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Theriot CA, Westby CM, Morgan JLL, Zwart SR, Zanello SB. High dietary iron increases oxidative stress and radiosensitivity in the rat retina and vasculature after exposure to fractionated gamma radiation. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16014. [PMID: 28725729 PMCID: PMC5515516 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure in combination with other space environmental factors including microgravity, nutritional status, and deconditioning is a concern for long-duration space exploration missions. Astronauts experience altered iron homeostasis due to adaptations to microgravity and an iron-rich food system. Iron intake reaches three to six times the recommended daily allowance due to the use of fortified foods on the International Space Station. Iron is associated with certain optic neuropathies and can potentiate oxidative stress. This study examined the response of eye and vascular tissue to gamma radiation exposure (3 Gy fractionated at 37.5 cGy per day every other day for 8 fractions) in rats fed an adequate-iron diet or a high-iron diet. Twelve-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of four experimental groups: adequate-iron diet/no radiation (CON), high-iron diet/no radiation (IRON), adequate-iron diet/radiation (RAD), and high-iron diet/radiation (IRON+RAD). Animals were maintained on the corresponding iron diet for 2 weeks before radiation exposure. As previously published, the high-iron diet resulted in elevated blood and liver iron levels. Dietary iron overload altered the radiation response observed in serum analytes, as evidenced by a significant increase in catalase levels and smaller decrease in glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity levels. 8-OHdG immunostaining, showed increased intensity in the retina after radiation exposure. Gene expression profiles of retinal and aortic vascular samples suggested an interaction between the response to radiation and high dietary iron. This study suggests that the combination of gamma radiation and high dietary iron has deleterious effects on retinal and vascular health and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Theriot
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christian M Westby
- Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L L Morgan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara R Zwart
- Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susana B Zanello
- Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Morgan JLL, Ritchie LE, Crucian BE, Theriot C, Wu H, Sams C, Smith SM, Turner ND, Zwart SR. Increased dietary iron and radiation in rats promote oxidative stress, induce localized and systemic immune system responses, and alter colon mucosal environment. FASEB J 2013; 28:1486-98. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. L. Morgan
- Oak Ridge Associated UniversitiesNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post‐Doctoral Fellowship Program, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Lauren E. Ritchie
- Department of Nutrition and Food ScienceTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Brian E. Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences DivisionNASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Corey Theriot
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community HealthUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Honglu Wu
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences DivisionNASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Clarence Sams
- Space and Clinical Operations Division, Human Health and Performance DirectorateNASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Scott M. Smith
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences DivisionNASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Nancy D. Turner
- Department of Nutrition and Food ScienceTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- Division of Space Life SciencesUniversities Space Research AssociationHoustonTexasUSA
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Josson S, Matsuoka Y, Gururajan M, Nomura T, Huang WC, Yang X, Lin JT, Bridgman R, Chu CY, Johnstone PA, Zayzafoon M, Hu P, Zhau H, Berel D, Rogatko A, Chung LWK. Inhibition of β2-microglobulin/hemochromatosis enhances radiation sensitivity by induction of iron overload in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68366. [PMID: 23874600 PMCID: PMC3707913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone metastasis is the most lethal form of several cancers. The β2-microglobulin (β2-M)/hemochromatosis (HFE) complex plays an important role in cancer development and bone metastasis. We demonstrated previously that overexpression of β2-M in prostate, breast, lung and renal cancer leads to increased bone metastasis in mouse models. Therefore, we hypothesized that β2-M is a rational target to treat prostate cancer bone metastasis. Results In this study, we demonstrate the role of β2-M and its binding partner, HFE, in modulating radiation sensitivity and chemo-sensitivity of prostate cancer. By genetic deletion of β2-M or HFE or using an anti-β2-M antibody (Ab), we demonstrate that prostate cancer cells are sensitive to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of β2-M or HFE sensitized prostate cancer cells to radiation by increasing iron and reactive oxygen species and decreasing DNA repair and stress response proteins. Using xenograft mouse model, we demonstrate that anti-β2-M Ab sensitizes prostate cancer cells to radiation treatment. Additionally, anti-β2-M Ab was able to prevent tumor growth in an immunocompetent spontaneous prostate cancer mouse model. Since bone metastasis is lethal, we used a bone xenograft model to test the ability of anti-β2-M Ab and radiation to block tumor growth in the bone. Combination treatment significantly prevented tumor growth in the bone xenograft model by inhibiting β2-M and inducing iron overload. In addition to radiation sensitive effects, inhibition of β2-M sensitized prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion Since prostate cancer bone metastatic patients have high β2-M in the tumor tissue and in the secreted form, targeting β2-M with anti-β2-M Ab is a promising therapeutic agent. Additionally, inhibition of β2-M sensitizes cancer cells to clinically used therapies such as radiation by inducing iron overload and decreasing DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajni Josson
