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Fadel EF, EL-Hady HA, Ahmed AM, Tolba MEM. Molecular diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis: the state of the art. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:201-216. [PMID: 38840888 PMCID: PMC11147977 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis. Approximately one-third of the world's population is currently T. gondii-seropositive. Although most infections are symptomless, a few can produce retinal lesions and, in immunocompromised persons or when congenitally contracted, can progress to life-threatening central nervous system disseminated infections. Therefore, quick, and precise diagnosis is a must. Molecular techniques nowadays play a crucial role in toxoplasmosis diagnosis, particularly in immunocompromised patients or congenital toxoplasmosis. This review aimed to detail recent advancements in molecular diagnostics of T. gondii infections. The terms "Toxoplasmosis," "Molecular diagnostics," "PCR," "qPCR," "B1," and "rep529" were used to search the English-language literature. In developed nations, conventional PCR (PCR) and nested PCR have been supplanted by quantitative PCR (qPCR), although they are still widely employed in poor nations. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has been revolutionized by the emergence of molecular diagnostics. Unfortunately, there is still substantial interlaboratory variability. There is an immediate need for standardization to increase the comparability of results between laboratories and clinical trials. Graphical abstract A graphical abstract highlighting the summary of Toxoplasma molecular diagnostics, created using Biorender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Fathi Fadel
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Ahmed EL-Hady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Amal Mostafa Ahmed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Essa Marghany Tolba
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khaled University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Tian X, Yang Z, Wan G, Xie T, Wang M, Sun H, Mei X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. Vaccination with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-formation deficient 1 (rTgBFD1) antigen provides partial protective immunity against chronic T. gondii infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957479. [PMID: 36172608 PMCID: PMC9510678 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an apicomplexan pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii still remains a major threat to public health and requires special attention. In fact, positive attempts to identify more effective antigens to provide protection are important to control toxoplasmosis. Latest scientific advances in T. gondii study hint at the probability of the T. gondii bradyzoite-formation deficient 1 (TgBFD1) as an ideal vaccine candidate, since this molecule plays a critical role in regulating the chronic infection of T. gondii. Thus, BALB/c mouse models of acute and chronic T. gondii infections were used to evaluate the TgBFD1 protection efficacy in this study. Before conducting animal trials, antigen analysis of TgBFD1 was performed using DNAstar software and Western blots. The preliminary results suggested that TgBFD1 should be a potent immunogen. Then, this conclusion is confirmed by ELISA assays. After immunization with rTgBFD1, high levels of specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and cytokines (Interferon γ and interleukin 10) were observed, indicating that TgBFD1 could induce strong protective antibody responses. While TgBFD1-specific IgG antibodies were measurable in vaccinated mice, no protection was observed in the acute T. gondii infection (RH strain) assay. However, a noticeable decrease in brain cysts counts of immunized mice compared with negative controls in the latent T. gondii infection (PRU strain) assay was observed. Taken together, these results indicated that rTgBFD1 had the remarkable ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses and could provide partial protective immunity against chronic T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenke Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangmin Wan
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hanqi Sun
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangrui Li
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Shuai Wang
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Tian X, Wang M, Xie T, Wan G, Sun H, Mei X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. A recombinant protein vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii Cyst wall 2 (dense granule protein 47) provides partial protection against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in BALB/c mice. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106514. [PMID: 35580637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii poses a major threat to economies and public health, and there are still no available vaccines for human against T. gondii infection. T. gondii cyst wall 2 (TgCST2, also known as dense granule protein-47) is a critical molecule in the establishment of chronic infection, making it a potential vaccine candidate. In this research, the recombinant TgCST2 (rTgCST2) was employed to evaluate the protective efficacy of TgCST2 antigen using BALB/c mice model against T. gondii infections via active immunization trials. First, the strong immunogenicity of TgCST2 was indicated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, which mean that TgCST2 might elicit robust immune responses in the organism. Then, after triply subcutaneous immunization with rTgCST2/ISA 201 emulsion, high levels of Toxoplasma-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and cytokines (Interferon γ and interleukin 10) further suggested that TgCST2 was a promising immunogenic antigen. More importantly, this antigen could prolong survival in RH strain infected mice and resulted in the lower brain cysts size and number of PRU strain infected mice. These preliminary results demonstrated the immunoprophylactic effects of TgCST2 antigen and will inform new studies in developing subunit recombinant vaccines against T. gondii.
