1
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Silverman TA, Shadiack AM, Hofmeyer KA, Cecere AE, Eisnor DL, Hoffman CM, Loelius SG, Patel A, Homer MJ. Blood product use for radiological/nuclear trauma: product development and US regulatory considerations. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2024; 9:e001123. [PMID: 38196926 PMCID: PMC10773416 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood products are likely to be critical components of the medical response to nuclear detonation, as the hematopoietic subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) includes depletion of platelets and red blood cells that can lead to lethal hemorrhage and anemia. There is, however, only limited clinical information on the use of blood products to treat H-ARS. As currently configured, the US blood supply cannot meet the predicted surge in blood product demand that is likely to occur short-term and possibly long-term in the event of a large nuclear detonation. As part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response within the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) is addressing this preparedness gap by supporting the development of novel blood products and devices with characteristics that improve blood product storage and use in austere operational environments. The US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) recently issued draft guidance on the development of drugs and biologics regulated by CDER to prevent or treat Acute Radiation Syndrome under the provisions of the "Animal Rule." The commentary provided here discusses the unique regulatory scheme for transfusion components and blood products regulated as biological drugs by Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, including the ambiguity surrounding the evidentiary requirements for their approval for H-ARS, and whether, under certain circumstances, a specific H-ARS indication is necessary if relevant commercial indications are approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Silverman
- Tunnell Government Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Annette M Shadiack
- Tunnell Government Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kimberly A Hofmeyer
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ashley E Cecere
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Derek L Eisnor
- Division of Clinical Development, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Corey M Hoffman
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Shannon G Loelius
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Aditiben Patel
- Division of Regulatory and Quality Affairs, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mary J Homer
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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2
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Hollingsworth BA, Aldrich JT, Case CM, DiCarlo AL, Hoffman CM, Jakubowski AA, Liu Q, Loelius SG, PrabhuDas M, Winters TA, Cassatt DR. Immune Dysfunction from Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2023; 200:396-416. [PMID: 38152282 PMCID: PMC10751071 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00004.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Damage to the immune system may result in opportunistic infections and hemorrhage, which could lead to mortality. Inflammation triggered by tissue damage can also lead to additional local or widespread tissue damage. The immune system is responsible for tissue repair and restoration, which is made more challenging when it is in the process of self-recovery. Because of these challenges, the Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP) and the Basic Immunology Branch (BIB) under the Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) within the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), along with partners from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and the Radiation Injury Treatment Network (RITN) sponsored a two-day meeting titled Immune Dysfunction from Radiation Exposure held on September 9-10, 2020. The intent was to discuss the manifestations and mechanisms of radiation-induced immune dysfunction in people and animals, identify knowledge gaps, and discuss possible treatments to restore immune function and enhance tissue repair after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn A. Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
- Current address: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Cullen M. Case
- Radiation Injury Treatment Network, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrea L. DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Corey M. Hoffman
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC
| | | | - Qian Liu
- Basic Immunology Branch (BIB), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shannon G. Loelius
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC
| | - Mercy PrabhuDas
- Basic Immunology Branch (BIB), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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3
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Martello S, Bylicky MA, Shankavaram U, May JM, Chopra S, Sproull M, Scott KMK, Aryankalayil MJ, Coleman CN. Comparative Analysis of miRNA Expression after Whole-Body Irradiation Across Three Strains of Mice. Radiat Res 2023; 200:266-280. [PMID: 37527359 PMCID: PMC10635637 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole- or partial-body exposure to ionizing radiation damages major organ systems, leading to dysfunction on both acute and chronic timescales. Radiation medical countermeasures can mitigate acute damages and may delay chronic effects when delivered within days after exposure. However, in the event of widespread radiation exposure, there will inevitably be scarce resources with limited countermeasures to distribute among the affected population. Radiation biodosimetry is necessary to separate exposed from unexposed victims and determine those who requires the most urgent care. Blood-based, microRNA signatures have great potential for biodosimetry, but the affected population in such a situation will be genetically heterogeneous and have varying