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McKenny L, O'Handley R, Kovaliski J, Mutze G, Peacock D, Lanyon S. Evidence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in South Australia: using wild rabbits as a sentinel species. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:380-387. [PMID: 32350856 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to utilise wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a sentinel species to study levels of environmental contamination with N. caninum and T. gondii in South Australia, and to examine associations with rainfall, climate and land use. DESIGN Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an apicomplexan parasite, causes the clinical disease toxoplasmosis, which can affect sheep as well as humans and many other animals. Neosporosis, the clinical disease caused by closely related Neospora caninum (N. caninum), causes abortions in cattle, with large economic impacts to cattle industries. METHODS Aliquots of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) serum were obtained from twelve sites across South Australia over a period of eighteen years, with a total of 2114 samples. An in-house Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was developed, and samples were screened for the specific antibodies against both T.gondii and N. caninum. RESULTS Overall, 9.9% of samples screened for T. gondii tested positive and 6.1% of samples screened for N. caninum tested positive. There was no difference observed in seroprevalence of T.gondii specific antibodies between samples collected throughout summer, autumn, winter or spring. By contrast, a significantly higher (p=0.030) seroprevalence of N. caninum specific antibodies was observed in spring than any other season. T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies were discovered at sites across a broad area of South Australia, indicating these environments maybe infected with both parasites. CONCLUSION Results provide evidence that suggests N. caninum oocysts may have different survival characteristics, such as varying tolerances to low relative humidity, than T. gondii oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McKenny
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - R O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Kovaliski
- Invasive Species, Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Mutze
- Invasive Species, Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - D Peacock
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.,Invasive Species, Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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Henneb M, Harhoura K, Bekara MA, Zenia S, Aissi M. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rabbit of local Algerian population. Vet World 2019; 12:855-859. [PMID: 31440005 PMCID: PMC6661489 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.855-859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this investigation was to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rabbit of the local Algerian population from five districts of Northern Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples of 350 rabbits were collected and analyzed for the presence of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additional data concerning the farms and management practices were obtained through a questionnaire used in surveys and interviews. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was 14.6% (51/350). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in outdoor rearing farms and was linked to the presence of animals from other species on the farm. A higher seroprevalence was found in older animals compared to younger ones. No difference in seroprevalence was noted with respect to the origin or gender of animals, type of cage, feed and water sources, presence of cats in the vicinity, hygiene status, or season. CONCLUSION This study has shown that T. gondii prevalence in rabbits of the local population is relevant and may have important implications for public health in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Henneb
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University M’Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Khaled Harhoura
- High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Safia Zenia
- High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Miriem Aissi
- High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
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Gomez-Rios A, Ortega-Pacheco A, Gutierrez-Blanco E, Acosta-Viana KY, Guzman-Marin E, Guiris-Andrade MD, Hernandez-Cortazar IB, López-Alonso R, Cruz-Aldán E, Jiménez-Coello M. Toxoplasma gondii in Captive Wild Felids of Mexico: Its Frequency and Capability to Eliminate Oocysts. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:619-624. [PMID: 30615592 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information about Toxoplasma gondii in wild felids, even when these species have been associated with cases of toxoplasmosis in humans. In this study, samples of serum and whole blood were collected from 42 felids from 10 different species, in 4 Mexican zoos. Stool samples from 36 animals were also collected, corresponding to 82% of the felids included in the study. Stool samples were used for the search of oocysts by light field microscopy and PCR. Serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). DNA samples were purified from whole blood and stool for the amplification of a fragment of the SAG1 gene of T. gondii by a nested PCR (nPCR). The seroprevalence of IgG anti-T. gondii-specific antibodies by means of the ELISA was 100% (42/42) and 52.4% (22/42) by IFAT. The titers obtained varied from 1:80 to 1:2560. DNA of T. gondii was detected in 9.5% (4/42) of the blood samples by using nPCR. No oocysts were observed in the stool samples analyzed by light field microscopy. However, the DNA of the parasite was identified in 14.3% (5/35) of the stool samples evaluated. These results indicate a high prevalence of T. gondii in the studied populations of wild felids in captivity, with evidence of parasitemia and elimination of few oocysts even in adult hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gomez-Rios
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico.,2Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Campus of Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- 2Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Campus of Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco