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Zuo Q, Gao Z, Cai L, Bai L, Pei Y, Liu M, Xue H, Xu J, Wang S. A predicting model of child-bearing-aged women' spontaneous abortion by co-infections of TORCH and reproductive tract. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:142-152. [PMID: 35322463 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop a predicting model of child-bearing-aged women' spontaneous abortion (SA) by co-infections of TORCH and reproductive tract, in order to provide a reference tool for accurately predicting the risk of SA and guide the early prevention, diagnosis and treatment of SA. A prospective cohort study was designed based on 218 958 child-bearing-aged women following up in Hebei province in China from 2010 to 2017. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to select candidate predictive variables. Fisher's discriminant analysis was performed to build a predictive model, and the validity of the model was evaluated. The incidence rate of SA was 2.4%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 3.507), adverse pregnancy history (OR = 1.509), co-infections status of Candida and HBsAg (ORCandida positive×HBsAg negative = 4.091, ORCandida negative×HBsAg positive = 3.327, and ORCandida positive×HBsAg positive = 13.762), and co-infections status of HBsAg, Rubella (IgG) and CMV (IgG) (ORHBs-Ag negative×Rubella (IgG) negative×CMV (IgG) positive = 1.789, ORHBs-Ag positive×Rubella (IgG) positive×CMV (IgG) negative = 3.809, and ORHBsAg positive×Rubella (IgG) positive×CMV (IgG) positive = 11.919) were the independent predictors of SA. The total discriminant rate reached 91%, with 82% of the sensitivity and 91% of the specificity. The predicting model of child-bearing-aged women' SA by co-infections status has a good performance. The co-infection status of TORCH and reproductive tract are suggested to be considered in pre-pregnancy physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zuo
- School of Public Health, Hebei University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Zhangquan Gao
- Hebei Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology (formerly known as Hebei Province Family Planning Science and Technology Institute)/NHC Key Laboratory of Family Planning and Healthy/Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Cai
- School of Public Health, Hebei University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Linlin Bai
- School of Public Health, Hebei University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Hebei Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology (formerly known as Hebei Province Family Planning Science and Technology Institute)/NHC Key Laboratory of Family Planning and Healthy/Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengchao Liu
- School of Public Health, Hebei University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- School of Public Health, Hebei University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Juan Xu
- School of Public Health, Hebei University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Shusong Wang
- Hebei Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology (formerly known as Hebei Province Family Planning Science and Technology Institute)/NHC Key Laboratory of Family Planning and Healthy/Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Aldabbagh KA, Alnori MKJ, Almola KW. TORCH, Anti-cardiolepin, and Anti-phospholipids in Women with Repeated Miscarriage in Mosul City. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objective: The present study aimed to identify a connection between common viral infections and women who had repeatedly miscarriages.
Material and Methods: This study is a retrospective study which has been carried out on 2010 records in Mosul city/Iraq, and the patients were all women of child-bearing age (20-35 years old). All of the women had suffered from an abortion at least once before. The target viruses in charge for this study include; Toxoplasma gundi, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella virus, and Herpes virus.
Results and Conclusion: The analysis is based on the detection of the anti-bodies which confirmed a negative correlation between antibodies level and active viral infection, together with no clear association between the presence of active infectious status and miscarriage. Additionally, only few positive cases for each individual patient were positive for viral infection. Hence, the outcome confirmed no clear association between presence of infectious agent and repeated miscarriage. Nonetheless, rubella and cytomegalovirus have shown the highest contribution in this regard.
