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Mostaghimi S, Mehrvar S, Foomani FH, Narayanan J, Fish B, Camara AKS, Medhora M, Ranji M. Vascular regression in the kidney: changes in 3D vessel structure with time post-irradiation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4338-4352. [PMID: 36032582 PMCID: PMC9408260 DOI: 10.1364/boe.464426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though angiogenesis has been investigated in depth, vascular regression and rarefaction remain poorly understood. Regression of renal vasculature accompanies many pathological states such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and radiotherapy. Radiation decreases microvessel density in multiple organs, though the mechanism is not known. By using a whole animal (rat) model with a single dose of partial body irradiation to the kidney, changes in the volume of renal vasculature were recorded at two time points, 60 and 90 days after exposure. Next, a novel vascular and metabolic imaging (VMI) technique was used to computationally assess 3D vessel diameter, volume, branch depth, and density over multiple levels of branching down to 70 µm. Four groups of rats were studied, of which two groups received a single dose of 12.5 Gy X-rays. The kidneys were harvested after 60 or 90 days from one irradiated and one non-irradiated group at each time point. Measurements of the 3D vasculature showed that by day-90 post-radiation, when renal function is known to deteriorate, total vessel volume, vessel density, maximum branch depth, and the number of terminal points in the kidneys decreased by 55%, 57%, 28%, and 53%, respectively. Decreases in the same parameters were not statistically significant at 60 days post-irradiation. Smaller vessels with internal diameters of 70-450 µm as well as large vessels of diameter 451-850 µm, both decreased by 90 days post-radiation. Vascular regression in the lungs of the same strain of irradiated rats has been reported to occur before 60 days supporting the hypothesis that this process is regulated in an organ-specific manner and occurs by a concurrent decrease in luminal diameters of small as well as large blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Mostaghimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Farnaz H. Foomani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Jayashree Narayanan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cardiovascular Research Center at Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian Fish
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cardiovascular Research Center at Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amadou K. S. Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Research Center at Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Meetha Medhora
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cardiovascular Research Center at Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Contributed equally
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Effect of gamma irradiation on protease and nuclease enzymes activity and egg oviposition of Culex pipiens mosquito engorged with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li X, Luo L, Karthi S, Zhang K, Luo J, Hu Q, Weng Q. Effects of 200 Gy 60Co-γ Radiation on the Regulation of Antioxidant Enzymes, Hsp70 Genes, and Serum Molecules of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051011. [PMID: 29701645 PMCID: PMC6099622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), is one of the notorious pests causing substantial loses to many cruciferous vegetables across the nations. The effects of 60Co-γ radiation on physiology of P. xylostella were investigated and the results displayed that 200 Gy irradiation significantly alters the antioxidant enzyme regulation in six-day-old male pupae of P. xylostella. First, in our research, we detected Oxidase system and stress response mechanism of irradiated pupae, the results displayed that 200 Gy irradiation significantly alters the antioxidant enzyme regulation in six-day-old male pupae of P. xylostella. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were increased significantly in contrast the level of peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were decreased in 12–24 h post-treatment. The heat shock proteins (Hsps) gene expression level was significant increasing, maximum > 2-folds upregulation of genes were observed in peak. However, they also had a trend of gradual recovery with development. Second, we detected the testis lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity found that in male adults testis they increased significantly than control during its development. Thus the present research investigation highlights that the 60Co-γ radiation treatments alters the physiological development of diamondback moth. The results showed that 200 Gy dosage resulted in stress damage to the body and reproductive system of the diamondback moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lingyan Luo
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jianjun Luo
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qunfang Weng
