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Impacts of soil nutrition on floral traits, pollinator attraction, and fitness in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:21802. [PMID: 36526706 PMCID: PMC9758155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual plants allocate soil nutrients to floral display and pollinator rewards to ensure pollination success in a single season. Nitrogen and phosphorus are critical soil nutrients whose levels are altered by intensive land use that may affect plants' fitness via pollinator attractiveness through floral display and rewards. In a controlled greenhouse study, we studied in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) how changes in soil nitrogen and phosphorus influence floral traits, including nectar and pollen reward composition. We evaluated how these traits affect bumble bee (Bombus impatiens, an important cucumber pollinator) visitation and ultimately fruit yield. While increasing nitrogen and phosphorus increased growth and floral display, excess nitrogen created an asymptotic or negative effect, which was mitigated by increasing phosphorus. Male floral traits exhibited higher plasticity in responses to changes in soil nutrients than female flowers. At 4:1 nitrogen:phosphorus ratios, male flowers presented increased nectar volume and pollen number resulting in increased bumble bee visitation. Interestingly, other pollinator rewards remained consistent across all soil treatments: male and female nectar sugar composition, female nectar volume, and pollen protein and lipid concentrations. Therefore, although cucumber pollination success was buffered in conditions of nutrient stress, highly skewed nitrogen:phosphorus soil ratios reduced plant fitness via reduced numbers of flowers and reward quantity, pollinator attraction, and ultimately yield.
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Junker RR, Albrecht J, Becker M, Keuth R, Farwig N, Schleuning M. Towards an animal economics spectrum for ecosystem research. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants Department of Biology University of Marburg 35043 Marburg Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity University of Salzburg 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Conservation Ecology Department of Biology University of Marburg 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Raya Keuth
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Conservation Ecology Department of Biology University of Marburg 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Otolowo DT, Araoye KT, Maderin M, Ogunbusola EM. Evaluation of Mineral, Microbial, and Sensory Properties of Gluten-Free-Ready-To-Eat Snacks Produced from Blends of Water Yam ( Dioscorea Alata) and Lima Bean ( Phaseolus Lunatus). JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2021.1946877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mosunmola Maderin
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
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Butler OM, Lewis T, Maunsell SC, Rezaei Rashti M, Elser JJ, Mackey B, Chen C. The stoichiometric signature of high‐frequency fire in forest floor food webs. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orpheus M. Butler
- Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Tom Lewis
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Agri‐Science Queensland University of the Sunshine Coast Maroochydore DC Queensland Australia
| | - Sarah C. Maunsell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Mehran Rezaei Rashti
- Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - James J. Elser
- Flathead Lake Biological Station University of Montana Polson Montana USA
| | - Brendan Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program Griffith University Gold Coast City Queensland Australia
| | - Chengrong Chen
- Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
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Amutkan Mutlu D, Polat I, Suludere Z. Histomorphology of the Malpighian Tubules and the Chemical Composition of the Spherocrystals in the Tubule Epithelial Cells of Adult Leptophyes albovittata (Kollar, 1833) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34344493 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762101223x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In insects, the number, cytological and histological structures, and the spherocrystals of the Malpighian tubules (MTs) can vary considerably in different insect groups. These differences are considered important because they can be used as taxonomic characters. For this purpose, the ultrastructure of the MT epithelial cells in Leptophyes albovittata (Kollar, 1833) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) was examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The wall of each tubule consists of a single layer of cells. These cells have round-shaped nuclei. Two different cell types were demonstrated in the tubule cell. These are cells that have electron-dense cytoplasm and electron-lucent cytoplasm. It was observed that the cytoplasm of these cells has many spherocrystals. The chemical composition of the spherocrystals was found to be high in carbon, phosphorus, and manganese in tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Amutkan Mutlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara06500, Turkey
| | - Irmak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı18100, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Suludere
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara06500, Turkey
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Vogels JJ, Verberk WCEP, Kuper JT, Weijters MJ, Bobbink R, Siepel H. How to Restore Invertebrate Diversity of Degraded Heathlands? A Case Study on the Reproductive Performance of the Field Cricket Gryllus campestris (L.). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.659363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNitrogen (NOx, NHy) and acidifying (NOx, NHy, SOx) deposition has reduced the biodiversity of European dry heathlands. Restoration efforts such as sod-cutting (removal of vegetation, litter and humus layer) often shifted these systems from N to P limitation and have had limited success in restoring the invertebrate community. Possible reasons for this include the unresolved acidification and a change in food plant stoichiometry. Here, we investigate how liming and P addition change food nutritional quality and their consequences for invertebrate performance.MethodsWe performed feeding experiments with field crickets (Gryllus campestris), using plant material collected from a full factorial field experiment with liming and P addition. We related female reproduction as measure of individual fitness to elemental ratios of plants fed to the crickets.ResultsP addition stimulated cricket daily reproduction and shortened their reproductive period, resulting in no difference in total reproduction. Liming greatly reduced both daily and total reproduction and resulted in more females cannibalizing on their male mates. Females that did so could partly offset the liming induced reduction in reproduction, suggesting dietary deficiency. P-addition improved food quality (lower N:P ratios) while liming led to skewed Mn:Mg and Fe:Mg ratios that compare unfavorably to ratios found in terrestrial invertebrates.ConclusionIncreased plant N:P ratio following sod-cutting constrains the reproductive potential in Gryllus campestris in a non-linear way. Liming reduced nutritional quality, likely by inducing deficiencies in Fe or Mn.Management ImplicationsHigh-impact restoration management practices such as sod cutting and liming cause new problems for invertebrates rooted in ecological stoichiometry. Since P-addition only partially offsets these negative effects, we instead advocate the use of less intensive N removal management and weaker buffering agents to reduce soil acidification. Furthermore, a reduction in N emission is paramount as it will remove the need for disruptive interventions.