miRNA responses to radiation. Thus, there is a need to understand differences in radiation-induced miRNA expression across different genetic backgrounds to develop a robust signature. We used inbred mouse strains C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice to determine how accurate miRNA in blood would be in developing markers for radiation vs. no radiation, low dose (1 Gy, 2 Gy) vs. high dose (4 Gy, 8 Gy), and high risk (8 Gy) vs. low risk (1 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy). Mice were exposed to whole-body doses of 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy, or 8 Gy of X rays. MiRNA expression changes were identified using NanoString nCounter panels on blood RNA collected 1, 2, 3 or 7 days postirradiation. Overall, C3H/HeJ mice had more differentially expressed miRNAs across all doses and timepoints than BALB/c mice. The highest amount of differential expression occurred at days 2 and 3 postirradiation for both strains. Comparison of C3H/HeJ and BALB/c expression profiles to those previously identified in C57BL/6 mice revealed 12 miRNAs that were commonly expressed across all three strains, only one of which, miR-340-5p, displayed a consistent regulation pattern in all three miRNA data. Notably multiple Let-7 family members predicted high-dose and high-risk radiation exposure (Let-7a, Let-7f, Let-7e, Let-7g, and Let-7d). KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated involvement of these predicted miRNAs in pathways related to: Fatty acid metabolism, Lysine degradation and FoxO signaling. These findings indicate differences in the miRNA response to radiation across various genetic backgrounds, and highlights key similarities, which we exploited to discover miRNAs that predict radiation exposure. Our study demonstrates the need and the utility of including multiple animal strains in developing and validating biodosimetry diagnostic signatures. From this data, we developed highly accurate miRNA signatures capable of predicting exposed and unexposed subjects within a genetically heterogeneous population as quickly as 24 h of exposure to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Martello
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Michelle A. Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Jared M. May
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Sunita Chopra
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Mary Sproull
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Kevin MK Scott
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Molykutty J. Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - C. Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
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4
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Liu T, Wang H, Shen H, Du Z, Wan Z, Li J, Zhang X, Li Z, Yang N, Yang Y, Chen Y, Gao F, Cao K. TLR4 Agonist MPLA Ameliorates Heavy-Ion Radiation Damage via Regulating DNA Damage Repair and Apoptosis. Radiat Res 2023; 200:127-138. [PMID: 37302147 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00200.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-ion radiation received during radiotherapy as well as the heavy-ion radiation received during space flight are equally considered harmful. Our previous study showed that TLR4 low toxic agonist, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), alleviated radiation injury resulting from exposure to low-LET radiation. However, the role and mechanism of MPLA in heavy-ion-radiation injury are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of MPLA on radiation damage. Our data showed that MPLA treatment alleviated the heavy-ion-induced damage to microstructure and the spleen and testis indexes. The number of karyocytes in the bone marrow from the MPLA-treated group was higher than that in the irradiated group. Meanwhile, western blotting analysis of intestine proteins showed that pro-apoptotic proteins (cleaved-caspase3 and Bax) were downregulated while anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) were upregulated in the MPLA-treated group. Our in vitro study demonstrated that MPLA significantly improved cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis after irradiation. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining and quantification of nucleic γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci also suggested that MPLA significantly attenuated cellular DNA damage repair. Collectively, the above evidence supports the potential ability of MPLA to protect against heavy-ion-radiation injury by inhibiting apoptosis and alleviating DNA damage in vivo and vitro, which could be a promising medical countermeasure for the prevention of heavy-ion-radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhijie Wan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junshi Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xide Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhuqing Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Pharmacy Department, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of CPLA Navy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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5
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Li Y, Bansal S, Sridharan V, Bansal S, Jayatilake MM, Fernández JA, Griffin JH, Boerma M, Cheema AK. Urinary Metabolomics for the Prediction of Radiation-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040525. [PMID: 37110184 PMCID: PMC10146652 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivors of acute radiation exposures are likely to experience delayed effects that manifest as injury in late-responding organs such as the heart. Noninvasive indicators of radiation-induced cardiac dysfunction are important in the prediction and diagnosis of this disease. In this study, we aimed to identify urinary metabolites indicative of radiation-induced cardiac damage by analyzing previously collected urine samples from a published study. The samples were collected from male and female wild-type (C57BL/6N) and transgenic mice constitutively expressing Activated Protein C (APCHi), a circulating protein with potential cardiac