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Zhang JD, Patel MB, Song YS, Griffiths R, Burchette J, Ruiz P, Sparks MA, Yan M, Howell DN, Gomez JA, Spurney RF, Coffman TM, Crowley SD. A novel role for type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes to limit target organ damage in hypertension. Circ Res 2012; 110:1604-17. [PMID: 22534490 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.261768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human clinical trials using type 1 angiotensin (AT(1)) receptor antagonists indicate that angiotensin II is a critical mediator of cardiovascular and renal disease. However, recent studies have suggested that individual tissue pools of AT(1) receptors may have divergent effects on target organ damage in hypertension. OBJECTIVE We examined the role of AT(1) receptors on T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of hypertension and its complications. METHODS AND RESULTS Deficiency of AT(1) receptors on T cells potentiated kidney injury during hypertension with exaggerated renal expression of chemokines and enhanced accumulation of T cells in the kidney. Kidneys and purified CD4(+) T cells from "T cell knockout" mice lacking AT(1) receptors on T lymphocytes had augmented expression of Th1-associated cytokines including interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Within T lymphocytes, the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 promote differentiation toward the Th1 and Th2 lineages, respectively, and AT(1) receptor-deficient CD4(+) T cells had enhanced T-bet/GATA-3 expression ratios favoring induction of the Th1 response. Inversely, mice that were unable to mount a Th1 response due to T-bet deficiency were protected from kidney injury in our hypertension model. CONCLUSIONS The current studies identify an unexpected role for AT(1) receptors on T lymphocytes to protect the kidney in the setting of hypertension by favorably modulating CD4(+) T helper cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-dong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Crowley SD, Song YS, Lin EE, Griffiths R, Kim HS, Ruiz P. Lymphocyte responses exacerbate angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1089-97. [PMID: 20147609 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00373.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system by ANG II contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, and pharmacological suppression of lymphocyte responses can ameliorate hypertensive end-organ damage. Therefore, to examine the mechanisms through which lymphocytes mediate blood pressure elevation, we studied ANG II-dependent hypertension in scid mice lacking lymphocyte responses and wild-type controls. Scid mice had a blunted hypertensive response to chronic ANG II infusion and accordingly developed less cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, lymphocyte deficiency led to significant reductions in heart and kidney injury following 4 wk of angiotensin. The muted hypertensive response in the scid mice was associated with increased sodium excretion, urine volumes, and weight loss beginning on day 5 of angiotensin infusion. To explore the mechanisms underlying alterations in blood pressure and renal sodium handling, we measured gene expression for vasoactive mediators in the kidney after 4 wk of ANG II administration. Scid mice and controls had similar renal expression for interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6. By contrast, lymphocyte deficiency (i.e., scid mice) during ANG II infusion led to upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the kidney. In turn, this enhanced eNOS and COX-2 expression in the scid kidneys was associated with exaggerated renal generation of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E(2), and prostacyclin, all of which promote natriuresis. Thus, the absence of lymphocyte activity protects from hypertension by allowing blood pressure-induced sodium excretion, possibly via stimulation of eNOS- and COX-2-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Cohen EP, Fish BL, Irving AA, Rajapurkar MM, Shah SV, Moulder JE. Radiation nephropathy is not mitigated by antagonists of oxidative stress. Radiat Res 2009; 172:260-4. [PMID: 19630531 DOI: 10.1667/rr1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Persistent, chronic oxidative injury may play a mechanistic role in late radiation injury. Thus antioxidants may be useful as mitigators of radiation injury. The antioxidants deferiprone, genistein and apocynin were tested in a rat radiation nephropathy model that uses single-fraction total-body irradiation (TBI) followed by syngeneic bone marrow transplant. Deferiprone was added to the drinking water at 1.0 or 2.5 g/liter, starting 3 days after the TBI. Urinary bleomycin-detectable iron, which could enhance production of oxygen radicals, was reduced in the rats on deferiprone compared to untreated rats, but deferiprone did not mitigate radiation nephropathy. Genistein added to the chow at 750 mg/kg starting immediately after TBI did not mitigate radiation nephropathy. Apocynin added to the drinking water at 250 mg/liter immediately after TBI did not mitigate radiation nephropathy. Thus three different types of antioxidants, when used at doses consistent with an antioxidant effect, had no mitigation efficacy against radiation nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Cohen
- Departments of Medicine and, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
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Kruse JJCM, Floot BGJ, te Poele JAM, Russell NS, Stewart FA. Radiation-induced activation of TGF-beta signaling pathways in relation to vascular damage in mouse kidneys. Radiat Res 2009; 171:188-97. [PMID: 19267544 DOI: 10.1667/rr1526.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of radiation-induced alterations in TGF-beta signaling pathways with respect to the development of vascular damage in the irradiated kidney. Total RNA was isolated from mouse kidneys at 1-30 weeks after irradiation, and quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed for TGF-beta receptors (ALK1, ALK5, endoglin), downstream mediators (Smad7, CTGF), and downstream targets (PAI-1 and Id-1). Expression of endoglin and Smad7 protein as well as nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of phospho Smad 2/3 and phospho Smad 1/5 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Radiation caused a rapid and persistent increase in expression of TGF-beta receptors and mediators from 1-30 weeks after treatment. Expression of Id-1, a downstream target of endothelial cell specific receptor ALK1, was transiently increased (1-10 weeks after irradiation) but returned to control levels at later times. Expression of PAI-1, a downstream target of ALK5, increased progressively from 10-30 weeks after irradiation. These results show that radiation activated TGF-beta signaling pathways in the kidney and shifted the balance in favor of ALK5 signaling, which generally inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration. We hypothesize that prolonged activation of ALK5 signaling and relative suppression of ALK1 signaling may provide an explanation for the telangiectatic phenotype observed in irradiated kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline J C M Kruse
