1
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Hanson I, Pitman KE, Edin NFJ. The Role of TGF-β3 in Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087614. [PMID: 37108775 PMCID: PMC10141893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional cytokine involved in a range of physiological and pathological conditions, including embryogenesis, cell cycle regulation, immunoregulation, and fibrogenesis. The cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation are employed in cancer radiotherapy, but its actions also influence cellular signaling pathways, including that of TGF-β3. Furthermore, the cell cycle regulating and anti-fibrotic effects of TGF-β3 have identified it as a potential mitigator of radiation- and chemotherapy-induced toxicity in healthy tissue. This review discusses the radiobiology of TGF-β3, its induction in tissue by ionizing radiation, and its potential radioprotective and anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Hanson
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nina F J Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Almahwasi A. Low dose hyper-radiosensitivity in normal human cells. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Polgár S, Schofield PN, Madas BG. Datasets of in vitro clonogenic assays showing low dose hyper-radiosensitivity and induced radioresistance. Sci Data 2022; 9:555. [PMID: 36075916 PMCID: PMC9458642 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose hyper-radiosensitivity and induced radioresistance are primarily observed in surviving fractions of cell populations exposed to ionizing radiation, plotted as the function of absorbed dose. Several biophysical models have been developed to quantitatively describe these phenomena. However, there is a lack of raw, openly available experimental data to support the development and validation of quantitative models. The aim of this study was to set up a database of experimental data from the public literature. Using Google Scholar search, 46 publications with 101 datasets on the dose-dependence of surviving fractions, with clear evidence of low dose hyper-radiosensitivity, were identified. Surviving fractions, their uncertainties, and the corresponding absorbed doses were digitized from graphs of the publications. The characteristics of the cell line and the irradiation were also recorded, along with the parameters of the linear-quadratic model and/or the induced repair model if they were provided. The database is available in STOREDB, and can be used for meta-analysis, for comparison with new experiments, and for development and validation of biophysical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Polgár
- Doctoral School of Physics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Environmental Physics Department, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Balázs G Madas
- Environmental Physics Department, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Khan MGM, Wang Y. Advances in the Current Understanding of How Low-Dose Radiation Affects the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030356. [PMID: 35159169 PMCID: PMC8834401 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to ionizing radiation undergo a series of complex responses, including DNA damage, reproductive cell death, and altered proliferation states, which are all linked to cell cycle dynamics. For many years, a great deal of research has been conducted on cell cycle checkpoints and their regulators in mammalian cells in response to high-dose exposures to ionizing radiation. However, it is unclear how low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) regulates the cell cycle progression. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that LDIR may have profound effects on cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how LDIR (of up to 200 mGy) regulates the cell cycle and cell-cycle-associated proteins in various cellular settings. In light of current findings, we also illustrate the conceptual function and possible dichotomous role of p21Waf1, a transcriptional target of p53, in response to LDIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Musawwir Khan
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada;
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Scirocco E, Cellini F, Zamagni A, Macchia G, Deodato F, Cilla S, Strigari L, Buwenge M, Rizzo S, Cammelli S, Morganti AG. Clinical Studies on Ultrafractionated Chemoradiation: A Systematic Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:748200. [PMID: 34868948 PMCID: PMC8635188 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The efficacy of low-dose fractionated radiotherapy (LDFRT) and chemotherapy (CHT) combination has large preclinical but little clinical evidence. Therefore, the aim of this review was to collect and analyze the clinical results of LDRT plus concurrent CHT in patients with advanced cancers. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed using the PRISMA methodology. Only studies based on the combination of LDFRT (< 1 Gy/fraction) and CHT were included. Endpoints of the analysis were tumor response, toxicity, and overall survival, with particular focus on any differences between LDFRT-CHT and CHT alone. Results Twelve studies (307 patients) fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in this review. Two studies were retrospective, one was a prospective pilot trial, six were phase II studies, two were phase I trials, and one was a phase I/II open label study. No randomized controlled trials were found. Seven out of eight studies comparing clinical response showed higher rates after LDFRT-CHT compared to CHT alone. Three out of four studies comparing survival reported improved results after combined treatment. Three studies compared toxicity of CHT and LDFRT plus CHT, and all of them reported similar adverse events rates. In most cases, toxicity was manageable with only three likely LDFRT-unrelated fatal events (1%), all recorded in the same series on LDFRT plus temozolomide in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Conclusion None of the analyzed studies provided level I evidence on the clinical impact of LDFRT plus CHT. However, it should be noted that, apart from two small series of breast cancers, all studies reported improved therapeutic outcomes and similar tolerability compared to CHT alone. Systematic Review Registration www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42020206639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Scirocco
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario Diagnostica per immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Roma, Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Macchia
- Radiotherapy Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Deodato
- Radiotherapy Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Savino Cilla
- Medical Physic Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Lidia Strigari
- Medical Physics Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milly Buwenge
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Service of Radiology, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Cammelli
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Lohberger B, Glaenzer D, Eck N, Steinecker-Frohnwieser B, Leithner A, Rinner B, Kerschbaum-Gruber S, Georg D. Effects of a combined therapy of bortezomib and ionizing radiation on chondrosarcoma three-dimensional spheroid cultures. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:428. [PMID: 33868466 PMCID: PMC8045153 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of primary bone cancers that are characterized by hyaline cartilaginous neoplastic tissue and are predominantly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. However, adjuvant radiotherapy is often recommended in inoperable cases or after incomplete resections. To improve the efficiency of treatment, the present study tested a combination therapy with ionizing radiation (IR) and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model, 0-20 Gy of IR was applied to chondrosarcoma cells and healthy human chondrocytes. Following combined treatment with IR and bortezomib, the cell cycle distribution, apoptotic induction, the survivin pathway, autophagy and DNA damage were evaluated. Both cell types exhibited a slight decrease in viability following increasing doses of IR; the chondrosarcoma cells demonstrated a significant dose-dependent increase in the expression levels of the DNA damage marker histone H2AX phosphorylation at serine 139 (γH2AX). The combination treatment with bortezomib significantly decreased the cell viability after 48 h compared with that in irradiated cells. High-dose IR induced a G2/M phase arrest, which was accompanied by a decrease in the number of cells at the G1 and S phase. Co-treatment with bortezomib changed the distribution of the cell cycle phases. The mRNA expression levels of the proapoptotic genes Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bak were significantly increased by bortezomib treatment and combination therapy with IR. In addition, the combination therapy resulted in a synergistic decrease of the expression levels of survivin and its corresponding downstream pathway molecules, including heat shock protein 90, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, smad 2 and smad 3. Comparative analyses of γH2AX at 1 and 24 h post-IR revealed efficient DNA repair in human chondrosarcoma cells. Therefore, additional bortezomib treatment may only temporarily improve the radiation sensitivity of chondrosarcoma cells. However, the inhibition of the survivin pathway by the combined treatment with IR and bortezomib, observed in the present study, revealed a novel aspect in the tumor biology of chondrosarcoma 3D spheroid cultures and may represent a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Glaenzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
- Department for Rehabilitation, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, A-5760 Saalfelden, Austria
| | - Nicole Eck
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
- Department for Rehabilitation, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, A-5760 Saalfelden, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Georg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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7