protective properties, that were exposed to 9.5 Gy of γ-rays. We utilized LC-MS-based metabolomics and lipidomics for the analysis of urine samples collected at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months post-irradiation. Radiation caused perturbations in the TCA cycle, glycosphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, purine catabolism, and amino acid metabolites, which were more prominent in wild-type (WT) mice compared to APCHi mice, suggesting a differential response between the two genotypes. After combining genotypes and sexes, we identified a multi-analyte urinary panel at early post-irradiation time points that predicted heart dysfunction using a logistic regression model with a discovery validation study design. These studies demonstrate the utility of a molecular phenotyping approach to develop a urinary biomarker panel predictive of delayed effects of ionizing radiation. It is important to note that no live mice were used or assessed in this study; instead, we focused solely on analyzing previously collected urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4301 West Markham #522-10, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sunil Bansal
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Meth M. Jayatilake
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jose A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4301 West Markham #522-10, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Amrita K. Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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6
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Orschell CM, Wu T, Patterson AM. Impact of Age, Sex, and Genetic Diversity in Murine Models of the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome (H-ARS) and the Delayed Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure (DEARE). CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2022; 8:139-149. [PMID: 36798890 PMCID: PMC9928166 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-022-00214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Malicious or accidental radiation exposure increases risk for the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) and the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE). Radiation medical countermeasure (MCM) development relies on robust animal models reflective of all age groups and both sexes. This review details critical considerations in murine H-ARS and DEARE model development including divergent radiation responses dependent on age, sex, and genetic diversity. Recent findings Radioresistance increases with murine age from pediatrics through geriatrics. Between sexes, radioresistance is higher in male weanlings, pubescent females, and aged males, corresponding with accelerated myelopoiesis. Jackson diversity outbred (JDO) mice resemble non-human primates in radiation response for modeling human diversity. Weanlings and JDO models exhibit less DEARE than other models. Summary Highly characterized age-, sex- and diversity-conscious murine models of H-ARS and DEARE provide powerful and essential tools in MCM development for all radiation victims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Andrea M. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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7
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Schaue D, Micewicz ED, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, Vlashi E, McDonald JT, McBride WH. NRF2 Mediates Cellular Resistance to Transformation, Radiation, and Inflammation in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1649. [PMID: 36139722 PMCID: PMC9495793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is recognized as a master transcription factor that regulates expression of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant cytoprotective genes. In fact, models of NRF2 deficiency indicate roles not only in redox regulation, but also in metabolism, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, cancer, and radioresistancy. Since ionizing radiation (IR) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is not surprising it activates NRF2 pathways. However, unexpectedly, activation is often delayed for many days after the initial ROS burst. Here, we demonstrate that, as assayed by γ-H2AX staining, rapid DNA double strand break (DSB) formation by IR in primary mouse Nrf2-/- MEFs was not affected by loss of NRF2, and neither was DSB repair to any great extent. In spite of this, basal and IR-induced transformation was greatly enhanced, suggesting that NRF2 protects against late IR-induced genomic instability, at least in murine MEFs. Another possible IR- and NRF2-related event that could be altered is inflammation and NRF2 deficiency increased IR-induced NF-κB pro-inflammatory responses mostly late after exposure. The proclivity of NRF2 to restrain inflammation is also reflected in the reprogramming of tumor antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in mice where Nrf2 k.o. switches Th2 responses to Th1 polarity. Delayed NRF2 responses to IR may be critical for the immune transition from prooxidant inflammation to antioxidant healing as well as in driving cellular radioresistance and survival. Targeting NRF2 to reprogram immunity could be of considerable therapeutic benefit in radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Ewa D. Micewicz
- Biotts S.A., Ul. Wrocławska 44C, 55-040 Bielany Wrocławskie, Poland
| | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - J. Tyson McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
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8