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Di XY, Yan B, Wu CX, Yu XF, Liu JF, Yang MF. Does Larval Rearing Diet Lead to Premating Isolation in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030203. [PMID: 33673724 PMCID: PMC7997327 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious polyphagous pest. Most studies focus on the effects of natural hosts on S. litura. However, progressively more laboratory studies S. litura involve feeding the larvae with an artificial diet. We compared the life performance and observed mating choice of S. litura reared on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, and an artificial diet. The results revealed that diet had a significant effect on the duration of each stage of development. In the multiple-choice test with individual males consuming tobacco, Chinese cabbage, or an artificial diet, females fed on the artificial diet preferred to mate with males that were fed on the same diet and rarely mated with males fed on tobacco or Chinese cabbage. We suggest that the diet of S. litura has a potential impact on mate choice and sexual isolation. Abstract Host plant preference during the larval stage may help shape not only phenotypic plasticity but also behavioral isolation. We assessed the effects of diet on population parameters and mate choice in Spodoptera litura. We raised larvae fed on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, or an artificial diet, and we observed the shortest developmental time and highest fecundity in individuals fed the artificial diet. However, survival rates were higher for larvae on either of the natural diets. Population parameters including intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were significantly higher with the artificial diet, but this diet led to a lower mean generation time. Copulation duration, copulation time, and number of eggs reared significantly differed between diets. In terms of mate choice, females on the artificial diet rarely mated with males fed on a natural host. Our results support the hypothesis that different diets may promote behavioral isolation, affecting mating outcomes. Thus, findings for populations fed an artificial diet may not reflect findings for populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Di
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Xu Wu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (J.-F.L.); (M.-F.Y.)
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: (J.-F.L.); (M.-F.Y.)
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Dániel-Gómez M, Dussán J. Assessment of the Synergic Effect between Lysinibacillus sphaericus S-Layer Protein and Glyphosate in the Lethality of the Invasive Arboviral Vector Aedes albopictus. INSECTS 2020; 11:E793. [PMID: 33198299 PMCID: PMC7697419 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most used chemicals in plant pest control. Both glyphosate and its main by-product Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) are highly environmentally persistent and, through several processes (including surface runoff and bioaccumulation), affect species beyond their intended targets, especially in aquatic ecosystems. Aedes albopictus is a novel invasive arboviral vector in Colombia and has spread to much of the national territory in recent years. Strains of the bacterium Lysinibacillus sphaericus have shown the ability to degrade glyphosate into environmentally inert compounds, in addition to having great larvicidal efficiency in different mosquito species through the production of several proteins, including the surface layer (S-Layer) protein. The S-Layer is a bacterial structure consisting of glycoprotein monomers, and its functions are thought to include bacterial interactions, protection from the outside medium and biological control. The study assessed the entomopathogenic activity of L. sphaericus S-Layer protein on Ae. albopictus larvae, and the effects that glyphosate and its by-products have in this process. To that end, bioassays were performed to compare the larval mortality between different treatments with and without S-Layer, glyphosate, and glyphosate derivates. Comparisons were made through Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) analyses. Significant differences were found in larval mortality in the treatments, and larval mortality was greater when the S-Layer protein was present, though glyphosate field-doses (1.69 g/L) alone had a notable toxicity as well. An apparent synergic effect on the mortality of larval Ae. albopictus when exposed to mixtures containing 1500 ppm of the S-Layer protein, glyphosate, and/or glyphosate derivates was found. Further studies are needed for the in-depth understanding of this mechanism and its consequences on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Dussán
- Microbiological Research Center (CIMIC), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
