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Morakinyo MK, Chipinda I, Hettick J, Siegel PD, Abramson J, Strongin R, Martincigh BS, Simoyi RH. Detailed mechanistic investigation into the S-nitrosation of cysteamine. CAN J CHEM 2012; 9:724-738. [PMID: 26594054 DOI: 10.1139/v2012-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nitrosation of cysteamine (H2NCH2CH2SH) to produce cysteamine-S-nitrosothiol (CANO) was studied in slightly acidic medium by using nitrous acid prepared in situ. The stoichiometry of the reaction was H2NCH2CH2SH + HNO2 → H2NCH2CH2SNO + H2O. On prolonged standing, the nitrosothiol decomposed quantitatively to yield the disulfide, cystamine: 2H2NCH2CH2SNO → H2NCH2CH2S-SCH2CH2NH2 + 2NO. NO2 and N2O3 are not the primary nitrosating agents, since their precursor (NO) was not detected during the nitrosation process. The reaction is first order in nitrous acid, thus implicating it as the major nitrosating agent in mildly acidic pH conditions. Acid catalyzes nitrosation after nitrous acid has saturated, implicating the protonated nitrous acid species, the nitrosonium cation (NO+) as a contributing nitrosating species in highly acidic environments. The acid catalysis at constant nitrous acid concentrations suggests that the nitrosonium cation nitrosates at a much higher rate than nitrous acid. Bimolecular rate constants for the nitrosation of cysteamine by nitrous acid and by the nitrosonium cation were deduced to be 17.9 ± 1.5 (mol/L)-1 s-1 and 6.7 × 104 (mol/L)-1 s-1, respectively. Both Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions were effective catalysts for the formation and decomposition of the cysteamine nitrosothiol. Cu(II) ions could catalyze the nitrosation of cysteamine in neutral conditions, whereas Cu(I) could only catalyze in acidic conditions. Transnitrosation kinetics of CANO with glutathione showed the formation of cystamine and the mixed disulfide with no formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The nitrosation reaction was satisfactorily simulated by a simple reaction scheme involving eight reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshood K Morakinyo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
| | - Itai Chipinda
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Justin Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Paul D Siegel
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jonathan Abramson
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
| | - Robert Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa
| | - Reuben H Simoyi
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa
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Abstract
Thienopyridines (ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel) require in vivo metabolism to exhibit a critical thiol group in the active form that binds to the P2Y12 platelet receptor to inhibit platelet activation. We hypothesized that formation of thienopyridine-derived nitrosothiols (ticlopidine-SNO, clopidogrel-SNO, and prasugrel-SNO) occurs directly from the respective parent drug. Pharmaceutical-grade thienopyridine (ticlopidine, clopidogrel chloride, clopidogrel sulfate, clopidogrel besylate, or prasugrel) was added to nitrite in aqueous solution to form the respective thienopyridine-SNO (Th-SNO). An isolated aortic ring preparation was used to test vasoactivity of the Th-SNO derivatives. Increasing nitrite availability resulted in increased Th-SNO formation for all drugs (other than ticlopidine). Th-SNO induced significant endothelium-independent relaxation of preconstricted aortic rings. Clopidogrel-chloride-SNO displayed rapid-release kinetics in a chemical environment, which was reflected by immediate and transient vasorelaxation when compared with the SNO derivatives of the other thienopyridines. Accounting for differences in yield, clopidogrel-chloride-SNO exhibited the greatest propensity to immediately relax vascular tissue. Th-SNO derivatives exhibit nitrovasodilator properties by supplying NO that can directly activate vascular soluble guanylate cyclase to induce vasorelaxation. Differences in SNO yield and vasoactivity exist between thienopyridine preparations that might be important to our understanding of the direct pharmacological effectiveness of thienopyridines on vascular and platelet function.
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Troev K, Tsatcheva I, Koseva N, Georgieva R, Gitsov I. Immobilization of aminothiols on poly(oxyethyleneH-phosphonate)s and poly(oxyethylene phosphate)s—An approach to polymeric protective agents for radiotherapy of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Barun S, Ertoy D, Dileköz E, Müftüoglu S, Erten Y, Sucak G, Bali M, Tekeli N, Sarioglu Y, Ercan ZS. Effects of Amifostine on Glycerol-Pretreated Rabbit Kidneys. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 97:168-73. [PMID: 16128911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_97389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol-induced acute renal failure is an experimental model for myoglobinuric nephropathy. Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent which scavenges the free radicals. Since there is enhanced production of reactive oxygen metabolites in glycerol-induced acute renal failure, we wanted to examine whether amifostine has a protective role against vascular reactivity and histological changes in kidneys isolated from glycerol-pretreated rabbits. Perfusion pressure was recorded from kidneys obtained from rabbits injected with glycerol 3 hr before the experiments and from glycerol-pretreated and non-pretreated rabbits injected with amifostine 30 min. before the experiments. Acetylcholine-induced (10(-8)-10(-5) M) vasodilatation was tested following the construction of submaximal vasoconstriction by phenylephrine. Histological investigation was performed using light microscope. Acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation was found to be significantly decreased in glycerol, glycerol+amifostine and amifostine groups compared to controls at all concentrations. Reduction in acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was more prominent in amifostine group compared to amifostine+glycerol group. There was histological renal damage in all experimental groups and this damage was more pronounced in glycerol+amifostine group. In conclusion, contrary to expectation, amifostine per se led to histological damage and potentiated the histological damage caused by glycerol and produced a decrease in acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation. The mechanisms by which amifostine exerts its effects are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süreyya Barun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Gazi University, 06510 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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