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Grigg MJ, Lubis IN, Tetteh KKA, Barber BE, William T, Rajahram GS, Tan AF, Sutherland CJ, Noviyanti R, Drakeley CJ, Britton S, Anstey NM. Plasmodium knowlesi detection methods for human infections-Diagnosis and surveillance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:77-130. [PMID: 34620386 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Within the overlapping geographical ranges of P. knowlesi monkey hosts and vectors in Southeast Asia, an estimated 1.5 billion people are considered at risk of infection. P. knowlesi can cause severe disease and death, the latter associated with delayed treatment occurring from misdiagnosis. Although microscopy is a sufficiently sensitive first-line tool for P. knowlesi detection for most low-level symptomatic infections, misdiagnosis as other Plasmodium species is common, and the majority of asymptomatic infections remain undetected. Current point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests demonstrate insufficient sensitivity and poor specificity for differentiating P. knowlesi from other Plasmodium species. Molecular tools including nested, real-time, and single-step PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), are sensitive for P. knowlesi detection. However, higher cost and inability to provide the timely point-of-care diagnosis needed to guide appropriate clinical management has limited their routine use in most endemic clinical settings. P. knowlesi is likely underdiagnosed across the region, and improved diagnostic and surveillance tools are required. Reference laboratory molecular testing of malaria cases for both zoonotic and non-zoonotic Plasmodium species needs to be more widely implemented by National Malaria Control Programs across Southeast Asia to accurately identify the burden of zoonotic malaria and more precisely monitor the success of human-only malaria elimination programs. The implementation of specific serological tools for P. knowlesi would assist in determining the prevalence and distribution of asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections, the absence of transmission in certain areas, and associations with underlying land use change for future spatially targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Inke N Lubis
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Gleneagles Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Giri S Rajahram
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Queen Elizabeth Hospital 2, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Angelica F Tan
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris J Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumudu Britton
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Dai SM, Edwards J, Guan Z, Lv S, Li SZ, Zhang LJ, Feng J, Feng N, Zhou XN, Xu J. Change patterns of oncomelanid snail burden in areas within the Yangtze River drainage after the three gorges dam operated. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:48. [PMID: 31208457 PMCID: PMC6580481 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An "integrated control" strategy has been implemented within seven provinces at highest risk for schistosomiasis along Yangtze River in Peoples' Republic of China (P. R. China) since 2004. Since Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of the blood fluke (Schistosoma japonicum), controlling the distribution of snails is considered an essential and effective way to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis infection. The study aimed to determine the snail area burden and annual trend among provinces with potential risk for schistosomiasis along the Yangtze River, above and below the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). METHODS This retrospective study utilized data previously collected from the National Parasitic Diseases Control Information Management System (NPDCIMS) on annual snail surveys from 2009 to 2017. Descriptive statistics were performed for analyzing the snail burden by provinces, counties, type of environmental location and year, and mapping was conducted to present the snails distribution. RESULTS From 2009 to 2017, the total snail infested area decreased by 4.22%, from 372 253 hm2 to 356 553 hm2 within the seven high risk provinces. The majority of snails were found in the marshland and lake regions, outside of control embankments. The total snail burden trend remained relatively stable in upstream regions above the TGD from 2010 to 2015, while the trend decreased within downstream regions during this period. In 2016 and 2017, the total snail burden trend increased in both upstream and downstream provinces, however, upstream saw a larger increase. From 2009 to 2017, there were a total of 5990 hm2 of newly developed snail areas in the seven study provinces and the majority were concentrated in regions below the TGD, accounting for 5610 hm2 (93.70%). CONCLUSIONS There has been a decline in total snail counts from 2009 to 2017. Meanwhile, new snail breeding areas were formed mainly within provinces downstream the TGD due to spread of snails, indicated that the oncomelanid snail would be difficult to completely eliminate. We suggest that the national schistosomiasis integrated control strategy, including mollusciding and environmental modification, will need to be enhanced significantly going forward to achieve a greater reduction in snail burden and ultimately to achieve elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Dai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington USA
| | - Zhou Guan
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Henan Province, 105 Nongyenan Road, Zhengzhou, 450016 Henan China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ning Feng
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 211, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Tropical Disease Research Center, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
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