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Gutiérrez Y, Fresch M, Ott D, Brockmeyer J, Scherber C. Diet composition and social environment determine food consumption, phenotype and fecundity in an omnivorous insect. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200100. [PMID: 32431901 PMCID: PMC7211883 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is the single most important factor for individual's growth and reproduction. Consequently, the inability to reach the nutritional optimum imposes severe consequences for animal fitness. Yet, under natural conditions, organisms may face a mixture of stressors that can modulate the effects of nutritional asymmetry. For instance, stressful environments caused by intense interaction with conspecifics. Here, we subjected the house cricket Acheta domesticus to (i) either of two types of diet that have proved to affect cricket performance and (ii) simultaneously manipulated their social environment throughout their complete life cycle. We aimed to track sex-specific consequences for multiple traits during insect development throughout all life stages. Both factors affected critical life-history traits with potential population-level consequences: diet composition induced strong effects on insect development time, lifespan and fitness, while the social environment affected the number of nymphs that completed development, food consumption and whole-body lipid content. Additionally, both factors interactively determined female body mass. Our results highlight that insects may acquire and invest resources in a different manner when subjected to an intense interaction with conspecifics or when isolated. Furthermore, while only diet composition affected individual reproductive output, the social environment would determine the number of reproductive females, thus indirectly influencing population performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeisson Gutiérrez
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marion Fresch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Ott
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Lemmen KD, Butler OM, Koffel T, Rudman SM, Symons CC. Stoichiometric Traits Vary Widely Within Species: A Meta-Analysis of Common Garden Experiments. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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11
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Qin X, Wu H, Huang X, Lock TR, Kallenbach RL, Ma J, Ali MP, Tu X, Cao G, Wang G, Nong X, McNeill MR, Zhang Z. Plant composition changes in a small-scale community have a large effect on the performance of an economically important grassland pest. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:32. [PMID: 31484520 PMCID: PMC6727414 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus Bey-Bienko (Acrididae: Oedipodinae) is a dominant and economically important pest that is widely distributed across the Mongolian plateau. This herbivore pest causes major damage to the grassland of the Inner Mongolian steppe in China. The population dynamics of herbivore pests is affected by grassland management practices (e.g., mowing and heavy livestock grazing) that alter plant community structures and stoichiometric characteristics. For example, O. asiaticus outbreak is closely associated with plant preference changes caused by nitrogen loss from heavy livestock grazing. However, the manner by which small-scale variation in vegetation affects grasshopper performance and promotes outbreak is poorly characterized. To address this question, we investigated the relationship between small-scale (1 m2) vegetation variability and measures of O. asiaticus performance associated with plant stoichiometric characteristics. Results We found that food preferences of O. asiaticus varied significantly, but maintained a specific dietary structure for different plant compositions. Notably, small-scale changes in plant community composition significantly affected grasshopper food preference and body size. Partial least-square modeling indicated that plant proportion and biomass affected grasshopper body size and density. We found that this effect differed between sexes. Specifically, female body mass positively correlated with the proportion of Stipa krylovii grass, whereas male mass positively correlated with the proportion of Artemisia frigida grass. Further analyses indicated that grasshopper performance is closely associated with plant stoichiometric traits that might be responsible for the pest’s plague. Conclusions This study provides valuable information for managing grasshoppers using rational grassland management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghu Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scottish Oceans Institute, Institiud Chuantan na h-Alba, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 8LB, UK.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Analysis Centre for Agricultural of Experiments of Tianjin Agriculture, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - T Ryan Lock
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Robert L Kallenbach
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Panna Ali
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqun Nong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark R McNeill
- Biocontrol & Biosecurity, AgResearch, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. .,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, Xilinhot, 026000, People's Republic of China.