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wei CC, Chang MS. Mouse interleukin-20 receptor 1a targets renal epithelial cells and is associated with renal calcium deposition. Genes Immun 2008; 10:237-47. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Andratschke N, Schnaiter A, Schnaitera A, Weber WA, Cai L, Caia L, Schill S, Wiedenmann N, Schwaiger M, Molls M, Nieder C. Preclinical evaluation of erythropoietin administration in a model of radiation-induced kidney dysfunction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:1513-8. [PMID: 16580501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether the clinically available growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) influences radiation-induced normal-tissue damage in a model of kidney dysfunction. METHODS Animal experiments were conducted to test the role of EPO administration in a C3H mouse model of unilateral kidney irradiation with 6, 8, and 10 Gy and to assess the effects of 2 different dose levels of EPO. The kidney function was assessed before radiotherapy, as well as 19, 25, 31, and 37 weeks thereafter by means of (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinat scans (static scintigraphy). RESULTS Concomitant EPO administration significantly increased the degree of radiation-induced kidney dysfunction. A dose of 2,000 IU/kg body weight per injection tended to cause more damage than the lower dose of 500 IU/kg. CONCLUSION Administration of growth factors concomitant to radiotherapy might modify the development of kidney dysfunction. Although insulin-like growth factor-1 has previously been shown to protect the kidney, such an effect could not be demonstrated for EPO. The latter agent even increased the development of nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaus Andratschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mata-Greenwood E, Grobe A, Kumar S, Noskina Y, Black SM. Cyclic stretch increases VEGF expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells via TGF-β1 and reactive oxygen species: a requirement for NAD(P)H oxidase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L288-9. [PMID: 15821013 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00417.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have indicated that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and VEGF expression are increased in the smooth muscle cell (SMC) layer of the pulmonary vessels of lambs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to increased pulmonary blood flow. Furthermore, we found that TGF-β1 expression increased before VEGF. Because of the increased blood flow in the shunt lambs, the SMC in the pulmonary vessels are exposed to increased levels of the mechanical force, cyclic stretch. Thus, in this study, using primary cultures of pulmonary arterial SMC isolated from pulmonary arteries of 4-wk-old lambs, we investigated the role of cyclic stretch in the apparent coordinated regulation of TGF-β1 and VEGF. Our results demonstrated that cyclic stretch induced a significant increase in VEGF expression both at the mRNA and protein levels ( P < 0.05). The increased VEGF mRNA was preceded by both an increased expression and secretion of TGF-β1 and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β1 abolished the cyclic stretch-dependent increases in both superoxide generation and VEGF expression. Our data also demonstrated that cyclic stretch activated an NAD(P)H oxidase that was TGF-β1 dependent and that NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors abolished the cyclic stretch-dependent increase in VEGF expression. Therefore, our results indicate that cyclic stretch upregulates VEGF expression via the TGF-β1-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase and increased generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Mata-Greenwood
- International Heart Institute of Montana, 3rd Floor, St. Patrick Hospital, 554 West Broadway, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
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Rizkalla B, Forbes JM, Cao Z, Boner G, Cooper ME. Temporal renal expression of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in experimental diabetes: role of the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2005; 23:153-64. [PMID: 15643138 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200501000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been postulated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a role in the progression of renal injury. However, the role of other angiogenic factors and their receptors, such as the angiopoietins and Tie2, and in particular their relation to renoprotective therapies, such as agents that interrupt the renin-angiotensin system, have not been studied in the context of diabetes-related renal injury. DESIGN AND METHODS Renal expression of VEGF, angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and their receptors, VEGF-R2 and Tie-2, were assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, in control and streptozotocin diabetic rats, untreated or receiving the AT1 receptor antagonist, valsartan, or the AT2 receptor antagonist, PD123319. RESULTS Diabetes was associated with increased gene and protein expression of VEGF, VEGF-R2, Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2. AT1 receptor antagonism attenuated gene expression of these cytokines and receptors, yet PD123319, which had no effect on blood pressure, reduced VEGF-R2 and Ang-1 gene expression and decreased VEGF, Ang-1 and Ang-2 protein levels. CONCLUSIONS In experimental diabetes, there is significant upregulation within the kidney of various angiogenic cytokines and their receptors. Furthermore, the effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade on these parameters is consistent with the VEGF-VEGF-R2 and angiopoietin-Tie-2 axes being modulated in the kidney by haemodynamic factors in the diabetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy Rizkalla
