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Gianì F, Allia F, Trovato MA, Masto R, Pellegriti G, Vigneri R. Antioxidant Defense Capacity Is Reduced in Thyroid Stem/Precursor Cells Compared to Differentiated Thyrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11509. [PMID: 37511265 PMCID: PMC10380350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is much evidence linking oxidative stress to thyroid cancer, and stem cells are thought to play a key role in the tumor-initiating mechanism. Their vulnerability to oxidative stress is unexplored. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant capacity of stem/precursor thyroid cells and mature thyrocytes. Human stem/precursor cells and mature thyrocytes were exposed to increasing concentrations of menadione, an oxidative-stress-producing agent, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell viability were measured. The expression of antioxidant and detoxification genes was measured via qPCR as well as the total antioxidant capacity and the content of glutathione. Menadione elevated ROS generation in stem/precursor thyroid cells more than in mature thyrocytes. The ROS increase was inversely correlated (p = 0.005) with cell viability, an effect that was partially prevented by the antioxidant curcumin. Most thyroid antioxidant defense genes, notably those encoding for the glutathione-generating system and phase I detoxification enzymes, were significantly less expressed in stem/precursor thyroid cells. As a result, the glutathione level and the total antioxidant capacity in stem/precursor thyroid cells were significantly decreased. This reduced antioxidant defense may have clinical implications, making stem/precursor thyroid cells critical targets for environmental conditions that are not detrimental for differentiated thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Allia
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Masto
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
- Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy
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2
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Kaushik V, Kulkarni Y, Felix K, Azad N, Iyer AKV, Yakisich JS. Alternative models of cancer stem cells: The stemness phenotype model, 10 years later. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:934-943. [PMID: 34367485 PMCID: PMC8316871 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical cancer stem cell (CSCs) theory proposed the existence of a rare but constant subpopulation of CSCs. In this model cancer cells are organized hierarchically and are responsible for tumor resistance and tumor relapse. Thus, eliminating CSCs will eventually lead to cure of cancer. This simplistic model has been challenged by experimental data. In 2010 we proposed a novel and controversial alternative model of CSC biology (the Stemness Phenotype Model, SPM). The SPM proposed a non-hierarchical model of cancer biology in which there is no specific subpopulation of CSCs in tumors. Instead, cancer cells are highly plastic in term of stemness and CSCs and non-CSCs can interconvert into each other depending on the microenvironment. This model predicts the existence of cancer cells ranging from a pure CSC phenotype to pure non-CSC phenotype and that survival of a single cell can originate a new tumor. During the past 10 years, a plethora of experimental evidence in a variety of cancer types has shown that cancer cells are indeed extremely plastic and able to interconvert into cells with different stemness phenotype. In this review we will (1) briefly describe the cumulative evidence from our laboratory and others supporting the SPM; (2) the implications of the SPM in translational oncology; and (3) discuss potential strategies to develop more effective therapeutic regimens for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kaushik
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Yogesh Kulkarni
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Kumar Felix
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Neelam Azad
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
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3
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Huilgol D, Venkataramani P, Nandi S, Bhattacharjee S. Transcription Factors That Govern Development and Disease: An Achilles Heel in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E794. [PMID: 31614829 PMCID: PMC6826716 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development requires the careful orchestration of several biological events in order to create any structure and, eventually, to build an entire organism. On the other hand, the fate transformation of terminally differentiated cells is a consequence of erroneous development, and ultimately leads to cancer. In this review, we elaborate how development and cancer share several biological processes, including molecular controls. Transcription factors (TF) are at the helm of both these processes, among many others, and are evolutionarily conserved, ranging from yeast to humans. Here, we discuss four families of TFs that play a pivotal role and have been studied extensively in both embryonic development and cancer-high mobility group box (HMG), GATA, paired box (PAX) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) in the context of their role in development, cancer, and their conservation across several species. Finally, we review TFs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer and reflect on the importance of natural resistance against cancer in certain organisms, yielding knowledge regarding TF function and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | | | - Saikat Nandi
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Sonali Bhattacharjee
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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Abstract
Thyroid gland has been implicated in the regulation of many functions using endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signals. Functional thyroid follicular cells derived from stem cells attracted a great interest from researchers as a strategy for thyroid's regenerative therapy. Thyroid has a very low rate of turnover; however, studies showed that the regenerative ability is enhanced following diseases or thyroidectomy, which promotes the role of stem cell. The objective of this review is to summarize the morphological characterization and the expression of stem cell genes/markers in the thyroid. Also, to highlight the mechanisms of tumor formation in thyroid via its stem cells. The most important thyroid stem cell's markers are: stem cell antigen 1 (SCA-1), octamer-binding transcription 4 (OCT-4), p63, CD34+ CD45-, paired box gene 8 (PAX-8), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF-2), hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein HHEX, the transcription factor GATA-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-α (HNF-4-α) and homeobox transcription factor Nanog (hNanog). This review highlights the functional characterization describing the mechanisms of stem cell's differentiation into functional thyroid follicle and proposing mechanisms involving in cancer formation through one of these cell types: fetal cell, thyroblasts, prothyrocytes, certain genetic mutation in the mature thyroid cells or presence of a special type of cells (cancer stem cell) which are responsible for different types of cancer formation. Understanding the mechanisms of thyroid's stem cell in cancer formation and the expression of the biomarkers in normal and abnormal thyroid status are promising physiological tools in promoting thyroid regeneration and in provision management for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khulood Al-Khater