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Majdi N, Hette-Tronquart N, Auclair E, Bec A, Chouvelon T, Cognie B, Danger M, Decottignies P, Dessier A, Desvilettes C, Dubois S, Dupuy C, Fritsch C, Gaucherel C, Hedde M, Jabot F, Lefebvre S, Marzloff MP, Pey B, Peyrard N, Powolny T, Sabbadin R, Thébault E, Perga ME. There's no harm in having too much: A comprehensive toolbox of methods in trophic ecology. FOOD WEBS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Harrison SJ, Godin JGJ, Bertram SM. Influence of dietary nutrient balance on aggression and signalling in male field crickets. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Rode M, Lemoine NP, Smith MD. Prospective evidence for independent nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of grasshopper (Chorthippus curtipennis) growth in a tallgrass prairie. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177754. [PMID: 28520785 PMCID: PMC5433754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores play a pivotal role in regulating plant production and community composition, and their role in terrestrial ecosystems is partly determined by their feeding behavior and performance among plants of differing nutritional quality. Historically, nitrogen (N) has been considered the primary limiting nutrient of herbivorous insects, but N is only one of many potential nutrients important to insect performance. Of these nutrients, phosphorus (P) is perhaps the most important because somatic growth depends upon P-rich ribosomal RNA. Yet relatively few studies have assessed the strength of P-limitation for terrestrial insects and even fewer have simultaneously manipulated both N and P to assess the relative strengths of N- and P-limitation. Here, we tested for potential N and P limitation, as well as N:P co-limitation, on Chorthippis curtipennis (Orthoptera, Acrididae), an abundant member of arthropod communities of central US prairies. Our results demonstrate weak evidence for both N and P limitation of C. curtipennis growth rates in laboratory feeding assays. Importantly, P-limitation was just as strong as N-limitation, but we found no evidence for NP co-limitation in our study. Furthermore, nutrient limitation was not apparent in field studies, suggesting that insect growth rates may be predominately controlled by other factors, including temperature and predation. Our results suggest that P should be jointly considered, along with N, as a primary determinant of herbivore feeding behavior under both current and future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Rode
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan P. Lemoine
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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15
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Boeckler GA, Paetz C, Feibicke P, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Metabolism of poplar salicinoids by the generalist herbivore Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 78:39-49. [PMID: 27503687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The survival of insect herbivores on chemically defended plants may often depend on their ability to metabolize these defense compounds. However, only little knowledge is available on how insects actually process most plant defense compounds. We investigated the metabolism of salicinoids, a major group of phenolic glycosides in poplar and willow species, by a generalist herbivore, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Seven salicinoid metabolites identified in gypsy moth caterpillar feces were mostly conjugates with glucose, cysteine or glycine. Two of the glucosides were phosphorylated, a feature not previously reported for insect metabolites of plant defense compounds. The origins of these metabolites were traced to specific moieties of three major poplar salicinoids ingested, salicin, salicortin and tremulacin. Based on the observed metabolite patterns we were able to deduce the initial steps of salicinoid breakdown in L. dispar guts, which involves cleavage of ester bonds. The conjugated molecules were effectively eliminated within 24 h after ingestion. Some of the initial breakdown products (salicin and catechol) demonstrated negative effects on insect growth and survival in bioassays on artificial diets. Gypsy moth caterpillars with prior feeding experience on salicinoid-containing poplar foliage converted salicinoids to the identified metabolites more efficiently than caterpillars pre-fed an artificial diet. The majority of the metabolites we identified were also produced by other common poplar-feeding insects. The conversion of plant defenses like salicinoids to a variety of water-soluble sugar, phosphate and amino acid conjugates and their subsequent excretion fits the general detoxification strategy found in insect herbivores and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andreas Boeckler
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Paetz
- Biosynthesis/NMR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Feibicke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Oonincx DGAB, van Broekhoven S, van Huis A, van Loon JJA. Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144601. [PMID: 26699129 PMCID: PMC4689427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large part of the environmental impact of animal production systems is due to the production of feed. Insects are suggested to efficiently convert feed to body mass and might therefore form a more sustainable food and/or feed source. Four diets were composed from by-products of food manufacturing and formulated such as to vary in protein and fat content. These were offered to newly hatched Argentinean cockroaches, black soldier flies, yellow mealworms, and house crickets. The first two species are potentially interesting as a feed ingredient, while the latter two are considered edible for humans. Feed conversion efficiency, survival, development time, as well as chemical composition (nitrogen, phosphorus, and fatty acids), were determined. The Argentinean cockroaches and the black soldier flies converted feed more efficiently than yellow mealworms, and house crickets. The first two were also more efficient than conventional production animals. On three of the four diets yellow mealworms and house crickets had a feed conversion efficiency similar to pigs. Furthermore, on the most suitable diet, they converted their feed as efficiently as poultry, when corrected for edible portion. All four species had a higher nitrogen-efficiency than conventional production animals, when corrected for edible portion. Offering carrots to yellow mealworms increased dry matter- and nitrogen-efficiency and decreased development time. Diet affected survival in all species but black soldier flies, and development time was strongly influenced in all four species. The chemical composition of Argentinean cockroaches was highly variable between diets, for black soldier flies it remained similar. The investigated species can be considered efficient production animals when suitable diets are provided. Hence, they could form a sustainable alternative to conventional production animals as a source of feed or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G. A. B. Oonincx