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Słonina D, Kabat D, Biesaga B, Janecka-Widła A, Szatkowski W. Chemopotentiating effects of low-dose fractionated radiation on cisplatin and paclitaxel in cervix cancer cell lines and normal fibroblasts from patients with cervix cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103113. [PMID: 33839463 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects (assessed by clonogenic survival and γH2AX foci assays) of low-dose fractionated radiation LDFR (4 × 0.125 Gy, 4 × 0.25 Gy and 4 × 0.5 Gy) versus single radiation doses (0.5 Gy, 1 Gy and 2 Gy) on cisplatin and paclitaxel in HRS-negative cervix cancer cell lines SiHa and CaSki to see if the effects of LDFR can emerge in cells that not present low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) phenomenon. Additionally, we report the effects in normal fibroblasts (HRS-negative and HRS-positive) from two patients with cervix cancer to see if the chemopotentiating effects of LDFR also apply to normal cells. LDFR (4 × 0.125 Gy, 4 × 0.25 Gy and 4 × 0.5 Gy) as well as single doses (0.5 Gy, 1 Gy and 2 Gy) enhanced cytotoxicity of cisplatin and paclitaxel in all the cell lines. Cisplatin-potentiating effects were maximum with LDFR 4 × 0.5 Gy, and were two-fold greater than those with a single dose of 2 Gy in SiHa, CaSki and HFIB2 cells. Paclitaxel-enhancing effects were also maximum with LDFR 4 × 0.5 Gy, however only in HRS-positive HFIB2 fibroblasts were significantly greater than those with a single dose of 2 Gy. The results demonstrate that LDFR may enhance the effects of cisplatin and paclitaxel in SiHa and CaSki cells, although they lack HRS phenomenon, and show that the magnitude of the potentiating effects of LDFR depends on cytostatic type and the size of low doses. In normal fibroblasts the chemopotentiating effects of LDFR seem to depend on HRS status. In conclusion, the unique enhancing effects of LDFR on cisplatin in cervical cancer cell lines, even when HRS negative, suggest that all patients with cervical cancer may benefit from the addition of LDFR to adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Słonina
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Poland.
| | - Damian Kabat
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Beata Biesaga
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Poland; Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka-Widła
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Szatkowski
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
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8
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Marples B. The Need for Accurate Reporting of Dosimetric Conditions in Radiobiology Studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 106:253-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Farias VDA, Tovar I, del Moral R, O'Valle F, Expósito J, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. Enhancing the Bystander and Abscopal Effects to Improve Radiotherapy Outcomes. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1381. [PMID: 31970082 PMCID: PMC6960107 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we summarize published articles and experiences related to the attempt to improve radiotherapy outcomes and, thus, to personalize the radiation treatment according to the individual characteristics of each patient. The evolution of ideas and the study of successively published data have led us to envisage new biophysical models for the interpretation of tumor and healthy normal tissue response to radiation. In the development of the model, we have shown that when mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and radiotherapy are administered simultaneously in experimental radiotherapy on xenotumors implanted in a murine model, the results of the treatment show the existence of a synergic mechanism that is able to enhance the local and systemic actions of the radiation both on the treated tumor and on its possible metastasis. We are convinced that, due to the physical hallmarks that characterize the neoplastic tissues, the physical-chemical tropism of MSCs, and the widespread functions of macromolecules, proteins, and exosomes released from activated MSCs, the combination of radiotherapy plus MSCs used intratumorally has the effect of counteracting the pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic signals that contribute to the growth, spread, and resistance of the tumor cells. Therefore, we have concluded that MSCs are appropriate for therapeutic use in a clinical trial for rectal cancer combined with radiotherapy, which we are going to start in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínea de Araújo Farias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBERONC (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Tovar
- Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario del Moral
- Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBERONC (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Expósito
- Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Oliver
- CIBERONC (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Mariano Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBERONC (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Granada, Spain
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10
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Leblanc JE, Burtt JJ. Radiation Biology and Its Role in the Canadian Radiation Protection Framework. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 117:319-329. [PMID: 30907783 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (linear-non-threshold) model is a dose-response model that has long served as the foundation of the international radiation protection framework, which includes the Canadian regulatory framework. Its purpose is to inform the choice of appropriate dose limits and subsequent as low as reasonably achievable requirements, social and economic factors taken into account. The linear no-threshold model assumes that the risk of developing cancer increases proportionately with increasing radiation dose. The linear no-threshold model has historically been applied by extrapolating the risk of cancer at high doses (>1,000 mSv) down to low doses in a linear manner. As the health effects of radiation exposure at low doses remain ambiguous, reducing uncertainties found in cancer risk dose-response models can be achieved through in vitro and animal-based studies. The purpose of this critical review is to analyze whether the linear no-threshold model is still applicable for use by modern nuclear regulators for radiation protection purposes, or if there is sufficient scientific evidence supporting an alternate model from which to derive regulatory dose limits.
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11
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Zhao H, Zhuang Y, Li R, Liu Y, Mei Z, He Z, Zhou F, Zhou Y. Effects of different doses of X-ray irradiation on cell apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage repair and glycolysis in HeLa cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:42-54. [PMID: 30655736 PMCID: PMC6313204 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the radiation biological response of cancer cells to different fractional irradiation doses and investigates the optimal fractional irradiation dose with improved biological effects. Radiobiological studies were performed at the molecular and cellular levels to provide insights into DNA damage and repair, and the apoptosis mechanism of cells that were exposed to different doses of X-ray irradiation (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20 Gy). Evidence of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA double strand breaks (DSB), cellular apoptosis, G2/M phase proportion and inhibition of cell proliferation were observed following irradiation. Differences in the ROS amount and apoptotic percentages of cells between the 2 and 4 Gy groups were insignificant. Compared with 0 Gy, the expression of the apoptosis suppression protein B-cell lymphoma-2 was decreased following at increased irradiation doses. However, apoptosis-associated protein Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), caspase-9 and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) were elevated following irradiation, compared with the control group (0 Gy). Furthermore, the expression levels of Bax in the 6, 8, 10 and 12.5 Gy groups were significantly increased, compared with the other groups. Caspase-9 expression with 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy were increased compared with other groups, and the Bid levels with 6 and 8 Gy were also increased compared with other groups. G2/M phase arrest was associated with the increase of checkpoint kinase 1 and reduction of cyclin dependent kinase 1. DNA damage repair was associated with the protein Ku70 in the 2, 8, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20 Gy groups were less than other group. Compared with other group, Ku80 levels were reduced in the 6 and 8 Gy groups, and Rad51 levels were reduced in the 2, 8 and 10 Gy groups. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, c-Myc and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) demonstrated an increasing trend following irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, but the expression of pyruvate kinase M2, in the 2–10 Gy irradiation groups, and GLUT1, in the 12.5, 15 and 20 Gy irradiation groups, were reduced, compared with the other groups. Considering the DNA damage repair and apoptosis mechanisms at molecular and cellular levels, it was concluded that 2, 6, 8 and 10 Gy may be the optimal fractional dose that can promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit DNA damage repair and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Zhuang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ruibin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yinyin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zijie Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhongshi He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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12
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Differential miRNA expression profiling reveals miR-205-3p to be a potential radiosensitizer for low- dose ionizing radiation in DLD-1 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26387-26405. [PMID: 29899866 PMCID: PMC5995186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced radiosensitivity at low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) (0.2 to 0.6 Gy) has been reported in several cell lines. This phenomenon, known as low doses hyper-radiosensitivity (LDHRS), appears as an opportunity to decrease toxicity of radiotherapy and to enhance the effects of chemotherapy. However, the effect of low single doses IR on cell death is subtle and the mechanism underlying LDHRS has not been clearly explained, limiting the utility of LDHRS for clinical applications. To understand the mechanisms responsible for cell death induced by low-dose IR, LDHRS was evaluated in DLD-1 human colorectal cancer cells and the expression of 80 microRNAs (miRNAs) was assessed by qPCR array. Our results show that DLD-1 cells display an early DNA damage response and apoptotic cell death when exposed to 0.6 Gy. miRNA expression profiling identified 3 over-expressed (miR-205-3p, miR-1 and miR-133b) and 2 down-regulated miRNAs (miR-122-5p, and miR-134-5p) upon exposure to 0.6 Gy. This miRNA profile differed from the one in cells exposed to high-dose IR (12 Gy), supporting a distinct low-dose radiation-induced cell death mechanism. Expression of a mimetic miR-205-3p, the most overexpressed miRNA in cells exposed to 0.6 Gy, induced apoptotic cell death and, more importantly, increased LDHRS in DLD-1 cells. Thus, we propose miR-205-3p as a potential radiosensitizer to low-dose IR.
