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Zavalishin MN, Gamov GA, Kiselev AN, Aleksandriiskii VV, Medvedeva AS. Vitamin B 6-based fluorescence chemosensor for selective detection of F - ions: design, synthesis, and characterization. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2483-2497. [PMID: 37747667 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of a new chemosensor for fluoride ions, a hydrazone derived from pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and benzothiazole. The structure of the chemosensor was confirmed using 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy. The conformational diversity of the chemosensor influencing the sensor activity was studied by the quantum chemistry methods on the B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) (H, C, N, O, P, S) level, and the optimal structure of the chemosensor was chosen. The selective capability of detecting F- in the aqueous solution, which also contains Cl-, Br-, I-, NCS-, ClO4-, HSO4-, and NO3- was demonstrated. The detection limit (LOD) for fluoride ions was 0.22 µM as determined by the 3σ method. The turn-on effect in the presence of fluoride ions is based on the deprotonation of the chemosensor and its subsequent aggregation in DMSO. In addition, the chemosensor was used for the detection and estimation of F- in real samples using fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zavalishin
- Research Institute of Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chemical Processes, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii Pr. 7, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - G A Gamov
- Research Institute of Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chemical Processes, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii Pr. 7, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - A N Kiselev
- Research Institute of Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chemical Processes, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii Pr. 7, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - V V Aleksandriiskii
- Research Institute of Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chemical Processes, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii Pr. 7, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - A S Medvedeva
- Research Institute of Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chemical Processes, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii Pr. 7, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
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Mata AI, Pereira NAM, Cardoso AL, Nascimento BFO, Pineiro M, Schaberle FA, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Brito RMM, Pinho E Melo TMVD. Novel Foscan®-derived ring-fused chlorins for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117443. [PMID: 37634417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established anticancer treatment that combines the use of a photosensitiser (PS) and a light source of a specific wavelength for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are toxic to the tumour cells. Foscan® (mTHPC) is a clinically-approved chlorin used for the PDT treatment of advanced head and neck, prostate and pancreatic cancers but is characterized by being photochemically unstable and associated with prolonged skin photosensitivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of new 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused chlorins, having the meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)macrocycle core of mTHPC, by exploring the [8π + 2π] cycloaddition of a meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin derivative with diazafulvenium methides. These chlorins have photochemical properties similar to Foscan® but are much more photostable. Among the novel compounds, two chlorins with a hydroxymethyl group and its azide derivative present in the 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused system, are promising photodynamic agents with activity in the 100 nM range against triple-negative breast cancer cells and, in the case of azidomethyl chlorin, a safer phototherapeutic index compared to Foscan®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Mata
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nelson A M Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno F O Nascimento
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio A Schaberle
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia C Gomes-da-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; BSIM Therapeutics, Instituto Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Jain M, Bouilloux J, Borrego I, Cook S, van den Bergh H, Lange N, Wagnieres G, Giraud MN. Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:564. [PMID: 35631388 PMCID: PMC9146285 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases. The suppression of cathepsin B can inhibit tumor growth. The overexpression of cathepsin B can be used for the imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. PDT targeting of cathepsin B may have a significant potential for selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity. We synthesized a cathepsin B-cleavable polymeric photosensitizer prodrug (CTSB-PPP) that releases pheophorbide a (Pha), an efficient photosensitizer upon activation with cathepsin B. We determined the concentration dependant uptake in vitro, the safety, and subsequent PDT-induced toxicity of CTSB-PPP, and ROS production. CTSB-PPP was cleaved in bone marrow cells (BMCs), which express a high cathepsin B level. We showed that the intracellular fluorescence of Pha increased with increasing doses (3-48 µM) and exerted significant dark toxicity above 12 µM, as assessed by MTT assay. However, 6 µM showed no toxicity on cell viability and ex vivo vascular function. Time-dependent studies revealed that cellular accumulation of CTSB-PPP (6 µM) peaked at 60 min of treatment. PDT (light dose: 0-100 J/cm2, fluence rate: 100 mW/cm2) was applied after CTSB-PPP treatment (6 µM for 60 min) using a special frontal light diffuser coupled to a diode laser (671 nm). PDT resulted in a light dose-dependent reduction in the viability of BMCs and was associated with an increased intracellular ROS generation. Fluorescence and ROS generation was significantly reduced when the BMCs were pre-treated with E64-d, a cysteine protease inhibitor. In conclusion, we provide evidence that CTSB-PPP showed no dark toxicity at low concentrations. This probe could be utilized as a potential imaging agent to identify cells or tissues with cathepsin B activity. CTSB-PPP-based PDT results in effective cytotoxicity and thus, holds great promise as a therapeutic agent for achieving the selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jain
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jordan Bouilloux
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland; (J.B.); (N.L.)