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King EJ, Viscariello NN, DeWerd LA. Development of Standard X-Ray Beams for Calibration of Radiobiology Cabinet and Conformal Irradiators. Radiat Res 2022; 197:113-121. [PMID: 34634111 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This work seeks to develop standard X-ray beams that are matched to radiobiology X-ray irradiators. The calibration of detectors used for dose determination of these irradiators is performed with a set of standard X rays that are more heavily filtered and/or lower energy, which leads to a higher uncertainty in the dose measurement. Models of the XRad320, SARRP, and the X-ray tube at the University of Wisconsin Medical Radiation Research Center (UWMRRC) were created using the BEAMnrc user code of the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system. These models were validated against measurements, and the resultant modeled spectra were used to determine the amount of added filtration needed to match the X-ray beams at the UWMRRC to those of the XRad320 and SARRP. The depth profiles and half-value layer (HVL) simulations performed using BEAMnrc agreed to measurements within 3% and 3.6%, respectively. A primary measurement device, a free-air chamber, was developed to measure air kerma in the medium energy range of X rays. The resultant spectra of the matched beams had HVL's that matched the HVL's of the radiobiology irradiators well within the 3% criteria recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the average energies agreed within 2.4%. In conclusion, three standard X-ray beams were developed at the UWMRRC with spectra that more closely match the spectra of the XRad320 and SARRP radiobiology irradiators, which will aid in a more accurate dose determination during calibration of these irradiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J King
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Larry A DeWerd
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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9
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Zhang S, Dong J, Li Y, Xiao H, Shang Y, Wang B, Chen Z, Zhang M, Fan S, Cui M. Gamma-irradiation fluctuates the mRNA N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) spectrum of bone marrow in hematopoietic injury. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117509. [PMID: 34380217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans benefit from nuclear technologies but consequently experience nuclear disasters or side effects of iatrogenic radiation. Hematopoietic system injury first arises upon radiation exposure. As an intricate new layer of genetic control, the posttranscriptional m6A modification of RNA has recently come under investigation and has been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, how the m6A methylome functions in the hematopoietic system after irradiation remains ambiguous. Here, we uncovered the time-varying epitranscriptome-wide m6A methylome and transcriptome alterations in γ-ray-exposed mouse bone marrow. 4 Gy γ-irradiation rapidly (5 min and 2 h) and severely impaired the mouse hematopoietic system, including spleen and thymus weight, blood components, tissue inflammation and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The m6A content and expression of m6A related enzymes were altered. Gamma-irradiation triggered dynamic and reversible m6A modification profiles and altered mRNA expression, where both m6A fold-enrichment and mRNA expression most followed the (5 min_up/2 h_down) pattern. The CDS enrichment region preferentially upregulated m6A peaks at 5 min. Moreover, the main GO and KEGG pathways were closely related to metabolism and the classical radiation response. Finally, m6A modifications correlated with transcriptional regulation of genes in multiple aspects. Blocking the expression of m6A demethylases FTO and ALKBH5 mitigated radiation hematopoietic toxicity. Together, our findings present the comprehensive landscape of mRNA m6A methylation in the mouse hematopoietic system in response to γ-irradiation, shedding light on the significance of m6A modifications in mammalian radiobiology. Regulation of the epitranscriptome may be exploited as a strategy against radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiwen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, 300192, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Boerma M, Davis CM, Jackson IL, Schaue D, Williams JP. All for one, though not one for all: team players in normal tissue radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:346-366. [PMID: 34129427 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1941383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As part of the special issue on 'Women in Science', this review offers a perspective on past and ongoing work in the field of normal (non-cancer) tissue radiation biology, highlighting the work of many of the leading contributors to this field of research. We discuss some of the hypotheses that have guided investigations, with a focus on some of the critical organs considered dose-limiting with respect to radiation therapy, and speculate on where the field needs to go in the future. CONCLUSIONS The scope of work that makes up normal tissue radiation biology has and continues to play a pivotal role in the radiation sciences, ensuring the most effective application of radiation in imaging and therapy, as well as contributing to radiation protection efforts. However, despite the proven historical value of preclinical findings, recent decades have seen clinical practice move ahead with altered fractionation scheduling based on empirical observations, with little to no (or even negative) supporting scientific data. Given our current appreciation of the complexity of normal tissue radiation responses and their temporal variability, with tissue- and/or organ-specific mechanisms that include intra-, inter- and extracellular messaging, as well as contributions from systemic compartments, such as the immune system, the need to maintain a positive therapeutic ratio has never been more urgent. Importantly, mitigation and treatment strategies, whether for the clinic, emergency use following accidental or deliberate releases, or reducing occupational risk, will likely require multi-targeted approaches that involve both local and systemic intervention. From our personal perspective as five 'Women in Science', we would like to acknowledge and applaud the role that many female scientists have played in this field. We stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before, some of whom are fellow contributors to this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Catherine M Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabel L Jackson