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13
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Olobatuyi O, de Vries G, Hillen T. Effects of G2-checkpoint dynamics on low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity. J Math Biol 2018; 77:1969-1997. [PMID: 29679122 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In experimental studies, it has been found that certain cell lines are more sensitive to low-dose radiation than would be expected from the classical Linear-Quadratic model (LQ model). In fact, it is frequently observed that cells incur more damage at low dose (say 0.3 Gy) than at higher dose (say 1 Gy). This effect has been termed hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS). The effect depends on the type of cells and on their phase in the cell cycle when radiation is applied. Experiments have shown that the G2-checkpoint plays an important role in the HRS effects. Here we design and analyze a differential equation model for the cell cycle that includes G2-checkpoint dynamics and radiation treatment. We fit the model to surviving fraction data for different cell lines including glioma cells, prostate cancer cells, as well as to cell populations that are enriched in certain phases of the cell cycle. The HRS effect is measured in the literature through [Formula: see text], the ratio of slope [Formula: see text] of the surviving fraction curve at zero dose to slope [Formula: see text] of the corresponding LQ model. We derive an explicit formula for this ratio and we show that it corresponds very closely to experimental observations. Finally, we identify the dependence of this ratio on the surviving fraction at 2 Gy. It was speculated in the literature that such dependence exists. Our theoretical analysis will help to more systematically identify the HRS in cell lines, and opens doors to analyze its use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Olobatuyi
- Collaborative Mathematical Biology Group (formerly Center for Mathematical Biology), Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada.
| | - Gerda de Vries
- Collaborative Mathematical Biology Group (formerly Center for Mathematical Biology), Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada
| | - Thomas Hillen
- Collaborative Mathematical Biology Group (formerly Center for Mathematical Biology), Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada
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14
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Piotrowski I, Kulcenty K, Suchorska WM, Skrobała A, Skórska M, Kruszyna-Mochalska M, Kowalik A, Jackowiak W, Malicki J. Carcinogenesis Induced by Low-dose Radiation. Radiol Oncol 2017; 51:369-377. [PMID: 29333114 PMCID: PMC5765312 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the effects of high dose radiation on human cells and tissues are relatively well defined, there is no consensus regarding the effects of low and very low radiation doses on the organism. Ionizing radiation has been shown to induce gene mutations and chromosome aberrations which are known to be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. The induction of secondary cancers is a challenging long-term side effect in oncologic patients treated with radiation. Medical sources of radiation like intensity modulated radiotherapy used in cancer treatment and computed tomography used in diagnostics, deliver very low doses of radiation to large volumes of healthy tissue, which might contribute to increased cancer rates in long surviving patients and in the general population. Research shows that because of the phenomena characteristic for low dose radiation the risk of cancer induction from exposure of healthy tissues to low dose radiation can be greater than the risk calculated from linear no-threshold model. Epidemiological data collected from radiation workers and atomic bomb survivors confirms that exposure to low dose radiation can contribute to increased cancer risk and also that the risk might correlate with the age at exposure. Conclusions Understanding the molecular mechanisms of response to low dose radiation is crucial for the proper evaluation of risks and benefits that stem from these exposures and should be considered in the radiotherapy treatment planning and in determining the allowed occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Piotrowski
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulcenty
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Maria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skrobała
- Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Skórska
- Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Kruszyna-Mochalska
- Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kowalik
- Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Julian Malicki
- Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. The impact of high and low dose ionising radiation on the central nervous system. Redox Biol 2016; 9:144-156. [PMID: 27544883 PMCID: PMC4993858 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses of the central nervous system (CNS) to stressors and injuries, such as ionising radiation, are modulated by the concomitant responses of the brains innate immune effector cells, microglia. Exposure to high doses of ionising radiation in brain tissue leads to the expression and release of biochemical mediators of ‘neuroinflammation’, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to tissue destruction. Contrastingly, low dose ionising radiation may reduce vulnerability to subsequent exposure of ionising radiation, largely through the stimulation of adaptive responses, such as antioxidant defences. These disparate responses may be reflective of non-linear differential microglial activation at low and high doses, manifesting as an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functional state. Biomarkers of pathology in the brain, such as the mitochondrial Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), have facilitated in vivo characterisation of microglial activation and ‘neuroinflammation’ in many pathological states of the CNS, though the exact function of TSPO in these responses remains elusive. Based on the known responsiveness of TSPO expression to a wide range of noxious stimuli, we discuss TSPO as a potential biomarker of radiation-induced effects. Ionising radiation can modulate responses of microglial cells in the CNS. High doses can induce ROS formation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Low doses can mitigate tissue damage via antioxidant defences. TSPO as a potential biomarker and modulator of radiation induced effects in the CNS. Non-linear differential microglial activation to high and low doses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
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16
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Brooks AL, Hoel DG, Preston RJ. The role of dose rate in radiation cancer risk: evaluating the effect of dose rate at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels using key events in critical pathways following exposure to low LET radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:405-26. [PMID: 27266588 PMCID: PMC4975094 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1186301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review evaluates the role of dose rate on cell and molecular responses. It focuses on the influence of dose rate on key events in critical pathways in the development of cancer. This approach is similar to that used by the U.S. EPA and others to evaluate risk from chemicals. It provides a mechanistic method to account for the influence of the dose rate from low-LET radiation, especially in the low-dose region on cancer risk assessment. Molecular, cellular, and tissues changes are observed in many key events and change as a function of dose rate. The magnitude and direction of change can be used to help establish an appropriate dose rate effectiveness factor (DREF). CONCLUSIONS Extensive data on key events suggest that exposure to low dose-rates are less effective in producing changes than high dose rates. Most of these data at the molecular and cellular level support a large (2-30) DREF. In addition, some evidence suggests that doses delivered at a low dose rate decrease damage to levels below that observed in the controls. However, there are some data human and mechanistic data that support a dose-rate effectiveness factor of 1. In summary, a review of the available molecular, cellular and tissue data indicates that not only is dose rate an important variable in understanding radiation risk but it also supports the selection of a DREF greater than one as currently recommended by ICRP ( 2007 ) and BEIR VII (NRC/NAS 2006 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antone L. Brooks
- Retired Professor, Environmental Science, Washington State University,
Richland,
Washington,
USA
| | - David G. Hoel
- Medical University of South Carolina, Epidemiology,
Charleston South Carolina,
USA
| | - R. Julian Preston
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL) (MD B105-01), RTP,
USA
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17