- 2Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Campus of Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Karla Y Acosta-Viana
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Guzman-Marin
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Marcelino D Guiris-Andrade
- 3Academic Group "Biomedics and Health Studies of Fauna in Chiapas, Mexico", Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University Autonomous of Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Ivonne B Hernandez-Cortazar
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | | | | | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
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Seroprevalence and parasite load of Toxoplasma gondii in Mexican hairless pig (Sus scrofa) tissues from the Southeast of Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:45-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Lima DCV, Santos ADS, da Silva LTR, de Melo RPB, da Silva JG, Júnior JWP, Mota RA. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits of Northeastern Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:500-7. [PMID: 27447212 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to conduct a serosurvey of toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits of Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples and tissue fragments (brain, heart and diaphragm) were collected from 150 and 54 rabbits from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, respectively. The serum samples were subjected to serological analysis (Modified Agglutination Test - MAT) and the tissue samples were assessed by PCR and histopathological analysis. Data collected through questionnaires were subjected to analysis of risk factors. According to the MAT and the PCR results, 6.7% (10/150; CI 3.2%-11.9%) of the rabbits were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies and 9.25% (5/54) of the tissue fragments were positive for T. gondii DNA, respectively. Lesions associated with T. gondii infection, mainly characterized by granuloma, mononuclear cell infiltrates, degeneration areas and necrosis in brain and heart, were detected in the histopathological analysis. The risk factors associated with T. gondii infection identified in the present study were homemade food (odds ratio = 39.00) and contact between cats and rabbits (odds ratio = 52.00). This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in rabbits of Northeastern Brazil. The management problems identified in the present study must be corrected to reduce the frequency of positive animals in herds of rabbits.
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Hernández-Cortazar I, Acosta-Viana KY, Ortega-Pacheco A, Guzman-Marin EDS, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Jiménez-Coello M. Toxoplasmosis in Mexico: epidemiological situation in humans and animals. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:93-103. [PMID: 25923887 PMCID: PMC4435006 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease widely distributed throughout the world,
infecting a wide variety of animal species including humans. In Mexico, this parasite
has been detected in different parts of the country, particularly in the tropical
areas where the parasite can remain infective for long periods of time due to the
environmental conditions (i.e. high temperature and humidity over the whole year).
Several epidemiological studies have been conducted in both human and animal
populations, but despite the wide distribution of the agent in the country, there is
a significant lack of knowledge on the parasite transmission, treatment alternatives
and control measures. The lack of feral cat populations and control measures in sites
of meat production for human consumption are playing a role that has led to the wide
spread of the disease in the country, particularly in tropical areas of Southeastern
Mexico. For these reasons, this manuscript aims to review the published information
on relevant epidemiological aspects of infection with T. gondii in
humans and animals from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Hernández-Cortazar
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Karla Y Acosta-Viana
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Eugenia del S Guzman-Marin
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Armando J Aguilar-Caballero
- CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits from different farming systems. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:184-90. [PMID: 24877785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The breeding of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition mainly in European and Asian countries. Infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animals health. This study aimed to collect sera from rabbits bred in different conditions and test the presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies. Whether infections were active or latent was assessed by determining the occurrence of IgM or IgM together with IgG antibodies which indicated active infection whereas latent infection was characterized by finding IgG antibodies only. An ELISA test was performed with 1883 sera samples collected throughout the Czech and Slovak Republics. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in 902 samples from 6 commercial farms (CF) was very low with only 4 rabbits (0.4%) being positive. In total 99 (10.1%) individuals out of 981 samples from 29 household farms (HF) were positive for T. gondii antibodies. Only 2 (50%) of the T. gondii positive CF rabbits had active infections while the rest were latently infected. The serological results showed that 35 (35.4%) rabbits from the T. gondii positive HF group suffered from active infection. Out of CF samples 185 (20.5%) were positive for E. cuniculi. Antibodies of E. cuniculi were detected in 497 (50.7%) HF rabbits. Active E. cuniculi infections were determined in 85.9% of CF and 56.3% of HF rabbits; respectively. Interestingly, the E. cuniculi positive rabbits were significantly more often positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies in comparison to E. cuniculi negative individuals. Prevalence of T. gondii in CF rabbits was negligible. According to our results meat of HF rabbits still poses a risk of T. gondii infection. Nevertheless, the risk is on its lowest level in 20 years which is apparently caused due to changes in feeding practices. The occurrence of E. cuniculi antibodies was significantly lower in rabbits from commercial farms, apparently because of better hygiene conditions.
