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Yoneva A, van Beest GS, Born-Torrijos A. Search, find, and penetrate: ultrastructural data of furcocercariae of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Digenea, Strigeidae) explain their transmission and infection strategy into fish hosts. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:877-889. [PMID: 35091840 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides an overview of the structures linked to fish host finding, recognition, and invasion of one of the most commonly occurring morphotypes among trematodes, furcocercariae. For this, we use free-swimming cercariae of the strigeid Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi 1819) Dubois, 1982. Their elongated cercarial body and bifurcated tail are covered by a tegument with an irregular surface, showing numerous folds arranged in different directions and a typical syncytial organization. Both the body and the bifurcated tail are covered with short spines, rose-thorn shaped, as well as four types of sensory papillae, distinguished by the presence or absence of a cilium, its length, and their position on the cercarial body. These papillae are especially important for free-living stages that rely on external stimuli to locate and adhere to the host. A specialized anterior organ is located at the anterior part of the cercariae and is encircled by a triangle-shaped group of enlarged pre-oral spines followed by a transverse row of enlarged post-oral spines that, together with the sensory papillae, allow active finding, recognition, and penetration into fish. The ventral sucker, covered with inner-oriented spines, sensory papillae, and cilia, helps during this process. The cercariae of C. longicollis possess three types of gland cells (a head gland and two types of penetration glands), each containing different types of secretory granules that play a role in host invasion. The protonephridial excretory system consists of an excretory bladder, a system of collecting tubules, flame cells, and two excretory pores in the middle of each furcae, which serve to control osmoregulation in their marine environment, as well as to eliminate metabolic waste. Together with the four types of sensory endings, the central ganglion forms the nervous system. Our results add novel information on the ultrastructure of strigeid furcocercariae, being essential to interpret these data in relation of their functional role to better understand the transmission and penetration strategies that cercariae display to infect their fish hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Yoneva
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Gabrielle S van Beest
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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van Beest GS, Villar-Torres M, Raga JA, Montero FE, Born-Torrijos A. In vivo fluorescent cercariae reveal the entry portals of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Strigeidae) into the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:92. [PMID: 30867029 PMCID: PMC6417200 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their complex life-cycles involving various types of hosts and free-living stages, digenean trematodes are becoming recurrent model systems. The infection and penetration strategy of the larval stages, i.e. cercariae, into the fish host is poorly understood and information regarding their entry portals is not well-known for most species. Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Digenea, Strigeidae) uses the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), an important marine fish in Mediterranean aquaculture, as a second intermediate host, where they encyst in the brain as metacercariae. Labelling the cercariae with in vivo fluorescent dyes helped us to track their entry into the fish, revealing the penetration pattern that C. longicollis uses to infect S. aurata. Methods Two different fluorescent dyes were used: carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and Hoechst 33342 (NB). Three ascending concentrations of each dye were tested to detect any effect on labelled cercarial performance, by recording their survival for the first 5 h post-labelling (hpl) and 24 hpl, as well as their activity for 5 hpl. Labelled cercariae were used to track the penetration points into fish, and cercarial infectivity and later encystment were analysed by recording brain-encysted metacercariae in fish infected with labelled and control cercariae after 20 days of infection. Results Although the different dye concentrations showed diverse effects on both survival and activity, intermediate doses of CFSE did not show any short-term effect on survival, permitting a brighter and longer recognition of cercariae on the host body surface. Therefore, CFSE helped to determine the penetration points of C. longicollis into the fish, denoting their aggregation on the head, eye and gills region, as well as on the dorsal fin and the lower side. Only CFSE-labelled cercariae showed a decreased number of encysted metacercariae when compared to control. Conclusions Our study suggests that CFSE is an adequate labelling method for short-term in vivo studies, whereas NB would better suit in vivo studies on long-term performance. Cardiocephaloides longicollis cercariae seem to be attracted to areas near to the brain or those that are likely to be connected to migration routes to neuronal canals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S van Beest
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain. .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Mar Villar-Torres
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esteban Montero
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Huston DC, Cutmore SC, Cribb TH. Molecular systematics of the digenean community parasitising the cerithiid gastropod Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kusage on the Great Barrier Reef. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:722-735. [PMID: 30053543 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rich fauna of digenetic trematodes has been documented from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), yet little is known of the complex life-cycles of these parasites which occur in this diverse marine ecosystem. At Heron Island, a small coral cay at the southern end of the GBR, the intertidal marine gastropod Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kusage (Cerithiidae) is especially abundant. This gastropod serves as an intermediate host for 12 trematode species utilising both fish and avian definitive hosts. However, 11 of these species have been characterised solely with morphological data. Between 2015 and 2018 we collected 4870C. batillariaeformis from Heron Island to recollect these species with the goal of using molecular data to resolve their phylogenetic placement. We found eight of the 12 previously known species and two new forms, bringing the total number of digenean species known to parasitise C. batillariaeformis to 14. The families of this trematode community now include the Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939, Bivesiculidae Yamaguti, 1934, Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898, Hemiuridae Looss, 1899, Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909, Himasthlidae Odhner, 1910, Microphallidae Ward, 1901, and Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939. Molecular data (ITS and 28S rDNA) were generated for all trematode species, and the phylogenetic position of each species was determined. The digenean community parasitising C. batillariaeformis includes several common species, as well as multiple species which are uncommon to rare. Although most of those trematodes in the community which exploit fishes as definitive hosts have remained common, the composition of those which utilise birds appears to have shifted over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Huston