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Morganti AG, Cellini F, Mignogna S, Padula GDA, Caravatta L, Deodato F, Picardi V, Macchia G, Cilla S, Buwenge M, Lullo LDI, Gambacorta MA, Balducci M, Mattiucci GC, Autorino R, Valentini V. Low-dose radiotherapy and concurrent FOLFIRI-bevacizumab: a Phase II study. Future Oncol 2016; 12:779-87. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) can increase biological efficacy of chemotherapy. This Phase II trial evaluates LDRT plus FOLFIRI-bevacizumab (FOLFIRI-B) in metastatic colorectal cancer. Materials & methods: Primary objective: raising the clinical complete response rate from 5 to 25%. Secondary objectives: toxicity, progression-free survival. Patients underwent 12 FOLFIRI-B cycles plus two daily LDRT fractions (20 cGy/6 h interval) on each cycle. Statistical analysis was planned on 18 patients. Results: Results on 18 patients are reported. Specifically considering irradiated sites: 15/18 patients had a partial (11/18) or complete (4/18) response. Among 11 partial responders, three became a pathological CR after surgery. Grade 3–4 toxicity was recorded in two patients (11.1%). At median follow-up of 30 months (range: 8-50), 7/18 patients progressed in irradiated sites. Conclusion: Seven out of 18 patients (38.9%) had clinical or pathological CR in lesions treated with LDRT. Further studies on this newer treatment modality seem justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine – DIMES, University of Bologna, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellini
- Radiation Oncology Department – Gemelli ART, Policlinico Universitario ‘A Gemelli’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Mignogna
- General Oncology Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gilbert DA Padula
- Cancer Research Consortium of West Michigan (CRCWM), Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - Luciana Caravatta
- Radiation Oncology Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Deodato
- Radiation Oncology Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Picardi
- Radiation Oncology Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gabriella Macchia
- Radiation Oncology Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Savino Cilla
- Medical Physics Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Milly Buwenge
- Radiation Oncology Unit – Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Maria Antonietta Gambacorta
- Radiation Oncology Department – Gemelli ART, Policlinico Universitario ‘A Gemelli’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Balducci
- Radiation Oncology Department – Gemelli ART, Policlinico Universitario ‘A Gemelli’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Mattiucci
- Radiation Oncology Department – Gemelli ART, Policlinico Universitario ‘A Gemelli’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Autorino
- Radiation Oncology Department – Gemelli ART, Policlinico Universitario ‘A Gemelli’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Radiation Oncology Department – Gemelli ART, Policlinico Universitario ‘A Gemelli’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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18
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Radiosensitisation of human colorectal cancer cells by ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complexes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20596. [PMID: 26867983 PMCID: PMC4751532 DOI: 10.1038/srep20596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the largest improvements in clinical outcomes for patients with solid cancers observed over the past 3 decades have been from concurrent treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). The lethal effects of RT on cancer cells arise primarily from damage to DNA. Ruthenium (Ru) is a transition metal of the platinum group, with potentially less toxicity than platinum drugs. We postulated that ruthenium-arene complexes are radiosensitisers when used in combination with RT. We screened 14 ruthenium-arene complexes and identified AH54 and AH63 as supra-additive radiosensitisers by clonogenic survival assays and isobologram analyses. Both complexes displayed facial chirality. At clinically relevant doses of RT, radiosensitisation of cancer cells by AH54 and AH63 was p53-dependent. Radiation enhancement ratios for 5–10 micromolar drug concentrations ranged from 1.19 to 1.82. In p53-wildtype cells, both drugs induced significant G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Colorectal cancer cells deficient in DNA damage repair proteins, EME1 and MUS81, were significantly more sensitive to both agents. Both drugs were active in cancer cell lines displaying acquired resistance to oxaliplatin or cisplatin. Our findings broaden the potential scope for these drugs for use in cancer therapy, including combination with radiotherapy to treat colorectal cancer.
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19
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Fernandez-Palomo C, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Inter-Relationship between Low-Dose Hyper-Radiosensitivity and Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects in the Human T98G Glioma and the Epithelial HaCaT Cell Line. Radiat Res 2016; 185:124-33. [PMID: 26849405 DOI: 10.1667/rr14208.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, investigations in both low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity and increased radioresistance have been a focus of radiation oncology and biology research, since both conditions occur primarily in tumor cell lines. There has been significant progress in elucidating their signaling pathways, however uncertainties exist when they are studied together with radiation-induced bystander effects. Therefore, the aim of this work was to further investigate this relationship using the T98G glioma and HaCaT cell lines. T98G glioma cells have demonstrated a strong transition from hyper-radiosensitivity to induced radioresistance, and HaCaT cells do not show low-dose hypersensitivity. Both cell lines were paired using a mix-and-match protocol, which involved growing nonirradiated cells in culture media from irradiated cells and covering all possible combinations between them. The end points analyzed were clonogenic cell survival and live calcium measurements through the cellular membrane. Our data demonstrated that T98G cells produced bystander signals that decreased the survival of both reporter T98G and HaCaT cells. The bystander effect occurred only when T98G cells were exposed to doses below 1 Gy, which was corroborated by the induction of calcium fluxes. However, when bystander signals originated from HaCaT cells, the survival fraction increased in reporter T98G cells while it decreased in HaCaT cells. Moreover, the corresponding calcium data showed no calcium fluxes in T98G cells, while HaCaT cells displayed a biphasic calcium profile. In conclusion, our findings indicate a possible link between low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity and bystander effects. This relationship varies depending on which cell line functions as the source of bystander signals. This further suggests that the bystander mechanisms are more complex than previously expected and caution should be taken when extrapolating bystander results across all cell lines and all radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 1K4, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 1K4, Canada
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 1K4, Canada
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20
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Słonina D, Gasińska A, Biesaga B, Janecka A, Kabat D. An association between low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity and the early G2-phase checkpoint in normal fibroblasts of cancer patients. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 39:41-5. [PMID: 26725161 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) effect was demonstrated for normal fibroblasts (asynchronous and G2-phase enriched) of 4 of the 25 cancer patients investigated. For the rest of patients, HRS was not defined in either of the 2 fibroblast populations. Thus, the study indicated that G2-phase enrichment had no influence on HRS identification. The conclusion contradicts that reported for human tumor cells, and suggests different mechanism of HRS in normal human cells. In the present paper we report, for the first time, the activity of early G2-phase checkpoint after low-dose irradiation in normal fibroblasts of these 4 HRS-positive patients and 4 HRS-negative patients and answer the question regarding the role of this checkpoint in normal human cells. The response of the early G2-phase checkpoint was determined by assessment of the progression of irradiated cells into mitosis using the mitotic marker, phosphorylated histone H3. We found evident differences in the activity of the early G2-phase checkpoint between HRS-positive and HRS-negative fibroblasts. In HRS-positive fibroblasts the checkpoint was not triggered and DNA damage was not recognized after doses lower than 0.2Gy resulting in HRS response. On the contrary, in HRS-negative fibroblasts the early G2-phase checkpoint was activated regardless of the dose in the range 0.1-2Gy. In conclusion, although cell cycle phase has no effect on the presence of HRS effect in normal human fibroblasts, the data reported here indicate that HRS response in these cells is associated with the functioning of early G2-phase checkpoint in a threshold-dose dependent manner, similarly as it takes place in most of human tumor and other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Słonina
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, 11 Garncarska Street, Cracow 31-115, Poland.