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Tian X, Sun H, Wang M, Wan G, Xie T, Mei X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. A Novel Vaccine Candidate: Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii Perforin-Like Protein 2 Stimulates Partial Protective Immunity Against Toxoplasmosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:802250. [PMID: 35252413 PMCID: PMC8890382 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan pathogen infecting 2 billion people and numerous livestock, causing a major threat to economies and human health. Passive-active immunoprophylaxis is an efficient approach to provide protection against toxoplasmosis. T. gondii perforin-like protein 2 (TgPLP2) contains a membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain, making it a potential vaccine candidate. Here, we aimed to assess the protection efficacy of TgPLP2 using Bagg albino/c (BALB/c) mice model. The Escherichia coli system was used to obtain the recombinant TgPLP2 (rTgPLP2). Mice challenged by anti-rTgPLP2 polyclonal antibodies (PcAb) pretreated tachyzoites showed obviously increased survival outcomes. In addition, mice that passively received anti-rTgPLP2 PcAb following a lethal dose of tachyzoites infection had longer survival time compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls. Furthermore, we demonstrated that immunization with rTgPLP2 could prolong survival in RH strain infected mice and resulted in the lowest brain cysts size and number of Prugniaud (PRU) genotype II strain infected mice. High levels of Toxoplasma-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) were produced after two immunizations with rTgPLP2. Together these results indicated that TgPLP2 can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses to protect host against infection and thus is a potential candidate for T. gondii vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hanqi Sun
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangmin Wan
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangrui Li
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Shuai Wang
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Kalantari N, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Moulana Z, Chehrazi M, Ghaffari S. Toxoplasma gondii infection and spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105070. [PMID: 34186117 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans, which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. It is usually asymptomatic but primary infection in a pregnant woman can cause severe consequences in the fetus such as miscarriage. This study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of T. gondii infection in women with spontaneous abortion. It also evaluates the possible relationship between recent Toxoplasma infection and miscarriage. Five electronic databases were reviewed. We used the random effects model and 95% confidence intervals(CI) to determine the overall prevalence and odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was calculated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. The included studies were divided into three sub-groups based on antibody class against T. gondii and the existence of parasite DNA. Based on PCR, the pooled random-effects estimates that the prevalence of T. gondii infection in women with abortion was 10% (95% CI 7-14%). The pooled random effect favored a statistically significant increased risk of latent Toxoplasma infection [OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.41-2.40, P < 0.001] and recent infection [OR = 3.72; 95% CI: 2.21-6.26, P < 0.001] in women with spontaneous abortions. In recent infections, significant pooled ORs of positive association were observed in women with miscarriage [OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 2.04-8.85; χ2 = 17.2; I2 = 42.0%, P = 0.07]. This study demonstrates that recent T. gondii infection is associated with an elevated risk of spontaneous abortion. Further studies concerning all risk factors related to toxoplasmosis, and undertaking confirmatory tests at the time of abortion should be performed to investigate the impact of T. gondii infection and spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Kalantari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Moulana
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chehrazi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Salman Ghaffari
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Wang S, Li H, Zhang F, Jiao Y, Xie Q, Zhang Z, Li X. Expression of TIGIT in splenic and circulatory T cells from mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:13. [PMID: 33629951 PMCID: PMC7906093 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface protein TIGIT (T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain) has been characterized as an important regulator of cell-mediated immune responses in various infections. However, TIGIT expression in immune cells of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii has not been investigated. Here, we detected TIGIT expression and related phenotypes by flow cytometry and real-time PCR in splenic and circulatory T cells of mice infected with the T. gondii RH strain. We found that the expression of TIGIT on the surface of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells from the spleen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells decreased in the early stage, but increased significantly in the late stage of acute T. gondii infection in mice. Importantly, TIGIT expression was positively correlated with lesions in the murine spleen. In addition, T. gondii-specific TIGIT+TCM cells in the spleen were activated and transformed into TIGIT+ TEM cells. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of spleen sections and real-time PCR showed that the severity of splenic lesions was positively correlated with the T. gondii load. This study demonstrates that acute T. gondii infection can regulate the expression of TIGIT in T cells and affect immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China
| | - Haoran Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China
| | - Yuankai Jiao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China
| | - Qing Xie
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, PR China - MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