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (LC)
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuoka
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Murali Gururajan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Takeo Nomura
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jin-tai Lin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Bridgman
- Hybridoma Facility, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Johnstone
- Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Haiyen Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dror Berel
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andre Rogatko
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (LC)
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Plasma micronutrients, trace elements, and breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers: an exploratory study. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1065-74. [PMID: 22576580 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have evaluated the role of micronutrients or trace elements in breast cancer development among BRCA1 mutation carriers. To investigate a possible role of dietary and environmental exposures on cancer risk, we undertook an exploratory study, using a matched case-control design (n = 48 cases and 96 controls), to evaluate the relationships between plasma levels of 14 micronutrients and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 mutation carriers in Poland. METHODS We estimated the univariate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer associated with plasma levels for each of 14 micronutrients. RESULTS Of the 14 analytes quantified, significant differences between cases and controls were seen for two (iron and retinol; p = 0.009 and p = 0.03, respectively). Women in the highest tertile of plasma iron had a 57 % lower risk, compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.43; 95 % CI 0.18-1.04; p for trend = 0.06). Increasing antimony levels were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (p for trend = 0.05). Women in the highest tertile had a 2.43-fold increase in breast cancer risk compared with women in the lowest tertile (OR = 2.43; 95 % CI 1.00-5.91). CONCLUSIONS This study provides some preliminary evidence regarding a role of diet, specifically iron and antimony, in the etiology of BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Stevens RG, Cologne JB, Nakachi K, Grant EJ, Neriishi K. Body iron stores and breast cancer risk in female atomic bomb survivors. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2236-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Kabat GC, Cross AJ, Park Y, Schatzkin A, Hollenbeck AR, Rohan TE, Sinha R. Intakes of dietary iron and heme-iron and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:1478-83. [PMID: 20962158 PMCID: PMC3478325 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intakes of dietary iron and, in particular, heme iron may increase breast cancer risk because of the prooxidant properties of iron. However, few studies have examined the association of iron and heme-iron intakes with breast cancer risk. OBJECTIVE We assessed the association of intakes of dietary iron and heme iron with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. DESIGN We used data from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study to assess intakes of total dietary iron, iron from meat, iron from red meat, and heme iron in relation to breast cancer risk in 116,674 postmenopausal women who completed a detailed questionnaire regarding meat preparation methods and degrees of doneness. During 6.5 y of follow-up, 3396 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, HRs for the highest compared with the lowest quintiles of intakes of total iron, iron from meat, iron from red meat, and heme iron were all close to unity, and there were no increasing trends with increasing intakes. The multivariable-adjusted HR for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of heme-iron intake was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.14; P for trend = 0.97). In addition, no associations were seen when iron variables were stratified by possible effect modifiers or hormone receptor status. CONCLUSION The results of this large cohort study do not support an association between iron or heme-iron intakes and postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Prem Kumar I, Rana SVS, Samanta N, Goel HC. Enhancement of radiation-induced apoptosis by Podophyllum hexandrum. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1267-73. [PMID: 14604470 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aqueous extract of Podophyllum hexandrum (RP-1), which has been recently reported to manifest radioprotective and anti-tumour properties, has been investigated for its mode of action. RP-1, under in-vitro conditions dose-dependently chelated metal ions, inhibited radiation or metal ion-induced hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation and scavenged superoxide anions. Intraperitoneal administration of RP-1 to mice pre-irradiation (10 Gy) induced more DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation in thymocytes maximally at 4 and 8 h, respectively, in comparison with RP-1 treatment or irradiation. Flow-cytometric quantification of sub-diploid peak, oligonucleosomal cleavage assay (ladder) and depletion of total thiols also corroborated the ability of RP-1 to enhance radiation-induced apoptosis. RP-1 in presence of 100 μM CuSO4 induced strand breaks in plasmid DNA and addition of metal chelators (EDTA and deferoxamine) inhibited the strand scission. Treatment with a major constituent of RP-1, podophyllin, did not cause strand breaks, but isolated constituents of RP-1, quercetin or podophyllotoxin, induced strand breaks. Depending on its concentration in the milieu, RP-1 acted as a pro- or antioxidant modifying the radiation-induced apoptosis and therefore could be exploited for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prem Kumar