| | - Anna Gasińska
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, 11 Garncarska Street, Cracow 31-115, Poland
| | - Beata Biesaga
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, 11 Garncarska Street, Cracow 31-115, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, 11 Garncarska Street, Cracow 31-115, Poland
| | - Damian Kabat
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Cracow Branch, 11 Garncarska Street, Cracow 31-115, Poland
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21
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Low-dose fractionated radiation and chemotherapy prior to definitive chemoradiation in locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Results of a prospective phase II clinical trial. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138:292-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Xue L, Furusawa Y, Yu D. ATR signaling cooperates with ATM in the mechanism of low dose hypersensitivity induced by carbon ion beam. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 34:1-8. [PMID: 26246317 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done on the mechanism of low dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) and later appeared radioresistance (termed induced radioresistance (IRR)) after irradiation with medium and high linear energy transfer (LET) particles. The aim of this study was to find out whether ATR pathway is involved in the mechanism of HRS induced by high LET radiation. GM0639 cells and two ATM deficient/mutant cells, AT5BIVA and AT2KY were irradiated by carbon ion beam. Thymidine block technique was developed to enrich the G2-phase population. Radiation induced early G2/M checkpoint was quantitatively assess with dual-parameter flow cytometry by detecting the cells positive for phospho-histone H3. The involvement of ATR pathway in HRS/IRR response was detected with pretreatment of specific inhibitors prior to carbon ion beam. The link between the early G2/M checkpoint and HRS/IRR under carbon ion beam was first confirmed in GM0639 cells, through the enrichment of cell population in G2-phase or with Aurora kinase inhibitor that attenuates the transition from G2 to M phase. Interestingly, the early G2/M arrest could still be observed in ATM deficient/mutant cells with an effect of ATR signaling, which was discovered to function in an LET-dependent manner, even as low as 0.2Gy for carbon ion radiation. The involvement of ATR pathway in heavy particles induced HRS/IRR was determined with the specific ATR inhibitor in GM0639 cells, which affected the HRS/IRR occurrence similarly as ATM inhibitor. These data demonstrate that ATR pathway may cooperate with ATM in the mechanism of low dose hypersensitivity induced by carbon ion beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Microbeam Development Office, Research/Development/Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dong Yu
- School of Radiological Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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23
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Velegzhaninov IO, Shadrin DM, Pylina YI, Ermakova AV, Shostal OA, Belykh ES, Kaneva AV, Ermakova OV, Klokov DY. Differential Molecular Stress Responses to Low Compared to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Normal Human Fibroblasts. Dose Response 2015; 13:10.2203_dose-response.14-058.Velegzhaninov. [PMID: 26675169 PMCID: PMC4674169 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-058.velegzhaninov] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms producing low dose ionizing radiation specific biological effects represents one of the major challenges of radiation biology. Although experimental evidence does suggest that various molecular stress response pathways may be involved in the production of low dose effects, much of the detail of those mechanisms remains elusive. We hypothesized that the regulation of various stress response pathways upon irradiation may differ from one another in complex dose-response manners, causing the specific and subtle low dose radiation effects. In the present study, the transcription level of 22 genes involved in stress responses were analyzed using RT-qPCR in normal human fibroblasts exposed to a range of gamma-doses from 1 to 200 cGy. Using the alkali comet assay, we also measured the level of DNA damages in dose-response and time-course experiments. We found non-linear dose responses for the repair of DNA damage after exposure to gamma-radiation. Alterations in gene expression were also not linear with dose for several of the genes examined and did not follow a single pattern. Rather, several patterns could be seen. Our results suggest a complex interplay of various stress response pathways triggered by low radiation doses, with various low dose thresholds for different genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya O Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982
| | - Dmitry M Shadrin
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982
| | - Yana I Pylina
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982
| | | | - Olga A Shostal
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982
| | - Elena S Belykh
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982
| | - Anna V Kaneva
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 ; Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, Russia. 55 Octyabrskiy ave., 167001
| | - Olga V Ermakova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia. 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982
| | - Dmitry Y Klokov
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 1 Plant Rd, Chalk River, K0J1P0, Ontario, Canada
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Ghosh S, Kumar A, Chandna S. Connexin-43 downregulation in G2/M phase enriched tumour cells causes extensive low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) associated with mitochondrial apoptotic events. Cancer Lett 2015; 363:46-59. [PMID: 25843295 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment of tumour cells in G2/M phases in vitro is known to be associated with low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS). These cell cycle phases also involve reduced expression of adhesion protein connexin-43 (Cx43). Therefore, we investigated the role of Cx43 in HRS. Asynchronous or G2/M enriched tumour cells (U87, BMG-1, HeLa) and normal primary fibroblasts (HDFn) were γ-irradiated at varying doses, with an asynchronous group separately subjected to Cx43-knockdown prior to irradiation. Cx43 level, gap junctional activity, clonogenic cell survival, cell growth/viability, mitochondrial alterations and other apoptosis-regulating events were studied. G2/M enrichment reduced Cx43 level by ~50% and caused considerable HRS at doses 10 cGy-30 cGy in all tumour cell lines. Cx43-knockdown to the same level (~60%) also elicited prominent HRS response in these cells. Quite important, radiosensitivity of primary HDFn cells remained unaltered by all these treatments. In Cx43-knockdown tumour cells, low-dose irradiation caused significant growth inhibition and apoptosis involving loss of MMP, cytochrome-c release and caspase-3 activation, thereby demonstrating the important cytoprotective role of Cx43. Therefore, this study significantly shows that Cx43 downregulation (a constitutive feature of G2/M phase) selectively renders tumour cells hypersensitive to low-dose radiation, and presents connexins as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Natural Radiation Response Mechanisms Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Natural Radiation Response Mechanisms Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Natural Radiation Response Mechanisms Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India.