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Guo J, Tian P, Xu Z, Zhang H. Introduction to Environmental Harmful Factors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1300:3-19. [PMID: 33523427 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this Chapter, we systematically and comprehensively described various environmental harmful factors. They were classified into four aspects: physical factors, chemical factors, biological factors, and physiological and psychological stress factors. Their classification, modes of presence, toxicity and carcinogenicity, routes of exposure to human and toxic effects on the female reproductive health were introduced. It is expected that the exposure routes could be controlled and eliminated, and the pathogenic mechanism of environmental harmful factors should be investigated and explained to protect female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Moosazadeh M, Amouei A, Hosseininejad Z, Daryani A. The global seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008103. [PMID: 32168351 PMCID: PMC7069604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular pathogen that can lead to abortion in pregnant women infected with this parasite. Therefore, the present study aimed to estimate the global seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion based on the results of published articles and evaluate the relationship between seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and abortion via a systematical review and meta-analysis. METHODS Different databases were searched in order to gain access to all studies on the seroprevalence of anti- T. gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion and association between seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and abortion published up to April 25th, 2019. Odds ratio (OR) and the pooled rate seroprevalence of T. gondii with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random effects model. RESULTS In total, 8 cross-sectional studies conducted on 1275 women who had abortion in present pregnancy, 40 cross-sectional studies performed on 9122 women who had a history of abortion, and 60 articles (involving 35 cross-sectional studies including 4436 women who had spontaneous abortion as case and 10398 as control and 25 case-control studies entailing 4656 cases and 3178 controls) were included for the final analyses. The random-effects estimates of the prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibody in women who had abortion in present pregnancy and women who had a history of abortion were 33% (95% CI: 17%-49%) and 43% (95% CI: 27%-60%), respectively. In addition, the pooled OR for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody in cross-sectional and case-control studies among women who had spontaneous abortion were 1.65 (95% CI: 1.31-2.09) and 2.26 (95% CI: 1.56-3.28), respectively. Also, statistical analysis showed that the pooled OR of the risk of anti-T. gondii IgM antibody 1.39 (95% CI: 0.61-3.15) in cross-sectional and 4.33 (95% CI: 2.42-7.76) in case-control studies. CONCLUSION Based on the results of the current study, T. gondii infection could be considered a potential risk factor for abortion. It is recommended to carry out further and more comprehensive investigations to determine the effect of T. gondii infection on abortion to prevent and control toxoplasmosis among pregnant women around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Amouei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseininejad
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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11
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Bagchi B, Chatterjee S, Gon Chowdhury R. Role of latent female genital tuberculosis in recurrent early pregnancy loss: A retrospective analysis. Int J Reprod Biomed 2020; 17:929-934. [PMID: 32095740 PMCID: PMC6943800 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v17i12.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latent Female Genital tuberculosis (FGTB) or tubercular infestation is prevalent in Southeast Asia and even the presence of tubercular bacilli in the genital tract is becoming an important factor for reproductive failure. An immature endometrium becomes non-receptive, preventing implantation or rejection of implanted embryo in early months, resulting in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in association with other factors. Objective To detect the underlying causes of RPL in addition to the proven causes like uterine cavity defects, thrombophilia, chromosomal abnormalities, etc. Materials and Methods 317 women with RPL, enrolled over a period of 60 months (January 2014 to December 2018) conducted at Calcutta Fertility Mission in the present study. They were grouped in A, B, and C and undergone routine tests for the same along with the PCR test with an endometrial aspirate. Results Patients with only latent FGTB (Group A), patients with FGTB and associated factors (Group B), and patients with other causes of RPL (other than latent FGTB) (Group C) were34.4%, 42.3%, and 23.3% respectively. About 29.36%, 47.01%, and 21.62%of the patients had achieved pregnancy in Group A, B, and C, respectively. The rate of miscarriage was high in both Groups A and B, affected with latent FGTB, and live-birth was higher (75%) in Group C that did not have tubercular involvement of the genital tract. Conclusion The tubercular infestation or latent FGTB as per our study appears to be a very important cause of RPL in patients with recurrent “unexplained” miscarriage. It should be treated adequately at an early stage to prevent permanent damage to pelvic organs and restore reproductive health in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishista Bagchi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Calcutta Fertility Mission, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Rajib Gon Chowdhury
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Calcutta Fertility Mission, Kolkata, India
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12