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig S. K. Majumdar Marg, Delhi, India
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Broedbaek K, Poulsen HE, Weimann A, Kom GD, Schwedhelm E, Nielsen P, Böger RH. Urinary excretion of biomarkers of oxidatively damaged DNA and RNA in hereditary hemochromatosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1230-3. [PMID: 19686840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively generated damage to nucleic acids is considered to play a significant role in carcinogenesis, and it has been shown that people with hereditary hemochromatosis are at increased risk of cancer. In this study we used a new refined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to measure the urinary excretion of oxidatively generated 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and related 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside derivatives in hereditary hemochromatosis patients, and we investigated the effect of treatment on the levels of these modifications. The study was carried out as a classical case-control study of 21 newly diagnosed, never treated hereditary hemochromatosis patients and 21 matched controls. We found that at baseline the urinary excretion of the RNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) was 2.5-fold increased in patients compared with controls, and after phlebotomy treatment the excretion of the RNA oxidation product 8-oxoGuo returned to control values and the excretion of the DNA product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine was reduced by 30%. In patients with hereditary hemochromatosis oxidative stress on nucleic acids is an important feature of the iron overload seen in this disease. By this mechanism cellular damage resulting in end organ damage, typically seen in the liver of such patients, may be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Broedbaek
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Late gastrointestinal morbidity after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer fades with time in contrast to genitourinary morbidity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 70:1478-86. [PMID: 18060703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the incidence, time course, and relation to irradiated volumes of late morbidity after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (RT) for prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS From January 2000 to December 2001, a total of 247 patients with prostate cancer received a target dose of 70 Gy using conformal RT. Forty-eight patients (20%) received irradiation to the prostate only (Group P), 154 patients (62%) received irradiation to the prostate and seminal vesicles (Group PSV), and 45 patients (18%) received modified pelvic fields (Group MPF). Androgen deprivation was given to 86% of patients. Median follow-up was 62 months. Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) morbidity were recorded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scoring system. RESULTS We observed 9%, 7%, and 25% Grade 2 or higher GI morbidity and 36%, 30%, and 21% Grade 2 or higher GU morbidity in Groups P, PSV, and MPF, respectively. In multivariate analyses, age and treatment group were independent predictors for the incidence of late Grade 2 or higher GI morbidity, whereas age and urinary symptoms before treatment were independent predictors for late Grade 2 or higher GU morbidity. Acute side effects predicted for late effects. The rectum dose-volume histogram parameters correlated with the incidence of late Grade 2 or higher GI morbidity, especially the fractional volume receiving more than 40-43 Gy. At 5 years of follow-up, the rate of Grade 2 late GI morbidity was only 1.4%, and Grade 2 or higher GU morbidity was 10.6%. CONCLUSIONS The data presented here show that late GI morbidity after prostate RT is low and subsides with time.
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Kabat GC, Rohan TE. Does excess iron play a role in breast carcinogenesis? An unresolved hypothesis. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18:1047-53. [PMID: 17823849 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Free iron is a pro-oxidant and can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. The carcinogenicity of iron has been demonstrated in animal models, and epidemiologic studies have shown associations with several human cancers. However, a possible role of excess body iron stores or of elevated iron intake in breast carcinogenesis has received little attention epidemiologically. We propose that iron overload and the disruption of iron homeostasis with a resulting increase in free iron may contribute to the development of breast cancer, and we summarize the relevant evidence from mechanistic studies, animal experiments, and studies in humans. Over time a high intake of iron can lead to iron overload. Furthermore, body iron stores increase in women following menopause. Reactive oxygen species produced by normal aerobic cellular metabolism can lead to the release of free iron from ferritin. In the presence of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide, stored ferric iron (Fe(3+)) is reduced to ferrous iron (Fe(2+)), which catalyzes the formation of the hydroxyl radical (*OH). *OH in turn can promote lipid peroxidation, mutagenesis, DNA strand breaks, oncogene activation, and tumor suppressor inhibition, increasing the risk of breast cancer. In addition to its independent role as a proxidant, high levels of free iron may potentiate the effects of estradiol, ethanol, and ionizing radiation - three established risk factors for breast cancer. In order to identify the role of iron in breast carcinogenesis, improved biomarkers of body iron stores are needed, as are cohort studies which assess heme iron intake. Ultimately, it is important to determine whether iron levels in the breast and iron-induced pathology are higher in women who go on to develop breast cancer compared to women who do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA..