| | - Ines Borrego
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Cook
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
- HFR Hôpital Fribourgeois, CH-1708 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Medical Photonics Group, LCOM-ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland; (J.B.); (N.L.)
| | - Georges Wagnieres
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1105 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Marie-Noelle Giraud
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
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Bioluminescence-Activated Photodynamic Therapy for Luciferase Transfected, Grade 4 Astrocytoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Predicting human pharmacokinetics of liposomal temoporfin using a hybrid in silico model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:121-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Photodynamic killing of Enterococcus faecalis in dentinal tubules using mTHPC incorporated in liposomes and invasomes. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:373-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Two combined photosensitizers: a goal for more effective photodynamic therapy of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1122. [PMID: 24625981 PMCID: PMC3973236 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality for the treatment of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, mainly cancer. It involves the selective uptake of a photosensitizer (PS) by neoplastic tissue, which is able to produce reactive oxygen species upon irradiation with light, leading to tumor regression. Here a synergistic cell photoinactivation is reported based on the simultaneous administration of two PSs, zinc(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and the cationic porphyrin meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) in three cell lines (HeLa, HaCaT and MCF-7), using very low doses of PDT. We detected changes from predominant apoptosis (without cell detachment) to predominant necrosis, depending on the light dose used (2.4 and 3.6 J/cm2, respectively). Analysis of changes in cytoskeleton components (microtubules and F-actin), FAK protein, as well as time-lapse video microscopy evidenced that HeLa cells were induced to undergo apoptosis, without losing adhesion to the substrate. Moreover, 24 h after intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, ZnPc and TMPyP were preferentially accumulated in the tumor area. PDT with combined treatment produced significant retardation of tumor growth. We believe that this combined and highly efficient strategy (two PSs) may provide synergistic curative rates regarding conventional photodynamic treatments (with one PS alone).
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de Visscher SAHJ, Kaščáková S, de Bruijn HS, van den Heuvel AVDP, Amelink A, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Roodenburg JLN, Witjes MJH. Fluorescence localization and kinetics of mTHPC and liposomal formulations of mTHPC in the window-chamber tumor model. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:528-36. [PMID: 21761424 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Foslip® and Fospeg® are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC, intended for use in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Foslip consists of mTHPC encapsulated in conventional liposomes, Fospeg consists of mTHPC encapsulated in pegylated liposomes. Possible differences in tumor fluorescence and vasculature kinetics between Foslip, Fospeg, and Foscan® were studied using the rat window-chamber model. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 18 rats a dorsal skin fold window chamber was installed and a mammary carcinoma was transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue. The dosage used for intravenous injection was 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC for each formulation. At seven time-points after injection (5 minutes to 96 hours) fluorescence images were made with a CCD. The achieved mTHPC fluorescence images were corrected for tissue optical properties and autofluorescence by the ratio fluorescence imaging technique of Kascakova et al. Fluorescence intensities of three different regions of interest (ROI) were assessed; tumor tissue, vasculature, and surrounding connective tissue. RESULTS The three mTHPC formulations showed marked differences in their fluorescence kinetic profile. After injection, vascular mTHPC fluorescence increased for Foslip and Fospeg but decreased for Foscan. Maximum tumor fluorescence is reached at 8 hours for Fospeg and at 24 hours for Foscan and Foslip with overall higher fluorescence for both liposomal formulations. Foscan showed no significant difference in fluorescence intensity between surrounding tissue and tumor tissue (selectivity). However, Fospeg showed a trend toward tumor selectivity at early time points, while Foslip reached a significant difference (P < 0.05) at these time points. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed marked differences in fluorescence intensities of Fospeg, Foslip, and Foscan, which suggest overall higher bioavailability for the liposomal formulations. Pegylated liposomes seemed most promising for future application; as Fospeg showed highest tumor fluorescence at the earlier time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan A H J de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Petri A, Alexandratou E, Kyriazi M, Rallis M, Roussis V, Yova D. Combination of Fospeg-IPDT and a natural antioxidant compound prevents photosensitivity in a murine prostate cancer tumour model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:100-8. [PMID: 22594979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present research was to investigate the potential use of a natural compound rich in antioxidant agents, derived from Pinus halepensis (P. halepensis), to prevent PDT induced photosensitivity. The present research progressed in two levels. The first one evolved the optimization of Fospeg-interstitial photodynamic therapy (IPDT) in a prostate cancer animal model. In the second one, P. halepensis bark extract, was evaluated for its potential use to prevent photosensitivity. METHODS Two sets of experiments were performed, IPDT only and IPDT in the presence of antioxidant. For both of them, Fospeg was administrated intravenously to SCID mice bearing prostate cancer, followed by IPDT after 6 h. For the IPDT+antioxidant experiments, P. halepensis was injected intratumourously 1 h prior the tumour illumination. Treatment outcome was monitored twice a week by an imaging system and by measuring tumour dimensions using a caliper. Photosensitivity was assessed by monitoring erythema of the tail using the imaging system. RESULTS IPDT with Fospeg and 15 J total light energy is a therapeutic scheme that can eliminate tumours in the murine model of prostate cancer. Two months after complete tumour remission no tumour recurrence was observed. Also, the cosmetic outcome of the research was excellent. The major drawback of this treatment scheme was that 90% of the animals developed photosensitivity. The addition of P. halepensis bark extract resulted in prevention of the photosensitivity, leaving PDT outcome unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The combined use of PDT and the used antioxidant agent could broaden the implementation of photodynamic therapy, by eliminating photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Petri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan®, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240-96. [PMID: 21848905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the development and study of the second-generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin through to its acceptance and clinical use in modern photodynamic (cancer) therapy. The literature has been covered up to early 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Cellular and molecular effects of the liposomal mTHPC derivative Foslipos in prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Huang YY, Mroz P, Zhiyentayev T, Sharma SK, Balasubramanian T, Ruzié C, Krayer M, Fan D, Borbas KE, Yang E, Kee HL, Kirmaier C, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. In vitro photodynamic therapy and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies with stable synthetic near-infrared-absorbing bacteriochlorin photosensitizers. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4018-27. [PMID: 20441223 PMCID: PMC2933425 DOI: 10.1021/jm901908s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a rapidly developing approach to treating cancer that combines harmless visible and near-infrared light with a nontoxic photoactivatable dye, which upon encounter with molecular oxygen generates the reactive oxygen species that are toxic to cancer cells. Bacteriochlorins are tetrapyrrole compounds with two reduced pyrrole rings in the macrocycle. These molecules are characterized by strong absorption features from 700 to >800 nm, which enable deep penetration into tissue. This report describes testing of 12 new stable synthetic bacteriochlorins for PDT activity. The 12 compounds possess a variety of peripheral substituents and are very potent in killing cancer cells in vitro after illumination. Quantitative structure-activity relationships were derived, and subcellular localization was determined. The most active compounds have both low dark toxicity and high phototoxicity. This combination together with near-infrared absorption gives these bacteriochlorins great potential as photosensitizers for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timur Zhiyentayev
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Christian Ruzié
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dazhong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Berezin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, St. Louis, USA, Tel. 314-747-0701, 314-362-8599, fax 314-747-5191
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, St. Louis, USA, Tel. 314-747-0701, 314-362-8599, fax 314-747-5191