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Seth I, Joiner MC, Tucker JD. Cytogenetic Low-Dose Hyperradiosensitivity Is Observed in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 91:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Joshi GS, Joiner MC, Tucker JD. Cytogenetic characterization of low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity in Cobalt-60 irradiated human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 2014; 770:69-78. [PMID: 25771872 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dose-effect relationships of cells exposed to ionizing radiation are frequently described by linear quadratic (LQ) models over an extended dose range. However, many mammalian cell lines, when acutely irradiated in G2 at doses ≤0.3Gy, show hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) as measured by reduced clonogenic cell survival, thereby indicating greater cell lethality than is predicted by extrapolation from high-dose responses. We therefore hypothesized that the cytogenetic response in G2 cells to low doses would also be steeper than predicted by LQ extrapolation from high doses. We tested our hypothesis by exposing four normal human lymphoblastoid cell lines to 0-400cGy of Cobalt-60 gamma radiation. The cytokinesis block micronucleus assay was used to determine the frequencies of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges. To characterize the dependence of the cytogenetic damage on dose, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to compare the responses in the low- (HRS) and high-dose response regions. Our data indicate that the slope of the response for all four cell lines at ≤20cGy during G2 is greater than predicted by an LQ extrapolation from the high-dose responses for both micronuclei and bridges. These results suggest that the biological consequences of low-dose exposures could be underestimated and may not provide accurate risk assessments following such exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanada S Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Michael C Joiner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - James D Tucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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Martin LM, Marples B, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Marignol L. Exposure to low dose ionising radiation: Molecular and clinical consequences. Cancer Lett 2014; 349:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prasanna A, Ahmed MM, Mohiuddin M, Coleman CN. Exploiting sensitization windows of opportunity in hyper and hypo-fractionated radiation therapy. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:287-302. [PMID: 24688774 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the conventional radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy paradigms used in the treatment of majority of cancer types, this review will describe two areas of radiobiology, hyperfractionated and hypofractionated radiation therapy, for cancer treatment focusing on application of novel concepts underlying these treatment modalities. The initial part of the review discusses the phenomenon of hyper-radiation sensitivity (HRS) at lower doses (0.1 to 0.6 Gy), describing the underlying mechanisms and how this could enhance the effects of chemotherapy, particularly, in hyperfractionated settings. The second part examines the radiobiological/physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of high-dose hypofractionated radiation therapy that can be exploited for tumor cure. These include abscopal/bystander effects, activation of immune system, endothelial cell death and effect of hypoxia with re-oxygenation. These biological properties along with targeted dose delivery and distribution to reduce normal tissue toxicity may make high-dose hypofractionation more effective than conventional radiation therapy for treatment of advanced cancers. The novel radiation physics based methods that take into consideration the tumor volume to be irradiated and normal tissue avoidance/tolerance can further improve treatment outcome and post-treatment quality of life. In conclusion, there is enough evidence to further explore novel avenues to exploit biological mechanisms from hyper-fractionation by enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and hypo-fractionated radiation therapy that could enhance tumor control and use imaging and technological advances to reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Prasanna
- 1 Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA ; 2 Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- 1 Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA ; 2 Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mohiuddin
- 1 Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA ; 2 Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - C Norman Coleman
- 1 Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA ; 2 Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cell cycle association and hypoxia regulation of excision repair cross complementation group 1 protein (ERCC1) in tumor cells of head and neck cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7807-19. [PMID: 24817012 PMCID: PMC4158184 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a key component of homologous recombination-based repair of interstrand DNA cross-links (ICLs). As a consequence, ERCC1 mediates resistance to mitomycin C (MMC) and platinum chemotherapeutic agents and may predict treatment failure. Clinical response to MMC or cisplatin (CDDP)-based radiochemotherapy (RCT) was assessed in 106 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and correlated with cell nuclear immunoreactivity of the mouse monoclonal (clone: 8 F1) ERCC1 antibody in tumor tissue samples. BEAS-2B epithelial and Detroit 562 pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells were treated with CDDP, MMC, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at 50 % growth inhibitory (IC-50) concentrations. ERCC1 protein synthesis was compared with cell cycle distribution using combined immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. ERCC1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression was investigated in normoxic and hypoxic conditions in Detroit 562 cells. Clinically, the nonresponder revealed significantly lower HNSCC tissue ERCC1 immunoreactivity than the responder (p = 0.0064) or control normal mucosa, which led to further mechanistic investigations. In vitro, control cells and cells treated with cytotoxic agents showed increasing ERCC1 levels from the G1 through S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. In CDDP-treated cells, ERCC1 mRNA and protein expression increased. Under hypoxic conditions, ERCC1 gene expression significantly decreased. Although ERCC1+ cells show increased chemoresistance, they might be particularly radiosensitive, representing G2 cell cycle phase and less hypoxic. ERCC1 expression might be indirectly related with some conditions important for RCT treatment, but it is not a clear predictor for its failure in HNSCC patients.
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Słonina D, Biesaga B, Janecka A, Kabat D, Bukowska-Strakova K, Gasińska A. Low-Dose Hyper-Radiosensitivity Is Not a Common Effect in Normal Asynchronous and G2-Phase Fibroblasts of Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Azooz FA, Hashim SK. A Logarithmic Formula to Describe the Relationship between the Increased Radiosensitivity at Low Doses and the Survival at 2 Gray. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2013; 13:560-6. [PMID: 24273667 DOI: 10.12816/0003316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrinsic radiosensitivity at doses used in radiotherapy is linked to hypersensitivity (HRS) and increased radio resistance (IRR) at low doses. The aim of this study was to explore this relationship. METHODS Survival curves for 18 human tumour cell lines were analysed, using two models to fit the data points in order to extract the necessary parameters relevant for this study. RESULTS The IRR ratio αs/αr versus the survival at 2 gray (Gy) can be described by a logarithmic relation which leads to a series of straight lines. CONCLUSION The relationship obtained implies that there is a direct link between HRS/IRR and survival at clinically relevant doses of 2 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faika A Azooz
- Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Mosul, Mosul, Ninevah, Iraq