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Kallianpur AR, Hall LD, Yadav M, Byrne DW, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Haines JL, Christman BW, Summar ML. The hemochromatosis C282Y allele: a risk factor for hepatic veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:1155-64. [PMID: 15834437 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) is a serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since the liver is a major site of iron deposition in HFE-associated hemochromatosis, and iron has oxidative toxicity, we hypothesized that HFE genotype might influence the risk of HVOD after myeloablative HSCT. We determined HFE genotypes in 166 HSCT recipients who were evaluated prospectively for HVOD. We also tested whether a common variant of the rate-limiting urea cycle enzyme, carbamyl-phosphate synthetase (CPS), previously observed to protect against HVOD in this cohort, modified the effect of HFE genotype. Risk of HVOD was significantly higher in carriers of at least one C282Y allele (RR=3.7, 95% CI 1.2-12.1) and increased progressively with C282Y allelic dose (RR=1.7, 95% CI 0.4-6.8 in heterozygotes; RR=8.6, 95% CI 1.5-48.5 in homozygotes). The CPS A allele, which encodes a more efficient urea cycle enzyme, reduced the risk of HVOD associated with HFE C282Y. We conclude that HFE C282Y is a risk factor for HVOD and that CPS polymorphisms may counteract its adverse effects. Knowledge of these genotypes and monitoring of iron stores may facilitate risk-stratification and testing of strategies to prevent HVOD, such as iron chelation and pharmacologic support of the urea cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kallianpur
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Kondrashova TV, Neriishi K, Ban S, Ivanova TI, Krikunova LI, Shentereva NI, Smirnova IA, Zharikova IA, Konova MV, Taira S, Tsyb AF. Frequency of hemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations in Russian healthy women and patients with estrogen-dependent cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1762:59-65. [PMID: 16216474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Possible association between the C282Y and H63D mutations in the HFE gene and estrogen-dependent cancer risk was assessed. Genotyping was performed using PCR amplification followed by digestion of products with specific restrictases. In a population of 260 healthy women (permanent residents of the southwest European Russia), mutant allele frequencies at the C282Y and H63D sites were evaluated as 3.3 and 16.3%, respectively. In patients with breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer, C282Y frequencies were also low (1.0, 1.3, and 3.8%, respectively), and no cancer risk associated with the C282Y mutation was found. Odds ratios for breast cancer risk associated with the H63D mutation increased significantly with age: 0.5 in women below 48 years old, 1.0 in a range of 48-57 years, and 4.4 in older women (P(trend)=0.002). The latter value was statistically significant (95% CI, 1.4-14.1), indicating that women bearing the H63D mutation may be at an increased breast cancer risk at an age above 57 years. Preliminary results obtained in patients with two other estrogen-dependent malignancies revealed the same tendency to OR increase with age in ovarian cancer patients (P(trend)=0.008), but no age-related OR differences in endometrial cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Kondrashova
- Medical Radiological Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Ul. Koroleva 4, Obninsk 249036, Russia.