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Micewicz ED, Damoiseaux RD, Deng G, Gomez A, Iwamoto KS, Jung ME, Nguyen C, Norris AJ, Ratikan JA, Ruchala P, Sayre JW, Schaue D, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH. Classes of Drugs that Mitigate Radiation Syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666776. [PMID: 34084139 PMCID: PMC8167044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported several vignettes on types and classes of drugs able to mitigate acute and, in at least one case, late radiation syndromes in mice. Most of these had emerged from high throughput screening (HTS) of bioactive and chemical drug libraries using ionizing radiation-induced lymphocytic apoptosis as a readout. Here we report the full analysis of the HTS screen of libraries with 85,000 small molecule chemicals that identified 220 "hits." Most of these hits could be allocated by maximal common substructure analysis to one of 11 clusters each containing at least three active compounds. Further screening validated 23 compounds as being most active; 15 of these were cherry-picked based on drug availability and tested for their ability to mitigate acute hematopoietic radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in mice. Of these, five bore a 4-nitrophenylsulfonamide motif while 4 had a quinoline scaffold. All but two of the 15 significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated H-ARS in mice. We had previously reported that the lead 4-(nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-phenylpiperazine compound (NPSP512), was active in mitigating multiple acute and late radiation syndromes in mice of more than one sex and strain. Unfortunately, the formulation of this drug had to be changed for regulatory reasons and we report here on the synthesis and testing of active analogs of NPSP512 (QS1 and 52A1) that have increased solubility in water and in vivo bioavailability while retaining mitigator activity against H-ARS (p < 0.0001) and other radiation syndromes. The lead quinoline 057 was also active in multiple murine models of radiation damage. Taken together, HTS of a total of 150,000 bioactive or chemical substances, combined with maximal common substructure analysis has resulted in the discovery of diverse groups of compounds that can mitigate H-ARS and at least some of which can mitigate multiple radiation syndromes when given starting 24 h after exposure. We discuss what is known about how these agents might work, and the importance of formulation and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D. Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James W. Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics and Radiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Hollingsworth BA, Cassatt DR, DiCarlo AL, Rios CI, Satyamitra MM, Winters TA, Taliaferro LP. Acute Radiation Syndrome and the Microbiome: Impact and Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643283. [PMID: 34084131 PMCID: PMC8167050 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the human microbiota has been a centuries-long endeavor, but since the inception of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Human Microbiome Project in 2007, research has greatly expanded, including the space involving radiation injury. As acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is multisystemic, the microbiome niches across all areas of the body may be affected. This review highlights advances in radiation research examining the effect of irradiation on the microbiome and its potential use as a target for medical countermeasures or biodosimetry approaches, or as a medical countermeasure itself. The authors also address animal model considerations for designing studies, and the potential to use the microbiome as a biomarker to assess radiation exposure and predict outcome. Recent research has shown that the microbiome holds enormous potential for mitigation of radiation injury, in the context of both radiotherapy and radiological/nuclear public health emergencies. Gaps still exist, but the field is moving forward with much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn A Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas A Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
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Late Health Effects of Partial Body Irradiation Injury in a Minipig Model Are Associated with Changes in Systemic and Cardiac IGF-1 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063286. [PMID: 33807089 PMCID: PMC8005067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence demonstrate non-cancer, cardiovascular, and endocrine effects of ionizing radiation exposure including growth hormone deficiency, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling perturbations are implicated in development of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The minipig is an emerging model for studying radiation effects given its high analogy to human anatomy and physiology. Here we use a minipig model to study late health effects of radiation by exposing male Göttingen minipigs to 1.9–2.0 Gy X-rays (lower limb tibias spared). Animals were monitored for 120 days following irradiation and blood counts, body weight, heart rate, clinical chemistry parameters, and circulating biomarkers were assessed longitudinally. Collagen deposition, histolopathology, IGF-1 signaling, and mRNA sequencing were evaluated in tissues. Our findings indicate a single exposure induced histopathological changes, attenuated circulating IGF-1, and disrupted cardiac IGF-1 signaling. Electrolytes, lipid profiles, liver and kidney markers, and heart rate and rhythm were also affected. In the heart, collagen deposition was significantly increased and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) was induced following irradiation; collagen deposition and fibrosis were also observed in the kidney of irradiated animals. Our findings show Göttingen minipigs are a suitable large animal model to study long-term effects of radiation exposure and radiation-induced inhibition of IGF-1 signaling may play a role in development of late organ injuries.
