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Maor-Landaw K, Smirnov M, Lotan T. The Tilapia Cyst Tissue Enclosing the Proliferating Myxobolus bejeranoi Parasite Exhibits Cornified Structure and Immune Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5683. [PMID: 38891869 PMCID: PMC11171596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Myxozoa, a unique group of obligate endoparasites within the phylum Cnidaria, can cause emerging diseases in wild and cultured fish populations. Recently, the myxozoan Myxobolus bejeranoi has been identified as a prevalent pathogen infecting the gills of cultured hybrid tilapia, leading to systemic immune suppression and considerable mortality. Here, we employed a proteomic approach to examine the impact of M. bejeranoi infection on fish gills, focusing on the structure of the granulomata, or cyst, formed around the proliferating parasite to prevent its spread to surrounding tissue. Enrichment analysis showed increased immune response and oxidative stress in infected gill tissue, most markedly in the cyst's wall. The intense immune reaction included a consortium of endopeptidase inhibitors, potentially combating the myxozoan arsenal of secreted proteases. Analysis of the cyst's proteome and histology staining indicated that keratin intermediate filaments contribute to its structural rigidity. Moreover, we uncovered skin-specific proteins, including a grainyhead-like transcription factor and a teleost-specific S100 calcium-binding protein that may play a role in epithelial morphogenesis and cysts formation. These findings deepen our understanding of the proteomic elements that grant the cyst its distinctive nature at the critical interface between the fish host and myxozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maor-Landaw
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel;
| | - Margarita Smirnov
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David 1080300, Israel;
| | - Tamar Lotan
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel;
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Zhang B, Tu X, Gu Z. Histopathological evaluation of the infection elicited by three species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea), with identification of Myxobolusxiaoganensis n. sp. isolated from the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106306. [PMID: 37582423 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Several parasites infecting the Asian carp species have been broadly spread along with the global fish trade. However, the diversity of specific parasite groups and their pattern of parasitism remain insufficiently elucidated even in their native regions. Here, we conducted a holistic identification and histological analysis of three Myxobolus species. The oblate myxospores of the first isolates were found infecting the spleen of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, measuring 6.4 ± 0.4 (5.4-7.1) μm in length, 8.2 ± 0.4 (7.5-9.0) in width, and 5.9 ± 0.3 (5.2-6.2) in thickness. They were morphologically distinct from other congeners and regarded as a novel species, Myxobolus xiaoganensis n. sp. For the second isolates, we associated the formation of round plasmodia on the gill raker of silver carp with Myxobolus allotypica Chen, 1998. The third isolates, encapsulated in the intestinal serosa membrane of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, was proved to be conspecific to Myxobolus huasaensis Chen, 1998. While M. xiaoganensis n. sp. and M. huasaensis exhibited distinct origins, with genetic differences exceeding 4% from other congeners, M. allotypica displayed complete genetic congruence with an item available in Genbank. Histologically, myxospores of M. xiaoganensis n. sp. were scattered in the spleen, and the branchial and intestinal infections of M. allotypica and M. huasaensis were determined, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a non-monophyletic origin of both the Thelohanellus and Myxobolus genera, with a remarkable association of host affinity with myxosporean clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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McAllister CT, Cloutman DG, Leis EM, Camus AC, Trauth SE, Woodyard ET, Robison HW. A NEW SPECIES OF MYXOBOLUS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM THE GILLS OF CREEK CHUB, SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS (CYPRINIFORMES: LEUCISCIDAE: PLAGIOPTERINAE), FROM THE OUACHITA DRAINAGE OF ARKANSAS. J Parasitol 2022; 108:476-486. [PMID: 36269893 DOI: 10.1645/22-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During October and November 2021, 33 creek chubs, Semotilus atromaculatus, were collected from 3 sites in Polk County, Arkansas (Ouachita River drainage), and their gills, gallbladder, fins, integument, musculature, and other major organs were examined for myxozoans. The gills of 9 (27%) were infected with a new myxozoan, Myxobolus fountainae n. sp. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from fresh and formalin-fixed preserved spores, while molecular data consisted of a 1918 base pair sequence of the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis grouped M. fountainae n. sp. with the other leuciscid-infecting myxobolids from North America and within a larger clade of European myxozoans. In addition, histological information is provided on the infection. A previous record of Myxobolus muelleriBütschli, 1882, from the gills and ureters of S. atromaculatus is considered invalid and represents an unknown species. Myxobolus fountainae n. sp. is the only named myxozoan known to infect the gill filaments of S. atromaculatus, whereas Myxobolus pendula (Guilford, 1967) infects the gill arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma 74745
| | | | - Eric M Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin 54650
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30677