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Kachatkou D, Sasnouski S, Zorin V, Zorina T, D’Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Unusual Photoinduced Response of mTHPC Liposomal Formulation (Foslip). Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:719-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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de Bruijn HS, Meijers C, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ. Microscopic localisation of protoporphyrin IX in normal mouse skin after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid or methyl 5-aminolevulinate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 92:91-7. [PMID: 18571933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Light fractionation does not enhance the response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) after topical methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL) application, whereas it is after topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). The differences in biophysical and biochemical characteristics between MAL and ALA may result in differences in localisation that cause the differences in response to PDT. We therefore investigated the spatial distribution of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence in normal mouse skin using fluorescence microscopy and correlated that with the PDT response histologically observed at 2.5, 24 and 48 h after PDT. As expected high fluorescence intensities were observed in the epidermis and pilosebaceous units and no fluorescence in the cutaneous musculature after both MAL and ALA application. The dermis showed localised fluorescence that corresponds to the cytoplasma of dermal cells like fibroblast and mast cells. Spectral analysis showed a typical PpIX fluorescence spectrum confirming that it is PpIX fluorescence. There was no clear difference in the depth and spatial distribution of PpIX fluorescence between the two precursors in these normal mouse skin samples. This result combined with the conclusion of Moan et al. that ALA but not MAL is systemically distributed after topical application on mouse skin [Moan et al., Pharmacology of protoporphyrin IX in nude mice after application of ALA and ALA esters, Int. J. Cancer 103 (2003) 132-135] suggests that endothelial cells are involved in increased response of tissues to ALA-PDT using light fractionation. Histological analysis 2.5h after PDT showed more edema formation after ALA-PDT compared to MAL-PDT that was not accompanied by a difference in the inflammatory response. This suggests that endothelial cells respond differently to ALA and MAL-PDT. Further investigation is needed to determine the role of endothelial cells in ALA-PDT and the underlying mechanism behind the increased effectiveness of light fractionation using a dark interval of 2h found after ALA but not after MAL-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriëtte S de Bruijn
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Room Wk-319, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fluorescence imaging of Foscan and Foslip in the plasma membrane and in whole cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 92:47-53. [PMID: 18541438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence microscope equipped with a condenser for total internal reflection (TIR) illumination was combined with a pulsed laser diode and a time-gated image intensifying camera for fluorescence lifetime measurements of single cells. In particular, fluorescence patterns, decay kinetics, and lifetime images of the lipophilic photosensitizers Foscan and Foslip were studied in whole cells as well as in close vicinity to their plasma membranes. Fluorescence lifetimes of both photosensitizers in cultivated HeLa cells decreased from about 8 ns at an incubation time of 3 h to about 5 ns at an incubation time of 24 h. This seems to result from an increase in aggregation (or self-quenching) of the photosensitizers during incubation. Selective measurements within or in close proximity to the plasma membrane indicate that Foscan and Foslip are taken up by the cells in a similar way, but may be located in different cellular sites after an incubation time of 24 h. A combination of TIR and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), described for the first time, appears to be promising for understanding some key mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Moreira LM, Vieira dos Santos F, Lyon JP, Maftoum-Costa M, Pacheco-Soares C, Soares da Silva N. Photodynamic Therapy: Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Photosensitizers. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work is focussed on the principles of photodynamic therapy (PDT), emphasizing the photochemical mechanisms of reactive oxygen species formation and the consequent biochemical processes generated by the action of reactive oxygen species on various biological macromolecules and organelles. This paper also presents some of the most used photosensitizers, including Photofrin, and the new prototypes of photosensitizers, analysing their physicochemical and spectroscopic properties. At this point, the review discusses the therapeutic window of absorption of specific wavelengths involving first- and second-generation photosensitizers, as well as the principal light sources used in PDT. Additionally, the aggregation process, which consists in a phenomenon common to several photosensitizers, is studied. J-aggregates and H-aggregates are discussed, along with their spectroscopic effects. Most photosensitizers have a significant hydrophobic character; thus, the study of the types of aggregation in aqueous solvent is very relevant. Important aspects of the coordination chemistry of metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines used as photosensitizers are also discussed. The state-of-the-art in PDT is evaluated, discussing recent articles in this area. Furthermore, macrocyclic photosensitizers, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, are specifically described. The present review is an important contribution, because PDT is one of the most auspicious advances in the therapy against cancer and other non-malignant diseases.
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