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Orlofske SA, Flaxman SM, Joseph MB, Fenton A, Melbourne BA, Johnson PTJ. Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: Quantitative evidence for the importance of nonlinear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:703-715. [PMID: 29111599 PMCID: PMC6849515 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors—duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density—in laboratory infection experiments. We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form. Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best‐fitting models and consistently outperformed the linear density‐dependent and density‐independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host–macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms. Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host–pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Orlofske
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Trainer Natural Resources Building 446, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - Samuel M Flaxman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Maxwell B Joseph
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brett A Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Wanlop A, Wongsawad C, Prattapong P, Wongsawad P, Chontananarth T, Chai JY. Prevalence of Centrocestus formosanus Metacercariae in Ornamental Fish from Chiang Mai, Thailand, with Molecular Approach Using ITS2. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:445-449. [PMID: 28877579 PMCID: PMC5594729 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae was investigated in ornamental fish purchased from a pet shop in Chiang Mai, Thailand, including Carassius auratus (goldfish), Cyprinus carpio (Koi), Poecilia latipinna (Sailfin Molly), Danio rerio (Zebrafish), and Puntigrus tetrazona (Tiger barb). The parasite species was identified by the morphology of worms as well as by a molecular approach using ITS2. The results showed that 50 (33.3%) of 150 fish examined were infected with the metacercariae. The highest prevalence was found in C. auratus (83.3%), and the highest intensity was noted in C. carpio (70.8 metacercariae/fish). The most important morphological character was the presence of 32-34 circumoral spines on the oral sucker. The phylogenetic studies using the rRNA ITS2 region revealed that all the specimens of C. formosanus in this study were grouped together with C. formosanus in GenBank database. This is the first report on ornamental fish, C. carpio, P. latipinna, D. rerio, and P. tetrazona, taking the role of second intermediate hosts of C. formosanus in Thailand. Prevention and control of metacercarial infection in ornamental fish is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaphan Wanlop
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chalobol Wongsawad
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pongphol Prattapong
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pheravut Wongsawad
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Huston DC, Cantu V, Huffman DG. Experimental exposure of adult San Marcos salamanders and larval leopard frogs to the cercariae of Centrocestus formosanus. J Parasitol 2013; 100:239-41. [PMID: 24303882 DOI: 10.1645/13-419.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The gill parasite Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) is an exotic parasite of concern in Texas because it has been shown to infect multiple threatened and endangered fish species. The purpose of this study was to determine if C. formosanus could present a threat to larval anurans, as well as threatened neotenic salamanders endemic to the spring-fed systems of Texas. We exposed adults of the San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and tadpoles of the Rio Grande leopard frog Lithobates berlandieri (Anura: Ranidae) to the cercariae of C. formosanus . The San Marcos salamander showed no signs of metacercarial infection, suggesting that E. nana may be refractory to C. formosanus cercariae. Centrocestus formosanus readily infects the gills of leopard frog tadpoles, but the metacercariae apparently died prior to reaching maturity in our tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Huston
- San Marcos Aquatic Resource Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, San Marcos, Texas 78666
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Galván-Borja D, Olivero-Verbel J, Barrios-García L. Occurrence of Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa Ransom, 1920 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Mugil incilis from Cartagena Bay, Colombia. Vet Parasitol 2010; 168:31-5. [PMID: 19939571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fishborne metacercariae have not been reported in Colombia. During an 8-month period, 250 mullet/lisa (Mugil incilis) were examined for trematode metacercariae in the liver. Average prevalence and intensity were 93.4+/-2.5% and 8476+/-1238 cysts per gram of liver, respectively. Monthly prevalence of the trematode, identified as Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa Ransom (1920), was always high (>79%) and there was no difference between sampling periods (P>0.05). Trematode intensity in lisa had a significant negative effect on host size (R=-0.325, P<0.001), condition factor (R=-0.352, P<0.001), and liver-somatic index (R=-0.372, P<0.001); in contrast, a positive relationship was found with gill-somatic index (R=0.446, P<0.001). Histopathological analysis indicated the presence of abundant cysts together with inflammatory reactions involving macrophage aggregates and necrosis. These results suggest that trematodes infecting the liver of M. incilis affect the growth and well-being of these fish, and their consumption could represent a major risk for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilia Galván-Borja
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Campus of Zaragocilla, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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