| | - Stanley E Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University (Emeritus), State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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Zatti SA, Arana S, Maia AAM, Adriano EA. Ultrastructural, ssrDNA sequencing of Myxobolus prochilodus and Myxobolus porofilus and details of the interaction with the host Prochilodus lineatus. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4573-4585. [PMID: 27623697 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus prochilodus and Myxobolus porofilus are parasites of Prochilodus lineatus, an economically important South American fish found in La Plata and Paraiba do Sul river basins. This study focusing on parasite-host interaction provides an ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis, the latter based on ssrDNA sequencing of these parasites respectively infecting the gill filaments and fins of P. lineatus taken from the Mogi Guaçu River, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 13 adult specimens were examined in this study. The prevalence of infection was 7.69 % for M. prochilodus and 15.38 % for M. porofilus. Phylogenetic analysis showed M. prochilodus and M. porofilus clustered in a subclade composed of parasites of the Prochilodontidae family. In M. prochilodus infecting gill filaments, where cellular degeneration in the epithelium was observed, the plasmodia were surrounded by a capsule composed of layers of fibrocyte-like cells, with cellular projections joined to the projections of other fibrocyte-like cells by desmosomes, and more externally typical fibroblast layers. Some granular leukocytes were seen interspersed among these layers. In M. porofilus infecting the fins, the capsule of connective tissue was represented only by loosely arranged collagen fibers, and no granular leucocytes were observed. Finally, several unusual vacuoles with filamentous content and some characteristics usually described as degenerative alterations, as myelin figure, were noted in plasmodia and pansporoblasts of both myxosporean species. The possible influence of inflammatory response and xenobiotics was considered to be the explanation for the alterations observed in Myxobolus species and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen A Zatti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Professor Arthur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Sarah Arana
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University, l PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio A M Maia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, São Paulo University, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Edson A Adriano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Professor Arthur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil. .,Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
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Foox J, Ringuette M, Desser SS, Siddall ME. In silico hybridization enables transcriptomic illumination of the nature and evolution of Myxozoa. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:840. [PMID: 26494377 PMCID: PMC4619090 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Myxozoa, a group of oligocellular, obligate endoparasites, has long been poorly understood in an evolutionary context. Recent genome-level sequencing techniques such as RNA-seq have generated large amounts of myxozoan sequence data, providing valuable insight into their evolutionary history. However, sequences from host tissue contamination are present in next-generation sequencing reactions of myxozoan tissue, and differentiating between the two has been inadequately addressed. In order to shed light on the genetic underpinnings of myxozoan biology, assembled contigs generated from these studies that derived from the myxozoan must be decoupled from transcripts derived from host tissue and other contamination. This study describes a pipeline for categorization of transcripts asmyxozoan based on similarity searching with known host and parasite sequences, explores the extent to which host contamination is present in previously existing myxozoan datasets, and implements this pipeline on a newly sequenced transcriptome of Myxobolus pendula, a parasite of the common creek chub gill arch. Methods The insilico hybridization pipeline uses iterative BLAST searching and database-driven e-value comparison to categorize transcripts as deriving from host, parasite, or other contamination. Functional genetic analysis of M. pendula was conducted using further BLAST searching, Hidden Markov Modeling, and sequence alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction. Results Three RNA libraries of encysted M. pendula plasmodia were sequenced and subjected to the method. Nearly half of the final set of contiguous assembly sequences (47.3 %) was identified as putative myxozoan transcripts. Putative contamination was also identified in at least 1/3rd of previously published myxozoan transcripts. The set of M. pendula transcripts was mined for a range of biologically insightful genes, including taxonomically restricted nematocyst structural proteins and nematocyst proteins identified through mass tandem spectrometry of other cnidarians. Several novel findings emerged, including a fourth myxozoan minicollagen gene, putative myxozoan toxin proteins,and extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Conclusions This study serves as a model for the handling of next-generation myxozoan sequence. The need for careful categorization was demonstrated in both previous and new sets of myxozoan sequences. The final set of confidently assigned myxozoan transcripts can be mined for any biologically relevant gene or gene family without spurious misidentification of host contamination as a myxozoan homolog. As exemplified by M. pendula, the repertoire of myxozoan polar capsules may be more complex than previously thought, with an additional minicollagen homolog and putative expression of toxin proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2039-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Foox
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA. .,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
| | - Maurice Ringuette
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Sherwin S Desser
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Mark E Siddall
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA