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Hu CY, Yang XJ, Hua XG, Jiang W, Huang K, Chen HB, Zhang XJ. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion from a prevention perspective in rural China: a population-based follow-up study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:2583-2591. [PMID: 31533498 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1670160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted this study to investigate the risk factors for spontaneous abortion among rural Chinese women. METHODS Risk factors prior to pregnancy associated with spontaneous abortion were identified among 17,248 rural women enrolled in a prospective population-based follow-up study. The risk of spontaneous abortion was estimated with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for several factors. A nonconditional logistic regression analysis was then performed to identify the independently associated factors. RESULTS The total sample of this study population consisted of 17,248 pregnant women including 921 of them whose pregnancies resulted in spontaneous abortion and the incidence of spontaneous abortion was 5.04%. After the adjustment of confounding factors, menarche age, serum creatinine, family genetic diseases or maternal congenital defects was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion while folic acid supplementation reduced the risk among rural Chinese women. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that multiple modifiable factors may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion which may help relevant departments better to guide detailed effectively prevention strategies toward spontaneous abortion to improve the reproductive quality of rural population. Further studies are required to elaborate these risk factors for spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Humanistic Medicine, School of Humanistic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Hua
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Bo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Screening of Zoonotic Parasites in Playground Sandboxes of Public Parks from Subtropical Mexico. J Parasitol Res 2019; 2019:7409076. [PMID: 31275627 PMCID: PMC6582800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7409076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological agents Toxoplasma gondii, Ancylostoma caninum, and Toxocara canis are widely distributed zoonotic parasites with high prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of DNA from these parasites in sand samples from the sand playgrounds in the southeastern region of Mexico. Samples of sand were collected from 68 playgrounds in public parks in the city of Merida, Yucatan, which is the main urban area in the southeast of Mexico. The samples were examined using nested PCR to detect the SAG1 gene from Toxoplasma gondii, and endpoint PCR for the amplification of ITS-2 and rRNA-ITS2 genes from Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum, respectively. The presence of T. gondii DNA was detected in 11.8% (8/68) samples, DNA from A. caninum and T. canis was not detected. Results indicate that playgrounds from the studied sandboxes are contaminated with T. gondii oocysts and may represent a risk of infection for people in contact with the sand, especially for preschoolers.
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El Aal AAA, Nahnoush RK, Elmallawany MA, El-Sherbiny WS, Badr MS, Nasr GM. Isothermal PCR for Feasible Molecular Diagnosis of Primary Toxoplasmosis in Women Recently Experienced Spontaneous Abortion. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:982-987. [PMID: 29983788 PMCID: PMC6026412 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The current study aimed to assess the practicability of a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) about real-time quantitative PCR to diagnose primary toxoplasmosis among high-risk pregnant women. METHODS: Cloned Toxoplasma samples were used to calculate the analytical sensitivity while specificity was assessed using pooled DNA samples extracted from other parasitic stages. RESULTS: Both techniques showed 100% sensitivity and specificity and then applied to detect recent Toxoplasma infection in peripheral blood of 77 IgG negative women out of a total 139 women lately experienced spontaneous abortion. The 2 techniques obtained positive results in 8 samples confirming primary toxoplasmosis. CONCLUSION: Generally, LAMP assay is a simple, cost-effective molecular technique can be completed in less than half an hour to diagnose primary Toxoplasma infection. The technique can be applied in a minimally equipped laboratory by ordinary workers to screen the vulnerable groups. Further analysis using larger samples with the quantitative approach is recommended to confirm the sensitivity of this emergent molecular technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Abd El Aal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Medical Parasitology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham K Nahnoush
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Elmallawany
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walid S El-Sherbiny
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Badr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Nasr
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Hernandez-Cortazar IB, Acosta-Viana KY, Guzman-Marin E, Ortega-Pacheco A, Segura-Correa JC, Jimenez-Coello M. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii in Drinking Water from an Endemic Region in Southern Mexico. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:288-292. [PMID: 28414523 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis can be acquired through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii, highly resistant to the routinely disinfection processes; based on chlorination commonly used in the water supply industry. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of T. gondii DNA in samples of public drinking water from an endemic region of southern Mexico. In total 74 samples of water (5 L each) were collected from the three well fields (I, II, and III) and 71 independent wells, distributing public drinking water to the city of Merida Yucatan, after passing through the chlorination process. Water samples were filtered and concentrated by a sucrose solution, then DNA was extracted and evaluated through a nested-PCR (nPCR) specific for T. gondii. Positive samples were detected in 5.4% (4/74) of the water samples. This is the first report of the presence of T. gondii DNA in public drinking water from a large city in southern Mexico, where their consumption without any postpurification treatment could pose a risk for acquiring the infection in the urban population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne B Hernandez-Cortazar
- 1 C.A. Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Mérida, México .,2 Laboratorio de Biología Celular, C.A. Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y, Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Mérida , México
| | - Karla Y Acosta-Viana
- 2 Laboratorio de Biología Celular, C.A. Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y, Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Mérida , México