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Yashavarddhan MH, Sharma AK, Chaudhary P, Bajaj S, Singh S, Shukla SK. Development of hematopoietic syndrome mice model for localized radiation exposure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:89. [PMID: 33420217 PMCID: PMC7794306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models to study the hematopoietic syndrome largely rely on the uniform whole-body exposures. However, in the radio-nuclear accidents or terrorist events, exposure can be non-uniform. The data available on the non-uniform exposures is limited. Thus, we have developed a mice model for studying the hematopoietic syndrome in the non-uniform or partial body exposure scenarios using the localized cobalt60 gamma radiation exposure. Femur region of Strain 'A' male mice was exposed to doses ranging from 7 to 20 Gy. The 30 day survival assay showed 19 Gy as LD100 and 17 Gy as LD50. We measured an array of cytokines and important stem cell markers such as IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-α, G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, CD 34 and Sca 1. We found significant changes in IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-α, G-CSF, and IL-1β levels compared to untreated groups and amplified levels of CD 34 and Sca 1 positive population in the irradiated mice compared to the untreated controls. Overall, we have developed a mouse model of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome that might be useful for understanding of the non-uniform body exposure scenarios. This may also be helpful in the screening of drugs intended for individuals suffering from radiation induced hematopoietic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yashavarddhan
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-39, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sania Bajaj
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sukhvir Singh
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Shukla
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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15
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Delayed effects of acute whole body lethal radiation exposure in mice pre-treated with BBT-059. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6825. [PMID: 32321983 PMCID: PMC7176697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of nuclear exposure is heightened and it is imperative to identify potential countermeasures for acute radiation syndrome. Currently no countermeasures have been approved for prophylactic administration. Effective countermeasures should function to increase survival in the short term as well as to increase the overall prognosis of an exposed individual long term. Here we describe the use of a promising radiation countermeasure, BBT-059, and the results of a long term mouse study (up to 12 months) in the male CD2F1 strain using 60Co gamma irradiation (~0.6 Gy/min, 7.5-12.5 Gy). We report the dose reduction factor of 1.28 for BBT-059 (0.3 mg/kg) compared to control administered 24 h prior to irradiation. In the long term study animals showed accelerated recovery in peripheral blood cell counts, bone marrow colony forming units, sternal cellularity and megakaryocyte numbers in drug treated mice compared to formulation buffer. In addition, increased senescence was observed in the kidneys of animals administered control or drug and exposed to the highest doses of radiation. Decreased levels of E-cadherin, LaminB1 and increased levels of Cyc-D and p21 in spleen lysates were observed in animals administered control. Taken together the results indicate a high level of protection following BBT-059 administration in mice exposed to lethal and supralethal doses of total body gamma-radiation.
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McBride WH, Schaue D. Radiation-induced tissue damage and response. J Pathol 2020; 250:647-655. [PMID: 31990369 PMCID: PMC7216989 DOI: 10.1002/path.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue responses to ionizing radiation have been a major subject for study since the discovery of X-rays at the end of the 19th century. Shortly thereafter, time-dose relationships were established for some normal tissue endpoints that led to investigations into how the size of dose per fraction and the quality of radiation affected outcome. The assessment of the radiosensitivity of bone marrow stem cells using colony-forming assays by Till and McCulloch prompted the establishment of in situ clonogenic assays for other tissues that added to the radiobiology toolbox. These clonogenic and functional endpoints enabled mathematical modeling to be performed that elucidated how tissue structure, and in particular turnover time, impacted clinically relevant fractionated radiation schedules. More recently, lineage tracing technology, advanced imaging and single cell sequencing have shed further light on the behavior of cells within stem, and other, cellular compartments, both in homeostasis and after radiation damage. The discovery of heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment and plasticity in response to injury have added new dimensions to the consideration of radiation-induced tissue damage. Clinically, radiobiology of the 20th century garnered wisdom relevant to photon treatments delivered to a fairly wide field at around 2 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week, for 5-7 weeks. Recently, the scope of radiobiology has been extended by advances in technology, imaging and computing, as well as by the use of charged particles. These allow radiation to be delivered more precisely to tumors while minimizing the amount of normal tissue receiving high doses. One result has been an increase in the use of schedules with higher doses per fraction given in a shorter time frame (hypofractionation). We are unable to cover these new technologies in detail in this review, just as we must omit low-dose stochastic effects, and many aspects of dose, dose rate and radiation quality. We argue that structural diversity and plasticity within tissue compartments provides a general context for discussion of most radiation responses, while acknowledging many omissions. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
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