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Shin HG, Lee SE, Hong SH, Kim SM, Choi YK, Park HJ, Seo KW, Song KH. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rabbits of Korea by serological tests and nested polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1609-13. [PMID: 23955398 PMCID: PMC3942966 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
>This study surveyed the
Toxoplasma (T.) gondii infection prevalence in the Korean rabbit
population. Rabbits (n=142) were obtained from two breeding farms in the Gongju area,
Chungnam Province, and in the Kochang area, Junbuk Province, Korea. Of 142 sera samples
analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 15 (10.6%) exhibited T.
gondii-specific IgG antibodies, and 1 (0.7%) rabbit harbored T.
gondii-specific IgM. Female rabbits (9/84; 10.7%) had a similar T.
gondii prevalence to males (6/58; 10.3%). When stratified by age, rabbits aged
>1 year had a similar prevalence of T. gondii infection (7/66; 10.6%)
to rabbits aged <1 year (8/76; 10.5%). Immunoblotting detected 6 major antigenic bands
corresponding to T. gondii-positive sera at 20, 28, 30, 35, 63 and 77
kDa. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of whole-blood samples detected the T.
gondii B1 gene in 23 rabbits (16.2%). All PCR-positive samples corresponded to
partial T. gondii B1 gene sequences with 99% homology to a T.
gondii sequence deposited in GenBank (accession number EU340874). Female
rabbits (13/84; 15.5%) harbored a similar prevalence of T. gondii DNA to
males (10/58; 17.2%). Rabbits aged >1 year had a similar prevalence (12/66; 18.2%) of
T. gondii infection to rabbits aged <1 year (11/76; 14.5%). No
statistically significant differences were observed regarding the prevalences of infection
according to sex or age using molecular or serological tests. This study is the first
survey using serological tests and nested PCR to analyze the T. gondii
prevalence in rabbits in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Guk Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Alvarado-Esquivel D, Villena I, Dubey JP. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic rabbits in Durango State, Mexico. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:325-8. [PMID: 23746573 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of information concerning the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rabbits in northern Mexico. Through a cross sectional study, antibodies to T. gondii were determined in 429 domestic rabbits in Durango State, Mexico using the modified agglutination test. Rabbits were raised in 29 properties in 6 municipalities. Overall, antibodies to T. gondii were found in 70 (16.3%) of 429 rabbits, with titers of 1:25 in 42, 1:50 in 19, 1:100 in 5, 1:200 in 3, and 1:800 in 1. Seropositive rabbits were found in 21 (72.4%) of 29 properties, including 16 of 21 homes, 4 of 5 farms, and 1 of 3 pet shops. This is the first study of T. gondii infection in rabbits in Durango, Mexico. Results indicate that infected rabbits are a potential source of T. gondii infection in humans in Durango State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
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Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from domestic rabbits in China to reveal the prevalence of type III strains. Vet Parasitol 2012; 193:270-6. [PMID: 23261088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 77 free domestic rabbits from a rural area surrounding Shanghai, China were analyzed via ELISA, which identified 18 seropositive rabbits. One strain of T. gondii (designated SHR) was successfully isolated from one seropositive rabbit using a mouse bioassay. The isolated T. gondii killed all BALB/c mice inoculated with 10(4) tachyzoites, indicating its virulence in mice. Mn-PCR-RFLP analysis was used to type parasites recovered from cell cultures. Further analysis based on sequencing of a polymorphic intron revealed that the isolated strain contained a clonal type III genome, a rare finding in any host in China. This is the first reported isolation of T. gondii genotype III from rabbits in China. Our results suggested that type III strains are circulating in rabbits in China, which act as potential reservoirs of T. gondii transmission.