| | - Eugenia Guzman-Marin
- 2 Laboratorio de Biología Celular, C.A. Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y, Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Mérida , México
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- 1 C.A. Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Mérida, México
| | - Jose C Segura-Correa
- 1 C.A. Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Mérida, México
| | - Matilde Jimenez-Coello
- 2 Laboratorio de Biología Celular, C.A. Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y, Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Mérida , México
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16
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Machumi I, Mirambo MM, Ruganuza D, Rambau P, Massinde AN, Kihunrwa A, Mshana SE, Morona D. Factors Associated With Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM Antibodies, and Placental Histopathological Changes Among Women With Spontaneous Abortion in Mwanza City, Tanzania. East Afr Health Res J 2017; 1:86-94. [PMID: 34308163 PMCID: PMC8279292 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj-d-16-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii infection in early pregnancy has been associated with significant adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite being common in the city of Mwanza, its association with spontaneous abortion has never been studied. Here, we report the IgG and IgM seropositivity and histopathological changes of toxoplasmosis among women with spontaneous abortion. Methods: A total of 260 women with spontaneous abortion were enrolled between November 2015 and April 2016 from 4 hospitals in Mwanza city. Specific T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were detected from sera by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while the conceptus tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin to demonstrate histo-pathological changes. Data were analysed by using Stata version 13. Results: The mean age of the enrolled women was 2665.9 years. The seropositivity of IgG and IgM antibodies were 144/260 (55.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 49–61) and 6/260 (2.3%; 95% CI, 3–8), respectively. IgG seropositivity was significantly high among women in the first trimester (59.1% vs.43.5%; P=.03). Only low gestation age (odds ratio [OR] 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02–1.20; P=.02) and keeping a cat (OR 11.80; 95% CI, 1.32–10.5; P=.03) independently predicted IgG and IgM seropositivity, respectively. Presence of inflammation (OR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.05–3.64; P=.03), calcification (OR 3.28; 95% CI, 1.01–10.63; P=.04), necrosis (OR 2.86; 95% CI, 1.39–5.89; P=.04), and lymphocyte infiltrations (OR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.17–4.24; P=.01) were significantly associated with T. gondii IgG seropositivity. Conclusion: Almost half of women with spontaneous abortion in the city of Mwanza have specific T. gondii IgG antibodies. Placental histopathological changes suggestive of toxoplasmosis were significantly found among IgG seropositive women. This calls for the need to screen these women during antenatal visits in order to institute appropriate measures, such as treatment and counselling, to prevent complications associated T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illuminata Machumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mariam M Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Deodatus Ruganuza
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Peter Rambau
- Department of Pathology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Anthony N Massinde
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Albert Kihunrwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Domenica Morona
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Hernández-Cortazar IB, Acosta-Viana KY, Guzmán-Marin E, Ortega-Pacheco A, Torres-Acosta JFDJ, Jimenez-Coello M. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii in Pork Intended for Human Consumption in Tropical Southern Mexico. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:695-699. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Beatriz Hernández-Cortazar
- CIR/Biomedicas/UADY, Regional Research Centre ‘Dr Hideyo Noguchi’, Autonomous University of Yucatan (CIR-B/UADY), Yucatan, Mexico
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan (CCBA/UADY), Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Karla Yolanda Acosta-Viana
- CIR/Biomedicas/UADY, Regional Research Centre ‘Dr Hideyo Noguchi’, Autonomous University of Yucatan (CIR-B/UADY), Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Guzmán-Marin
- CIR/Biomedicas/UADY, Regional Research Centre ‘Dr Hideyo Noguchi’, Autonomous University of Yucatan (CIR-B/UADY), Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan (CCBA/UADY), Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | - Matilde Jimenez-Coello
- CIR/Biomedicas/UADY, Regional Research Centre ‘Dr Hideyo Noguchi’, Autonomous University of Yucatan (CIR-B/UADY), Yucatan, Mexico
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Nabi H, Rashid I, Ahmad N, Durrani A, Akbar H, Islam S, Bajwa AA, Shehzad W, Ashraf K, Imran N. Induction of specific humoral immune response in mice immunized with ROP18 nanospheres from Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:359-370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Seroprevalence and parasite load of Toxoplasma gondii in Mexican hairless pig (Sus scrofa) tissues from the Southeast of Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:45-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Toxoplasma gondii in women with recent abortion from Southern Mexico. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Hernández-Cortazar I, Acosta-Viana KY, Ortega-Pacheco A, Guzman-Marin EDS, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Jiménez-Coello M. Toxoplasmosis in Mexico: epidemiological situation in humans and animals. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:93-103. [PMID: 25923887 PMCID: PMC4435006 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease widely distributed throughout the world,
infecting a wide variety of animal species including humans. In Mexico, this parasite
has been detected in different parts of the country, particularly in the tropical
areas where the parasite can remain infective for long periods of time due to the
environmental conditions (i.e. high temperature and humidity over the whole year).