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Gómez D, Bartholomew J, Sunyer JO. Biology and mucosal immunity to myxozoans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:243-56. [PMID: 23994774 PMCID: PMC4216934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoans are among the most abundant parasites in nature. Their life cycles involve two hosts: an invertebrate, usually an annelid, and a vertebrate, usually a fish. They affect fish species in their natural habitats but also constitute a menace for fish aquaculture. Using different strategies they are able to parasitize and cause damage in multiple organs, including mucosal tissues, which they use also as portals of entry. In fish, the main mucosal sites include the intestine, skin and gills. Recently the finding of a specific mucosal immunoglobulin in teleost (IgT), analogous to mammalian IgA, and the capacity of fish to develop a specific mucosal immune response against different pathogens, has highlighted the importance of studying immune responses at mucosal sites. In this review, we describe the major biological characteristics of myxozoan parasites and present the data available regarding immune responses for species that infect mucosal sites. As models for mucosal immunity we review the responses to Enteromyxum spp. and Ceratomyxa shasta, both of which parasitize the intestine. The immune response at the skin and gills is also described, as these mucosal tissues are used by myxozoans as attaching surfaces and portal of entry, and some species also parasitize these sites. Finally, the development of immunoprophylactic strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gómez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jerri Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Fish Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Novotny L, Halouzka R, Matlova L, Vavra O, Bartosova L, Slany M, Pavlik I. Morphology and distribution of granulomatous inflammation in freshwater ornamental fish infected with mycobacteria. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:947-955. [PMID: 21091722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis in fish is a chronic progressive ubiquitous disease caused by Mycobacterium marinum, M. gordonae and M. fortuitum in most cases. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology and distribution of lesions in 322 freshwater ornamental fish across 36 species. Granulomatous inflammation was diagnosed by gross examination and histopathology testing in 188 fish (58.4%); acid-fast rods (AFR) were determined in only 96 (51.1%) fish from 19 species after Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The most often affected organs with AFR were the kidney (81.2%), digestive tract (54.1%), liver (48.2%), spleen (45.9%) and skin (21.2%); sporadically, AFR were found in the branchiae (9.4%) and gonads (4.7%). In 14 randomly selected fish originating from four different fish tanks, the distribution of mycobacterial infection was studied by culture examination of the skin, gills, muscle tissue, digestive tract, liver, spleen and kidney. In 12 fish, the species M. marinum, M. gordonae, M. fortuitum, M. triviale, and M. avium subsp. hominissuis (serotypes 6 and 8 and genotype IS901- and IS1245+) were detected; mixed infection caused by different mycobacterial species was documented in five of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Novotny
- Medical Faculty in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ringuette MJ, Koehler A, Desser SS. Shared antigenicity between the polar filaments of myxosporeans and other Cnidaria. J Parasitol 2010; 97:163-6. [PMID: 21348629 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2574.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematocysts containing coiled polar filaments are a distinguishing feature of members of the phylum Cnidaria. As a first step to characterizing the molecular structure of polar filaments, a polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits against a cyanogen bromide-resistant protein extract of mature cysts containing spores of Myxobolus pendula. The antiserum reacted only with proteins associated with extruded polar filaments. Western blot and whole-mount immunohistochemical analyses indicated a conservation of polar filament epitopes between M. pendula and 2 related cnidarians, i.e., the anthozoan, Nematostella vectensis, and the hydrozoan, Hydra vulgaris. This conservation of polar filament epitopes lends further support to a shared affinity between Myxozoa and cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice J Ringuette
- a Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
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Di Maio A, Mladineo I. Ultrastructure of Didymocystis semiglobularis (Didymozoidae, Digenea) cysts in the gills of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). Parasitol Res 2008; 103:641-7. [PMID: 18493794 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tuna are active pelagic fish with an extraordinary migratory activity, well known for their unique physiology reflected in high metabolic rates. However, knowledge of microbial and environmental diseases is still limited. We have analyzed the ultrastructure of the digenean trematode Didymocystis semiglobularis isolated from the gill arch of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The parasite is demarcated from the rest of host tissue in a sac of host origin, composed of active fibroblast and scattered bundles of collagen tissue, with no macrophage accumulations. TEM micrographs reported in this study reveal a wide multilayered tissue isolating the host from the parasite capsule and more internally complex and compact layers dividing the parasite capsule from the body itself, which encapsulates eggs at different developmental stages. Since the size and shape of the parasite would imply host tissue activation at the site of infection, no histopathological changes were observed in the architecture of the tuna superficial layer. No degeneration or necrosis was observed in the upper layer of the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Maio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.
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