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Olamendi-Portugal M, Caballero-Ortega H, Correa D, Sánchez-Alemán MA, Cruz-Vázquez C, Medina-Esparza L, Ortega-S. JA, Cantu A, García-Vázquez Z. Serosurvey of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer from Northern Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:369-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Castillo-Morales VJ, Acosta Viana KY, Guzmán-Marín EDS, Jiménez-Coello M, Segura-Correa JC, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Ortega-Pacheco A. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Domestic Cats from the Tropics of Mexico Using Serological and Molecular Tests. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2012; 2012:529108. [PMID: 22997512 PMCID: PMC3446670 DOI: 10.1155/2012/529108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats using an indirect-ELISA (IgM and IgG) and PCR. Samples collected from 220 cats from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, were analyzed. Cases were reported as acute or chronic. Cases when positive to IgM and IgG and PCR were considered as reactivated chronic infection. Risk factors (sex, age, body condition, diet access to hunting, and number of cats in home) were assessed with a multivariate analysis, 75.5% (166/220) of the cats were IgM and 91.8% (202/220) IgG-seropositive and 79% were PCR-positive (173/220). Number of cats per household and low body condition score were associated with reactivated chronic infection (P < 0.05). It is concluded that T. gondii is scattered in the studied population with several periods of reinfection, and therefore an environmental contamination with infecting oocysts exists and there are intrinsic associated factors in cats that increase the risk of becoming infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgen J. Castillo-Morales
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera, Merida-Xmatkuil, Apd. 4-116, Merida, YUC, Mexico
| | - Karla Y. Acosta Viana
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzáes 490, 97000 Mérida, YUC, Mexico
| | - Eugenia del S. Guzmán-Marín
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzáes 490, 97000 Mérida, YUC, Mexico
| | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, CA Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzáes 490, 97000 Mérida, YUC, Mexico
| | - José C. Segura-Correa
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera, Merida-Xmatkuil, Apd. 4-116, Merida, YUC, Mexico
| | - A. J. Aguilar-Caballero
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera, Merida-Xmatkuil, Apd. 4-116, Merida, YUC, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, CA Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera, Merida-Xmatkuil, Apd. 4-116, Merida, YUC, Mexico
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Cedillo-Peláez C, Díaz-Figueroa ID, Jiménez-Seres MI, Sánchez-Hernández G, Correa D. Frequency of Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Stray Dogs of Oaxaca, México. J Parasitol 2012; 98:871-2. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Torres-Berumen JL, Estrada-Martínez S, Liesenfeld O, Mercado-Suarez MF. Toxoplasma gondii infection and liver disease: a case-control study in a northern Mexican population. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:75. [PMID: 21569516 PMCID: PMC3105944 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii may cause liver disease. However, the impact of the infection in patients suffering from liver disease is unknown. Therefore, through a case-control study design, 75 adult liver disease patients attending a public hospital in Durango City, Mexico, and 150 controls from the general population of the same region matched by gender, age, and residence were examined with enzyme-linked immunoassays for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics from the study subjects were obtained. RESULTS Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies and IgG titers did not differ significantly in patients (10/75; 13.3%) and controls (16/150; 10.7%). Two (2.7%) patients and 5 (3.3%) controls had anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies (P = 0.57). Seropositivity to Toxoplasma did not show any association with the diagnosis of liver disease. In contrast, seropositivity to Toxoplasma in patients was associated with consumption of venison and quail meat. Toxoplasma seropositivity was more frequent in patients with reflex impairment (27.8%) than in patients without this impairment (8.8%) (P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that Toxoplasma seropositivity in patients was associated with consumption of sheep meat (OR = 8.69; 95% CI: 1.02-73.71; P = 0.04) and rabbit meat (OR = 4.61; 95% CI: 1.06-19.98; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Seropositivity to Toxoplasma was comparable among liver disease patients and controls. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to elucidate the association of Toxoplasma with liver disease. Consumption of venison, and rabbit, sheep, and quail meats may warrant further investigation.