Several epidemiological studies have been conducted in both human and animal
populations, but despite the wide distribution of the agent in the country, there is
a significant lack of knowledge on the parasite transmission, treatment alternatives
and control measures. The lack of feral cat populations and control measures in sites
of meat production for human consumption are playing a role that has led to the wide
spread of the disease in the country, particularly in tropical areas of Southeastern
Mexico. For these reasons, this manuscript aims to review the published information
on relevant epidemiological aspects of infection with T. gondii in
humans and animals from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Hernández-Cortazar
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Karla Y Acosta-Viana
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Eugenia del S Guzman-Marin
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Armando J Aguilar-Caballero
- CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Giakoumelou S, Wheelhouse N, Cuschieri K, Entrican G, Howie SEM, Horne AW. The role of infection in miscarriage. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:116-33. [PMID: 26386469 PMCID: PMC4664130 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 12 weeks (early miscarriage) or from 12 to 24 weeks (late miscarriage) of gestation. Miscarriage occurs in one in five pregnancies and can have considerable physiological and psychological implications for the patient. It is also associated with significant health care costs. There is evidence that potentially preventable infections may account for up to 15% of early miscarriages and up to 66% of late miscarriages. However, the provision of associated screening and management algorithms is inconsistent for newly pregnant women. Here, we review recent population-based studies on infections that have been shown to be associated with miscarriage. METHODS Our aim was to examine where the current scientific focus lies with regards to the role of infection in miscarriage. Papers dating from June 2009 with key words 'miscarriage' and 'infection' or 'infections' were identified in PubMed (292 and 327 papers, respectively, on 2 June 2014). Relevant human studies (meta-analyses, case-control studies, cohort studies or case series) were included. Single case reports were excluded. The studies were scored based on the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS The association of systemic infections with malaria, brucellosis, cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus, dengue fever, influenza virus and of vaginal infection with bacterial vaginosis, with increased risk of miscarriage has been demonstrated. Q fever, adeno-associated virus, Bocavirus, Hepatitis C and Mycoplasma genitalium infections do not appear to affect pregnancy outcome. The effects of Chlamydia trachomatis, Toxoplasma gondii, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, parvovirus B19, Hepatitis B and polyomavirus BK infections remain controversial, as some studies indicate increased miscarriage risk and others show no increased risk. The latest data on rubella and syphilis indicate increased antenatal screening worldwide and a decrease in the frequency of their reported associations with pregnancy failure. Though various pathogens have been associated with miscarriage, the mechanism(s) of infection-induced miscarriage are not yet fully elucidated. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required to clarify whether certain infections do increase miscarriage risk and whether screening of newly pregnant women for treatable infections would improve reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevi Giakoumelou
- Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Nick Wheelhouse
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Lab, Division of Lab Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah E M Howie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew W Horne
- Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Parasitic Zoonoses in Humans and Their Dogs from a Rural Community of Tropical Mexico. J Trop Med 2015; 2015:481086. [PMID: 26770216 PMCID: PMC4685113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was made on 89 inhabitants and their dogs from a rural community of Yucatan, Mexico, to determine the serological prevalence of some zoonotic parasitic agents. Samples were taken to monitor the presence and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal parasites in dogs. In humans, the serological prevalence of T. canis, T. gondii, and T. spiralis was 29.2%, 91.0%, and 6.7%, respectively. No associations were found between positive cases and studied variables. From the total of blood samples taken from dogs, 87 (97.6%) were seropositive to T. gondii; only 52 viable fecal samples were collected from dogs of which 46.2% had the presence of gastrointestinal parasites with low to moderate intensity; from those, 12% had the presence of T. canis. This study demonstrates the presence of the studied zoonotic agents in the area particularly T. gondii which suggest a common source of infection in dogs and humans and a high number of oocyts present in the environment. Preventive measures must be designed towards good prophylactic practices in domestic and backyard animals (T. canis and T. spiralis). Contaminated sources with T. gondii (food and water) should be further investigated in order to design effective control measures.