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Abstract
The hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) gene, HFE on chromosome 6p21.3, encodes a protein involved in iron homeostasis. HFE mutations have low penetrance with a mild effect on serum iron levels. Animal, twin, and population studies have shown that carrier state for C282Y can increase iron levels. A proportion of heterozygotes show slightly elevated serum iron levels. Increased serum iron has been suggested to increase the risk for oxidative damage to DNA. Epidemiologic studies established a correlation between iron levels and cancer risk. Case-control studies have reported associations between HFE mutations C282Y/H63D and several cancers, some of which in interaction with the transferrin receptor gene TFRC or dietary iron intake. Increased cancer risk in C282Y carriers is likely due to higher iron levels in a multifactorial setting. In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there is an association of C282Y with a gender effect in two British populations. No association has been found in acute myeloblastic leukemia and Hodgkin disease in adults. The childhood leukemia association possibly results from elevated intracellular iron in lymphoid cells increasing the vulnerability to DNA damage at a critical time window during lymphoid cell development. Interactions of HFE with environmental and genetic factors, most of which are recognized, may play a role in modification of susceptibility to leukemia conferred by C282Y. Given the population frequency of C282Y and the connection between iron and cancer, clarification of the mechanism of HFE associations in leukemia and cancer will have strong implications in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tevfik Dorak
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Kallianpur AR. Genomic screening and complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: has the time come? Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:1-16. [PMID: 15489868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of toxic complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is highly variable and dependent on a multitude of host, donor, and treatment factors. The increasingly broad indications for HSCT and the need to provide this treatment option to older and/or more debilitated patients emphasizes the importance of refining our methods of predicting and ameliorating these toxicities. Late complications (occurring after day 100) also pose a threat to quality of life after HSCT. Genetic polymorphisms in key molecular pathways in the host are likely to contribute significantly to the observed variability in the development HSCT-associated complications. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease and acute lung injury, two of the most serious organ toxicities that occur, represent useful paradigms for the identification of genetic polymorphisms in enzyme systems that modulate local and systemic responses to oxidant stress during transplant conditioning therapy. Ongoing studies in this area are providing clues to the prevention of adverse clinical outcomes based on the genetic milieu. This review of studies in HSCT that explore genetic risk factors for transplant complications indicates that significant progress is being made in this rapidly evolving area. However, further large-scale clinical and translational studies are needed before genomic screening can be widely used to individualize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kallianpur
- Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and TN Valley Health Services VA Medical Center, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Arora R, Gupta D, Chawla R, Sagar R, Sharma A, Kumar R, Prasad J, Singh S, Samanta N, Sharma RK. Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospects. Phytother Res 2005; 19:1-22. [PMID: 15799007 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of radioprotective agents has been the subject of intense research in view of their potential for use within a radiation environment, such as space exploration, radiotherapy and even nuclear war. However, no ideal, safe synthetic radioprotectors are available to date, so the search for alternative sources, including plants, has been on going for several decades. In Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been used to treat free radical-mediated ailments and, therefore, it is logical to expect that such plants may also render some protection against radiation damage. A systematic screening approach can provide leads to identifying potential new candidate drugs from plant sources, for mitigation of radiation injury. This article reviews some of the most promising plants, and their bioactive principles, that are widely used in traditional systems of medicine, and which have rendered significant radioprotection in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Plants and their constituents with pharmacological activities that may be relevant to amelioration of radiation-mediated damage, including antiemetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cell proliferative, wound healing and haemopoietic stimulatories are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Arora
- Division of Radiopharmaceuticals and Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi-110 054, India
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Kallianpur AR, Hall LD, Yadav M, Christman BW, Dittus RS, Haines JL, Parl FF, Summar ML. Increased Prevalence of the HFE C282Y Hemochromatosis Allele in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:205-12. [PMID: 14973098 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-03-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with the major hemochromatosis (HFE) allele C282Y and iron overload develop hepatocellular and some extrahepatic malignancies at increased rates. No association has been previously reported between the C282Y allele and breast cancer. We hypothesized that due to the pro-oxidant properties of iron, altered iron metabolism in C282Y carriers may promote breast carcinogenesis. Because 1 in 10 Caucasians of Northern European ancestry carries this allele, any impact it may have on breast cancer burden is potentially great. We determined C282Y genotypes in 168 patients who underwent high-dose chemotherapy and blood cell