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Heuskin AC, Wéra AC, Riquier H, Michiels C, Lucas S. Low-Dose Hypersensitivity and Bystander Effect are Not Mutually Exclusive in A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells after Irradiation with Charged Particles. Radiat Res 2013; 180:491-8. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13358.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Edin NJ, Sandvik JA, Vollan HS, Reger K, Görlach A, Pettersen EO. The role of nitric oxide radicals in removal of hyper-radiosensitivity by priming irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:1015-28. [PMID: 23685670 PMCID: PMC3823782 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mechanism in which low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) is permanently removed, induced by low-dose-rate (LDR) (0.2-0.3 Gy/h for 1 h) but not by high-dose-rate priming (0.3 Gy at 40 Gy/h) was investigated. One HRS-negative cell line (NHIK 3025) and two HRS-positive cell lines (T-47D, T98G) were used. The effects of different pretreatments on HRS were investigated using the colony assay. Cell-based ELISA was used to measure nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels, and microarray analysis to compare gene expression in primed and unprimed cells. The data show how permanent removal of HRS, previously found to be induced by LDR priming irradiation, can also be induced by addition of nitric oxide (NO)-donor DEANO combined with either high-dose-rate priming or exposure to prolonged cycling hypoxia followed by reoxygenation, a treatment not involving radiation. The removal of HRS appears not to involve DNA damage induced during priming irradiation as it was also induced by LDR irradiation of cell-conditioned medium without cells present. The permanent removal of HRS in LDR-primed cells was reversed by treatment with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400W. Furthermore, 1400W could also induce HRS in an HRS-negative cell line. The data suggest that LDR irradiation for 1 h, but not 15 min, activates iNOS, and also that sustained iNOS activation is necessary for the permanent removal of HRS by LDR priming. The data indicate that nitric oxide production is involved in the regulatory processes determining cellular responses to low-dose-rate irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jeppesen Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author. Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, PB 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Tel: +47-22-85-54-92; Fax: +47-228-556-71;
| | | | - Hilde Synnøve Vollan
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Katharina Reger
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Heuskin AC, Michiels C, Lucas S. Low dose hypersensitivity following in vitro cell irradiation with charged particles: Is the mechanism the same as with X-ray radiation? Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:81-9. [PMID: 23957604 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.835503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the low dose effects that have been discovered during the past decade, the low dose hypersensitivity (HRS) is of prime importance. This phenomenon, compared to irradiation at higher doses used in conventional radiotherapy, enhances cell killing per unit dose at low doses and is followed by an induced radioresistance (IRR) effect. On survival fraction curves, a deviation from the linear quadratic model can be observed. HRS has mainly been studied after irradiation with sparsely ionizing radiation. Little work has been done to check its actual existence after irradiation with medium and high linear energy transfer (LET) particles. This article reviews recent studies involving HRS following irradiation of rodent and human cells with protons, alpha particles and carbon ions and assesses the applicability of a photon HRS model to charged particles. CONCLUSION We propose that the HRS threshold dose and the radiosensitive parameter αs may be LET and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage-clustering dependent. Combining the use of high-LET particles at low doses and chemotherapy strategies increasing the proportion of HRS-sensitive cells could become a good candidate treatment for radioresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Heuskin
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Research Center for the Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur
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Heuskin AC, Michiels C, Lucas S. Toward computer simulation of high-LET in vitro survival curves. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:6495-510. [PMID: 24002468 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/18/6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed a Monte Carlo based computer program called MCSC (Monte Carlo Survival Curve) able to predict the survival fraction of cells irradiated in vitro with a broad beam of high linear energy transfer particles. Three types of cell responses are studied: the usual high dose response, the bystander effect and the low-dose hypersensitivity (HRS). The program models the broad beam irradiation and double strand break distribution following Poisson statistics. The progression of cells through the cell cycle is taken into account while the repair takes place. Input parameters are experimentally determined for A549 lung carcinoma cells irradiated with 10 and 20 keV µm(-1) protons, 115 keV µm(-1) alpha particles and for EAhy926 endothelial cells exposed to 115 keV µm(-1) alpha particles. Results of simulations are presented and compared with experimental survival curves obtained for A549 and EAhy296 cells. Results are in good agreement with experimental data for both cell lines and all irradiation protocols. The benefits of MCSC are several: the gain of time that would have been spent performing time-consuming clonogenic assays, the capacity to estimate survival fraction of cell lines not forming colonies and possibly the evaluation of radiosensitivity parameters of given individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Heuskin
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Research Center for the physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Schoenherr D, Krueger SA, Martin L, Marignol L, Wilson GD, Marples B. Determining if low dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) can be exploited to provide a therapeutic advantage: a cell line study in four glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:1009-16. [PMID: 23859266 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.825061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if ultra-fractionation using repeated pulses of radiation (10 × 0.2 Gray [Gy]) would be more cytotoxic than continuously-delivered radiation to the same total dose (2 Gy) in four glioma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human T98G, U373, U87MG and U138MG cells were conventionally X-irradiated with 0.1-8 Gy and clonogenic survival assessed. Next, cells were treated with either a single dose of 2 Gy or 10 pulses of 0.2 Gy using a 3-min inter-pulse interval and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) repair (pHistone H2A.X), G2-phase cell cycle checkpoint arrest (pHistone H3) and apoptosis (caspase-3) compared between the two regimens. A dose of 0.2 Gy was selected as this reflects the hyper- radiosensitivity (HRS)/increased radioresistance (IRR) transition point of the low-dose cell survival curve. RESULTS T98G, U87MG and U138MG exhibited distinct HRS responses and survival curves were well-described by the Induced Repair model. Despite the prolonged delivery time, ultra-fractionation (10 × 0.2 Gy) was equally effective as a single continuously-delivered 2 Gy dose. However, ultra-fractionation was more effective when given for five consecutive days to a total dose of 10 Gy. The increased effectiveness of ultra-fractionation could not be attributed directly to differences in DNA damage, repair processes or radiation-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Ultra-fractionation (10 × 0.2 Gy) is an effective modality for killing glioma cell lines compared with standard 2 Gy dosing when multiple days of treatment are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Schoenherr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System , Royal Oak, Michigan , USA
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Martin LM, Marples B, Davies AM, Atzberger A, Edwards C, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Marignol L. DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2 dictates cellular survival in response to low dose radiation in endometrial carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Exposure to low dose ionising radiation: molecular and clinical consequences. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:209-18. [PMID: 23693079 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the experimental data detailing the incidence, mechanism and significance of low dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS). Important discoveries gained from past and present studies are mapped and highlighted to illustrate the pathway to our current understanding of HRS and the impact of HRS on the cellular response to radiation in mammalian cells. Particular attention is paid to the balance of evidence suggesting a role for DNA repair processes in the response, evidence suggesting a role for the cell cycle checkpoint processes, and evidence investigating the clinical implications/relevance of the effect.
