes were disproportionately involved in three main immunological pathways (endocytosis, peroxisome regulation, and lysosome regulation). The results and implications of the finding of anticoagulants in this nonblood feeding leech and the putative upregulation of anticoagulation factors after feeding are briefly discussed in an evolutionary context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - De‐Long Guan
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Sebastian Kvist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Natural HistoryRoyal Ontario MuseumTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Li‐Bin Ma
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Juan‐Ying Xie
- School of Computer ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Sheng‐Quan Xu
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tessler M, de Carle D, Voiklis ML, Gresham OA, Neumann JS, Cios S, Siddall ME. Worms that suck: Phylogenetic analysis of Hirudinea solidifies the position of Acanthobdellida and necessitates the dissolution of Rhynchobdellida. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:129-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Tessler M, Gaffney JP, Crawford JM, Trautman E, Gujarati NA, Alatalo P, Pieribone VA, Gruber DF. Luciferin production and luciferase transcription in the bioluminescent copepod Metridia lucens. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5506. [PMID: 30233994 PMCID: PMC6140675 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent copepods are often the most abundant marine zooplankton and play critical roles in oceanic food webs. Metridia copepods exhibit particularly bright bioluminescence, and the molecular basis of their light production has just recently begun to be explored. Here we add to this body of work by transcriptomically profiling Metridia lucens, a common species found in temperate, northern, and southern latitudes. In this previously molecularly-uncharacterized species, we find the typical luciferase paralog gene set found in Metridia. More surprisingly, we recover noteworthy putative luciferase sequences that had not been described from Metridia species, indicating that bioluminescence produced by these copepods may be more complex than previously known. This includes another copepod luciferase, as well as one from a shrimp. Furthermore, feeding experiments using mass spectrometry and 13C labelled L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine firmly establish that M. lucens produces its own coelenterazine luciferin rather than acquiring it through diet. This coelenterazine synthesis has only been directly confirmed in one other copepod species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tessler
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean P Gaffney
- Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Bernard M. Baruch College, New York, NY, United States of America.,Biology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Eric Trautman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Nehaben A Gujarati
- Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Bernard M. Baruch College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Philip Alatalo
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Vincent A Pieribone
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - David F Gruber
- Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Bernard M. Baruch College, New York, NY, United States of America.,Biology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Z, Wang Y, Tong X, Su Y, Yang L, Wang D, Zhao Y. De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome characterization of Poecilobdella javanica provide insight into blood feeding of medicinal leeches. Mol Omics 2018; 14:352-361. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leeches (family Hirudinidae) are classic model invertebrates used in diverse clinical treatments, such as reconstructive microsurgery, hypertension, and gangrene treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Liu
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Xiangrong Tong
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Debin Wang
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University, Kunming Key Laboratory of Hydroecology Restoration of Dianchi Lake, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development & Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| |
Collapse
|