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Vascular Division, Wynn Domain, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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O'Donoghue J. Relevance of external beam dose-response relationships to kidney toxicity associated with radionuclide therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2005; 19:378-87. [PMID: 15285886 DOI: 10.1089/1084978041425025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the kidney as a dose-limiting organ is likely to increase as smaller molecular vectors and radiometals become more commonly used in targeted radionuclide therapy. Data derived from kidney irradiation by external-beam therapy (XRT) indicate that the kidney is radiosensitive. The features of radiation nephropathy seen post-treatment appear similar between local XRT, total-body irradiation (TBI), and radionuclide therapy. For uniform kidney irradiation, tolerance doses appear to be approximately 15-17 Gy in 2 Gy fractions for local XRT and probably less than this (approximately 12 Gy in 2 Gy fractions) when radiation is delivered systemically as TBI in the context of bone marrow transplant protocols. Animal studies indicate that the linear quadratic (LQ) model with an alpha/beta parameter of 1.5-3 Gy seems to adequately describe the XRT fractionation sensitivity of kidney for doses per fraction down to approximately 1 Gy, but may underestimate the effectiveness of fraction sizes less than this. Animal studies have also clarified the dose-dependency of the time to expression of radiation nephropathy and have indicated that radiation nephropathy may be alleviated by pharmacological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Stone HB, Moulder JE, Coleman CN, Ang KK, Anscher MS, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Dynan WS, Fike JR, Grdina DJ, Greenberger JS, Hauer-Jensen M, Hill RP, Kolesnick RN, Macvittie TJ, Marks C, McBride WH, Metting N, Pellmar T, Purucker M, Robbins ME, Schiestl RH, Seed TM, Tomaszewski JE, Travis EL, Wallner PE, Wolpert M, Zaharevitz D. Models for Evaluating Agents Intended for the Prophylaxis, Mitigation and Treatment of Radiation Injuries Report of an NCI Workshop, December 3–4, 2003. Radiat Res 2004; 162:711-28. [PMID: 15548121 DOI: 10.1667/rr3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To develop approaches to prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries, appropriate models are needed that integrate the complex events that occur in the radiation-exposed organism. While the spectrum of agents in clinical use or preclinical development is limited, new research findings promise improvements in survival after whole-body irradiation and reductions in the risk of adverse effects of radiotherapy. Approaches include agents that act on the initial radiochemical events, agents that prevent or reduce progression of radiation damage, and agents that facilitate recovery from radiation injuries. While the mechanisms of action for most of the agents with known efficacy are yet to be fully determined, many seem to be operating at the tissue, organ or whole animal level as well as the cellular level. Thus research on prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries will require studies in whole animal models. Discovery, development and delivery of effective radiation modulators will also require collaboration among researchers in diverse fields such as radiation biology, inflammation, physiology, toxicology, immunology, tissue injury, drug development and radiation oncology. Additional investment in training more scientists in radiation biology and in the research portfolio addressing radiological and nuclear terrorism would benefit the general population in case of a radiological terrorism event or a large-scale accidental event as well as benefit patients treated with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Stone
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Wakelin SJ, Marson L, Howie SEM, Garden J, Lamb JR, Forsythe JLR. The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Kidney in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:p73-9. [PMID: 15528952 DOI: 10.1159/000080686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent endothelial cell mitogen, angiogenic factor and enhancer of vascular permeability. Expressed in the epithelial cells of the developing glomerulus and tubular epithelium, VEGF plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the early vasculature of the kidney. Here, we review the available literature regarding the expression and function of VEGF both in the developing and healthy adult kidney. Furthermore, we highlight how VEGF expression is altered in the diseased kidney and how this modulated expression may impact on and reflect underlying functional changes occurring during the disease process. As discussed, many controversial issues remain, particularly concerning the role of VEGF in the diseased kidney. That VEGF has been proposed as a potential future therapeutic target for the management of some renal diseases requires first that the precise role of VEGF in the normal kidney and various renal pathologies be further and more clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia J Wakelin
- Renal Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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