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Infection dynamic of Toxoplasma gondii in two fattening pig farms exposed to high and low cat density in an endemic region. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:367-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ashmawy KI, Abuakkada SS, Awad AM. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in Farmed Domestic Rabbits in Egypt. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:357-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lennox AM, Kelleher S. Bacterial and parasitic diseases of rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2009; 12:519-30, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19732707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial disease is common in pet rabbits; parasitic disease occurs as well but at a much lower frequency. Of these, bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract and dental structures are seen most commonly in practice. Successful treatment depends on positive diagnosis of the disease process and causative agent. This article focuses on the more common bacterial and parasitic diseases encountered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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Neospora caninum: Detection in wild rabbits and investigation of co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii by PCR analysis. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Magallanes HM, Esquivel-Cruz R, Estrada-Martínez S, Rivas-González M, Liesenfeld O, Martínez-García SA, Ramírez E, Torres-Castorena A, Castañeda A, Dubey JP. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in human adults from three rural communities in Durango State, Mexico. J Parasitol 2008; 94:811-6. [PMID: 18576838 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1524.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is scarce information concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people of rural Mexico. Anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM antibodies were sought in 462 adult inhabitants from 3 rural communities of Durango, Mexico, using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In total, 110 (23.8%) of 463 persons had IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. Ten (2.2%) of them also had IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies. Prevalences of T. gondii IgG antibodies in the 3 communities varied from 14.8 to 35.8%. The highest prevalence of infection was observed in participants older than 70 yr and in those with good housing conditions. Toxoplasma gondii infection was significantly associated with consumption of squirrel (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 4.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-16.05) and turkey meat (adjusted OR = 4.58; 95% CI = 1.14-18.44). This is the first epidemiological study of T. gondii prevalence in rural Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alvarado-Esquivel
- Faculty of Medicine, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N esquina Fanny Anitua, Durango, Dgo, Mexico
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Frequency ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in sheep from a tropical zone of Mexico and temporal analysis of the humoral response changes. Parasitology 2008; 135:897-902. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAn indirect ELISA and an immunoblot were standardized to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in sheep, and were compared with a commercial ELISA as reference. Sensitivity was 92·0 and 96·0%, and specificity 88·0 and 75·0%, respectively. Then the serum samples of 103 sheep on a ranch located in the Eastern region of Mexico were analysed. A frequency ranging from 77 to 84% was observed, with a heterogeneous pattern among the animals by immunoblotting. Ten months later 56 sheep were sampled and tested again. Six animals became negative while 1 case was negative the first time and strongly positive 10 months later. Considering this to be a new case we calculated an incidence rate of 2·1% (CI95%0·6–4·8%). IgG avidity ELISA was performed on 36 positive samples, 33 being of high-avidity at both times; slight increases in 2 samples and conservation of low-avidity in 1 sheep were also observed. Higher prevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in a moist warm compared to a cold atmosphere was attributed to the long viability ofT. gondiioocysts. This may explain the high frequency ofT. gondiiin this region, which apparently has favourable climatic conditions for the transmission of this protozoan, besides the presence of both domestic and wild cats.
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García-Márquez LJ, Gutiérrez-Díaz MA, Correa D, Luna-Pastén H, Palma JM. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and the Relation to Risk Factors in Cats of Colima, Mexico. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1527-8. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1097.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Liesenfeld O, Herrera-Flores RG, Ramírez-Sánchez BE, González-Herrera A, Martínez-García SA, Dubey JP. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Cats From Durango City, Mexico. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1214-6. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1268r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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