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Mantini G, Valentini V, Meduri B, Margaritora S, Balducci M, Micciché F, Nardone L, De Rose F, Cesario A, Larici AR, Maggi F, Calcagni ML, Granone P. Low-dose radiotherapy as a chemo-potentiator of a chemotherapy regimen with pemetrexed for recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer: A prospective phase II study. Radiother Oncol 2012; 105:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wu H, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Wu G, Meng R, Cheng J. The role of DNA damage repair and Chk2 protein in hyper-radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:750-754. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-1029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Semicontinuous Low-Dose-Rate Teletherapy for the Treatment of Recurrent Glial Brain Tumors: Final Report of a Phase I/II Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82:765-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Edin NJ, Olsen DR, Sandvik JA, Malinen E, Pettersen EO. Low dose hyper-radiosensitivity is eliminated during exposure to cycling hypoxia but returns after reoxygenation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:311-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.646046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gómez-Millán J, Katz ISS, Farias VDA, Linares-Fernández JL, López-Peñalver J, Ortiz-Ferrón G, Ruiz-Ruiz C, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. The importance of bystander effects in radiation therapy in melanoma skin-cancer cells and umbilical-cord stromal stem cells. Radiother Oncol 2011; 102:450-8. [PMID: 22169765 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine direct and bystander radiation-induced effects in normal umbilical-cord stromal stem cell (HCSSC) lines and in human cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The UCSSC lines used in this study were obtained in our laboratory. Two cell lines (UCSSC 35 and UCSSC 37) and two human melanoma skin-cancer cells (A375 and G361) were exposed to ionizing radiation to measure acute radiation-dosage cell-survival curves and radiation-induced bystander cell-death response. Normal cells, although extremely sensitive to ionizing radiation, were resistant to the bystander effect whilst tumor cells were sensitive to irradiated cell-conditioned media, showing a dose-response relationship that became saturated at relatively low doses. We applied a biophysical model to describe bystander cell-death through the binding of a ligand to the cells. This model allowed us to calculate the maximum cell death (χ(max)) produced by the bystander effect together with its association constant (K(By)) in terms of dose equivalence (Gy). The values obtained for K(By) in A375 and G361 cells were 0.23 and 0.29 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings help to understand how anticancer therapy could have an additional decisive effect in that the response of sub-lethally hit tumor cells to damage might be required for therapy to be successful because the survival of cells communicating with irradiated cells is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gómez-Millán
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología, Málaga, Spain
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Nguyen PK, Wu JC. Radiation exposure from imaging tests: is there an increased cancer risk? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:177-83. [PMID: 21453214 DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing exposure to low-dose radiation from diagnostic testing has prompted renewed interest in evaluating its carcinogenic risk, but quantifying health risk from low-dose radiation exposure remains controversial. The current approach is to adopt the linear non-threshold model, which is commonly applied to high-dose exposure, and apply it to assess risk from low-dose exposure. However, existing data are conflicting and limited to epidemiological studies and/or in vitro analyses. In this article, we will discuss the potential cancer risk from low- and high-dose radiation, their effects on DNA repair response pathways, and the best course of action for patients and providers to minimize risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5111, USA.
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Martin LM, Marples B, Coffey M, Lawler M, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Marignol L. DNA mismatch repair and the DNA damage response to ionizing radiation: Making sense of apparently conflicting data. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:518-27. [PMID: 20413225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The effects of G2-phase enrichment and checkpoint abrogation on low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:1509-17. [PMID: 20637979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An association between low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) and the "early" G2/M checkpoint has been established. An improved molecular understanding of the temporal dynamics of this relationship is needed before clinical translation can be considered. This study was conducted to characterize the dose response of the early G2/M checkpoint and then determine whether low-dose radiation sensitivity could be increased by synchronization or chemical inhibition of the cell cycle. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two related cell lines with disparate HRS status were used (MR4 and 3.7 cells). A double-thymidine block technique was developed to enrich the G2-phase population. Clonogenic cell survival, radiation-induced G2-phase cell cycle arrest, and deoxyribonucleic acid double-strand break repair were measured in the presence and absence of inhibitors to G2-phase checkpoint proteins. RESULTS For MR4 cells, the dose required to overcome the HRS response (approximately 0.2 Gy) corresponded with that needed for the activation of the early G2/M checkpoint. As hypothesized, enriching the number of G2-phase cells in the population resulted in an enhanced HRS response, because a greater proportion of radiation-damaged cells evaded the early G2/M checkpoint and entered mitosis with unrepaired deoxyribonucleic acid double-strand breaks. Likewise, abrogation of the checkpoint by inhibition of Chk1 and Chk2 also increased low-dose radiosensitivity. These effects were not evident in 3.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS The data confirm that HRS is linked to the early G2/M checkpoint through the damage response of G2-phase cells. Low-dose radiosensitivity could be increased by manipulating the transition of radiation-damaged G2-phase cells into mitosis. This provides a rationale for combining low-dose radiation therapy with chemical synchronization techniques to improve increased radiosensitivity.
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Khan K, Araki K, Wang D, Li G, Li X, Zhang J, Xu W, Hoover RK, Lauter S, O'Malley B, Lapidus RG, Li D. Head and neck cancer radiosensitization by the novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor GPI-15427. Head Neck 2010; 32:381-91. [PMID: 19672867 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we tested the ability of a novel poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, 10-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2H-7-oxa-1,2-diaza-benzo[de]-anthracen-3-one (GPI-15427), to enhance the effect of radiotherapy in a xenograft model of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Human xenograft HNSCC tumors were established in female nude mice: animals were treated with orally administered GPI-15427 at varied doses prior to tumor irradiation. In vitro and in vivo apoptosis analyses and neutral single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay were performed, with the "tail moment" calculated to evaluate DNA double-strand break damage. RESULTS Orally administered GPI-15427 given before radiation therapy significantly reduced tumor volume, and cells demonstrated significantly elevated mean tail moments (indicative of DNA damage) and enhanced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, compared with radiation-alone and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Use of the PARP-1 inhibitor GPI-15427 induced significant sensitization to radiotherapy, representing a promising new treatment in the management of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Khan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Joiner MC, Mogili N, Marples B, Burmeister J. Significant dose can be lost by extended delivery times in IMRT with x rays but not high-LET radiations. Med Phys 2010; 37:2457-65. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3425792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Greer Card DA, Sierant ML, Davey S. Rad9A is required for G2 decatenation checkpoint and to prevent endoreduplication in response to topoisomerase II inhibition. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15653-15661. [PMID: 20305300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.096156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rad9A checkpoint protein interacts with and is required for proper localization of topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) in response to DNA damage. Topoisomerase II (Topo II), another binding partner of TopBP1, decatenates sister chromatids that become intertwined during replication. Inhibition of Topo II by ICRF-193 (meso-4,4'-(3,2-butanediyl)-bis-(2,6-piperazinedione)), a catalytic inhibitor that does not induce DNA double-strand breaks, causes a mitotic delay known as the G(2) decatenation checkpoint. Here, we demonstrate that this checkpoint, dependent on ATR and BRCA1, also requires Rad9A. Analysis of different Rad9A phosphorylation mutants suggests that these modifications are required to prevent endoreduplication and to maintain decatenation checkpoint arrest. Furthermore, Rad9A Ser(272) is phosphorylated in response to Topo II inhibition. ICRF-193 treatment also causes phosphorylation of an effector kinase downstream of Rad9A in the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, Chk2, at Thr(68). Both of these sites are major targets of phosphorylation by the ATM kinase, although it has previously been shown that ATM is not required for the decatenation checkpoint. Examination of ataxia telangectasia (A-T) cells demonstrates that ATR does not compensate for ATM loss, suggesting that phosphorylation of Rad9A and Chk2 by ATM plays an additional role in response to Topo II inhibition than checkpoint function alone. Finally, we have shown that murine embryonic stem cells deficient for Rad9A have higher levels of catenated mitotic spreads than wild-type counterparts. Together, these results emphasize the importance of Rad9A in preserving genomic integrity in the presence of catenated chromosomes and all types of DNA aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Greer Card
- Cancer Research Institute, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Megan L Sierant
- Cancer Research Institute, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Scott Davey
- Cancer Research Institute, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Departments of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Edin NJ, Olsen DR, Stokke T, Sandvik JA, Ebbesen P, Pettersen EO. Mechanisms of the elimination of low dose hyper-radiosensitivity in T-47D cells by low dose-rate priming. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 85:1157-65. [DOI: 10.3109/09553000903242107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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