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Protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii elongation factor 1-alpha. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:448. [PMID: 26497908 PMCID: PMC4619988 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blood animals including human beings. The high incidence and severe damage that can be caused by T. gondii infection clearly indicates the need for the development of a vaccine. T. gondii elongation factor 1-alpha (TgEF-1α) plays an important role in pathogenesis and host cell invasion for this parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding TgEF-1α gene against acute T. gondii infection in mice. METHODS A DNA vaccine (pVAX-EF-1α) encoding T. gondii EF-1a (TgEF-1α) gene was constructed and its immune response and protective efficacy against lethal challenge in BALB/c mice were evaluated. RESULTS Mice inoculated with the pVAX-EF-1α vaccine had a high level of specific anti-T. gondii antibodies and produced high levels of IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17. The expression levels of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules as well as the percentages of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in mice vaccinated with pVAX-EF-1α were significantly increased (p < 0.05), compared with those in all the mice from control groups (blank control, PBS, and pVAXI). Immunization with pVAX-EF-1α significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged mouse survival time to 14.1 ± 1.7 days after challenge infection with the virulent T. gondii RH strain, compared with mice in the control groups which died within 8 days. CONCLUSIONS DNA vaccination with pVAX-EF-1α triggered strong humoral and cellular responses and induced effective protection in mice against acute T. gondii infection, indicating that TgEF-1α is a promising vaccine candidate against acute toxoplasmosis.
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Wang S, Wang Y, Sun X, Zhang Z, Liu T, Gadahi JA, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii 10 kDa excretory-secretory antigen (TgESA10). Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:40-8. [PMID: 26421596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii 10 kDa excretory-secretory antigen (TgESA10) is involved in the early stages of host invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding TgESA10 gene against acute T. gondii infection in mice. The gene sequence encoding TgESA10 was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX I, and the efficacy of intramuscular vaccination of BALB/c mice with pVAX-ESA10 was analyzed. Mice immunized with pVAX-ESA10 elicited high titers of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgA and IgM antibodies, while IgE showed no changes. Analysis of cytokine profiles revealed significant increases of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17, while no significant changes were detected in TGF-β1. Additionally, we found that pVAX-ESA10 enhanced the activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the expression of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules in spleen in mice. Immunization with pVAX-ESA10 significantly prolonged survival time (14.3 ± 1.7 days) after challenge infection with the virulent T. gondii RH strain, compared with the control groups which died within 8 days. These results suggested that TgESA10 DNA vaccine could trigger strong humoral and cellular responses and induce partial protection against acute toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Tingqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Pacheco-Vega SJ, Hernández-Tinoco J, Centeno-Tinoco MM, Beristain-García I, Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Liesenfeld O, Rábago-Sánchez E, Berumen-Segovia LO. Miscarriage history and Toxoplasma gondii infection: A cross-sectional study in women in Durango City, Mexico. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 4:117-22. [PMID: 24883197 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.4.2014.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a cross-sectional study design, 326 women with a history of miscarriage were examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies in Durango City, Mexico. Prevalence association with sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics in women with miscarriage was also investigated. Twenty-two (6.7%) of the 326 women studied had anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and two (0.6%) were also positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was not influenced by age, birth place, occupation, educational level, or socioeconomic status. In contrast, logistic regression showed that T. gondii exposure was associated with consumption of raw or undercooked meat (OR = 6.84; 95% CI: 1.04-44.95; P = 0.04) and consumption of chicken brains (OR = 18.48; 95% CI: 1.26-269.43; P = 0.03). This is the first study on the seroepidemiology of T. gondii infection in women with a history of miscarriage in Northern Mexico. Of interest, we also observed an association of T. gondii exposure with consumption of chicken brains. Contributing factors for T. gondii exposure found in the present study should be taken into consideration for public health measures to avoid infection with T. gondii and its sequelae.
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