transplantation for cancer: 41 with breast cancer and 127 with predominantly hematological cancers (transplant cohort). Demographic, clinical, and tumor characteristics were reviewed in breast cancer patients. The frequency of C282Y genotypes in breast cancers was compared with the frequency in nonbreast cancers, an outpatient sample from Tennessee (n = 169), and a published United States national sample. The frequency of at least one C282Y allele in breast cancers was higher (36.6%, 5 homozygotes/10 heterozygotes) than frequencies in Tennessee (12.7%, P < 0.001), the general population (12.4%, P < 0.001), and similarly selected nonbreast cancers (17.0%, P = 0.008). The likelihood of breast cancer in the transplant cohort increased with C282Y allele dose (P(trend) = 0.010). These results were supported by the finding in a nontransplant cohort of a higher frequency of C282Y mutations in Caucasian (18.4%, P = 0.039) and African-American (8.5%, P = 0.005) women with breast cancer than race-specific national frequency estimates. A high prevalence of C282Y alleles in women with breast cancer with and without poor risk features suggests that altered iron metabolism in C282Y carriers may promote the development of breast cancer and/or more aggressive forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha R Kallianpur
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and VA Center for Health Services Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Turoczi T, Jun L, Cordis G, Morris JE, Maulik N, Stevens RG, Das DK. HFE mutation and dietary iron content interact to increase ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart in mice. Circ Res 2003; 92:1240-6. [PMID: 12750309 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000076890.59807.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis is an inherited pathological condition characterized by iron overload in several vital organs including heart. To increase our understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of hereditary hemochromatosis, we used a HFE gene knockout mouse model that replicates hereditary hemochromatosis. A group of mice with no copies of HFE gene and corresponding wild-type mice were maintained either on low-iron (30 ppm) or high-iron (300 ppm) diet since birth. The results of our study revealed that HFE gene knockout mouse hearts were susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury as evidenced by increased postischemic ventricular dysfunction, increased myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis compared with wild-type control hearts. The degree of injury increased in the hearts of the mice fed high-iron diet. The hearts of the HFE knockout mice showed increased iron deposition, increased content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as evidenced by the increased formation of malondialdehyde, and reduced antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The results suggest that increased amount of ROS and reduced antioxidant reserve secondary to iron overloading may be instrumental for the susceptibility of the HFE gene knockout mice to cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Turoczi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn 06030-1110, USA
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Stevens RG, Morris JE, Cordis GA, Anderson LE, Rosenberg DW, Sasser LB. Oxidative damage in colon and mammary tissue of the HFE-knockout mouse. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1212-6. [PMID: 12706501 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The HFE mutation is common and, when homozygous, can lead to a morbid accumulation of body iron and the disease hereditary hemochromatosis. Heterozygotes compose 10-15% of the European-American population, and have evidence of elevated body iron compared to homozygous normal people. Dietary iron content was hypothesized to interact with the HFE genotype to influence oxidative damage in mammary and colon tissue. Two groups of HFE-knockout mice were fed a standard iron diet (300 ppm) or a low iron diet (30 ppm). There was a significantly elevated concentration of malondialdehyde (by HPLC) in mammary (305 pmol/g vs. 166, p =.04) and colon (349 pmol/g vs. 226, p =.02) tissue among those mice on the standard iron diet compared to those on the low iron diet. These results suggest that dietary modification may affect the course of iron overload from HFE mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Stevens
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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Fuchs J, Podda M, Packer L, Kaufmann R. Morbidity risk in HFE associated hereditary hemochromatosis C282Y heterozygotes. Toxicology 2002; 180:169-81. [PMID: 12324192 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) is a late-onset, autosomal recessive disorder leading to a chronic iron overload syndrome, finally causing diabetes, cardiomyopathy and liver disease. HHC is the most common single gene disorder in northern Europeans that occurs with a frequency of approximately 0.5%, and most of these patients carry the C282Y and H63D mutation in the HFE gene on chromosome 6p21.3. The vast majority of HHC patients are homozygous for the C282Y mutation, but HHC phenotypes are observed in other genotypes. Expression of the disease, in those homozygous for the C282Y mutation, is highly variable depending on the various features of the population studied. C282Y heterozygotes have slightly increased iron stores and in absence of other genetic and/or environmental factors do usually not develop the HHC phenotype. It is currently a matter of debate whether C282Y heterozygotes may have an increased risk for morbidity. Different studies investigating the association of C282Y heterozygocity with morbidity have given conflicting results, as is exemplified by extrahepatic cancers, cardiovascular diseases, alcoholic liver disease, and diabetes. However, there are examples of clear and unambiguous disease associations, such as with sporadic pophyria cutanea tarda. It remains to be seen whether a strong correlation between the C282Y heterozygous state and distinct pathological conditions will exist and large-scale genotyping studies will help to identify such potential risk groups in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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