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah van Broekhoven
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Cease AJ, Fay M, Elser JJ, Harrison JF. Dietary phosphate affects food selection, post-ingestive phosphorus fate, and performance of a polyphagous herbivore. J Exp Biol 2015; 219:64-72. [PMID: 26567345 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (P) content of plants and insect herbivores suggests that P limitation and herbivore foraging to balance P intake could be common. However, the lack of synthetic diets for testing the effects of lower ranges of dietary P has been a major impediment to experimental assessment of the ecological importance of, and physiological responses to, P limitation for terrestrial herbivores. We manipulated dietary P content (%P) over its observed range in terrestrial foliage using artificial diets containing near-optimal content of other nutrients for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana. Over much of the ecologically relevant range, when consuming single diets over a lifetime, higher P stimulated growth rates and increased survival, with an optimal dietary %P of 0.25-0.50% when measured throughout development. Excessive dietary P (1%) reduced growth and survival. However, with only short-term (3 day) confinement to single diets, dietary P had no effect on food consumption or growth rates. During these short exposures, fifth (but not third) instar hoppers increased the proportion of P excreted relative to P assimilated as dietary P increased. Target experiments demonstrated that, when given a choice, grasshoppers select among foods to attain a P intake target of 0.6%. These data suggest that P limitation could be common for terrestrial insect herbivores and that they can exhibit ingestive and post-ingestive mechanisms to attain sufficient but not excessive P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michelle Fay
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - James J Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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18
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Rożen A, Sobczyk Ł, Weiner J. The effect of pre-analytical treatment on the results of stoichiometric measurements in invertebrates. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 2015; 50:393-403. [PMID: 26300558 PMCID: PMC4536268 DOI: 10.1007/s13355-015-0346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest in the application of stoichiometric approaches to community ecology has resulted in an increasing number of studies examining invertebrate body composition. Our experiments demonstrate various sources of possible error related to the use of pre-analytical procedures. We examined the effects of different preservatives (ethanol and formaldehyde) used in pitfall traps, time of preservation (2 weeks or 3 days) and drying method (vacuum drying at 50 °C and freeze-drying) on the determination of body composition in invertebrates representing taxa often used in such studies: earthworms and five species of insects (adults or larvae). The contents of C, N, S, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg and K in each animal were measured. The use of solvents (ethanol or formaldehyde) in pitfall traps and for preservation significantly affects the body composition and stoichiometry of earthworms, even during short exposure times. Insects (both adults and larvae) were affected only during a 2-week exposure; 3 days of exposure did not significantly change their chemical composition. Vacuum-oven drying of animals at 50 °C does not affect their body composition relative to freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rożen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - January Weiner
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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19
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Abbas M, Klein AM, Ebeling A, Oelmann Y, Ptacnik R, Weisser WW, Hillebrand H. Plant diversity effects on pollinating and herbivorous insects can be linked to plant stoichiometry. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Differing nutritional constraints of consumers across ecosystems. Oecologia 2014; 174:1367-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Bertram SM, Fitzsimmons LP, McAuley EM, Rundle HD, Gorelick R. Phenotypic covariance structure and its divergence for acoustic mate attraction signals among four cricket species. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:181-95. [PMID: 22408735 PMCID: PMC3297187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic variance-covariance matrix (P) describes the multivariate distribution of a population in phenotypic space, providing direct insight into the appropriateness of measured traits within the context of multicollinearity (i.e., do they describe any significant variance that is independent of other traits), and whether trait covariances restrict the combinations of phenotypes available to selection. Given the importance of P, it is therefore surprising that phenotypic covariances are seldom jointly analyzed and that the dimensionality of P has rarely been investigated in a rigorous statistical framework. Here, we used a repeated measures approach to quantify P separately for populations of four cricket species using seven acoustic signaling traits thought to enhance mate attraction. P was of full or almost full dimensionality in all four species, indicating that all traits conveyed some information that was independent of the other traits, and that phenotypic trait covariances do not constrain the combinations of signaling traits available to selection. P also differed significantly among species, although the dominant axis of phenotypic variation (p(max)) was largely shared among three of the species (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus assimilis, G. texensis), but different in the fourth (G. veletis). In G. veletis and A. domesticus, but not G. assimilis and G. texensis, p(max) was correlated with body size, while p(max) was not correlated with residual mass (a condition measure) in any of the species. This study reveals the importance of jointly analyzing phenotypic traits.
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