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Vitiello M, Palma G, Monaco M, Bello AM, Camorani S, Francesca P, Rea D, Barbieri A, Chiappetta G, Vita GD, Cerchia L, Arra C, Fedele M. Dual Oncogenic/Anti-Oncogenic Role of PATZ1 in FRTL5 Rat Thyroid Cells Transformed by the Ha-RasV12 Oncogene. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020127. [PMID: 30744101 PMCID: PMC6410289 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PATZ1 is a transcriptional factor downregulated in thyroid cancer whose re-expression in thyroid cancer cells leads to a partial reversion of the malignant phenotype, including the capacity to proliferate, migrate, and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We have recently shown that PATZ1 is specifically downregulated downstream of the Ras oncogenic signaling through miR-29b, and that restoration of PATZ1 in Ha-Ras transformed FRTL5 rat thyroid cells is able to inhibit their capacities to proliferate and migrate in vitro. Here, we analyzed the impact of PATZ1 expression on the in vivo tumorigenesis of these cells. Surprisingly, FRTL5-Ras-PATZ1 cells showed enhanced tumor initiation when engrafted in nude mice, even if their tumor growth rate was reduced compared to that of FRTL5-Ras control cells. To further investigate the cause of the enhanced tumor engraftment of FRTL5-Ras-PATZ1 cells, we analyzed the stem-like potential of these cells through their capacity to grow as thyrospheres. The results showed that restoration of PATZ1 expression in these cells increases stem cell markers’ expression and self-renewal ability of the thyrospheres while limiting their growth capacity. Therefore, we suggest that PATZ1 may play a role in enhancing the stem cell potential of thyroid cancer cells, but, at the same time, it impairs the proliferation of non-stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Vitiello
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Monaco
- Functional Genomic Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Bello
- Functional Genomic Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Simona Camorani
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Francesca
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Domenica Rea
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Chiappetta
- Functional Genomic Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudio Arra
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori⁻IRCCS⁻Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Fedele
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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6
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Zito G, Coppola A, Pizzolanti G, Giordano C. Heterogeneity of Stem Cells in the Thyroid. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:81-93. [PMID: 31487020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification of thyroid stem cells in the past few years has made important contributions to our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that induce tissue regeneration and repair. Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced-pluripotent stem cells have been used to establish reliable protocols to obtain mature thyrocytes and functional follicles for the treatment of thyroid diseases in mice. In addition, the discovery of resident thyroid progenitor cells, along with other sources of stem cells, has defined in detail the mechanisms responsible for tissue repair upon moderate or severe organ injury.In this chapter, we highlight in detail the current state of research on thyroid stem cells by focusing on (1) the description of the first experiments performed to obtain thyroid follicles from embryonic stem cells, (2) the identification of resident stem cells in the thyroid gland, and (3) the definition of the current translational in vivo and in vitro models used for thyroid tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zito
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DI.BI.MIS), Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cellular Cultures, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Coppola
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DI.BI.MIS), Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cellular Cultures, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DI.BI.MIS), Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cellular Cultures, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DI.BI.MIS), Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. .,Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cellular Cultures, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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7
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Wnt Signaling in Thyroid Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040204. [PMID: 29642644 PMCID: PMC5924546 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is essential for stem cell maintenance, but little is known about its role in thyroid hormone signaling and thyroid stem cell survival and maintenance. In addition, the role of Wnt signaling in thyroid cancer progenitor cells is also unclear. Here, we present emerging evidence for the role of Wnt signaling in somatic thyroid stem cell and thyroid cancer stem cell function. An improved understanding of the role of Wnt signaling in thyroid physiology and carcinogenesis is essential for improving both thyroid disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
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8
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Lee SI, Kim DK, Seo EJ, Choi EJ, Kwon YW, Jang IH, Lee JC, Kim HY, Shong M, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Role of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Maintenance of Chemoresistance of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2017; 27:1424-1432. [PMID: 28920531 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and resistance to conventional treatment. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not fully effective because of the undifferentiated phenotype and enhanced drug resistance of ATC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a stemness-associated transcription factor, in the undifferentiated phenotype and drug resistance of ATC. METHODS ATC cells were compared to papillary thyroid cancer cells in drug resistance and gene expression. The effects of KLF4 knockdown in ATC cells on in vitro and in vivo drug resistance were measured. The effects of KLF4 overexpression and knockdown on ABC transporter activity were determined. RESULTS ATC cells, such as HTH83, 8505C, and SW1736, exhibited higher resistance to the anticancer drug paclitaxel and higher expression of KLF4 than TPC-1 papillary thyroid cancer cells. Knockdown of KLF4 expression in ATC cells increased the expression of the thyroid-specific differentiation genes, such as thyrotropin receptor, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and sodium-iodide symporter. Knockdown of KLF4 expression in ATC cells decreased the resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, and reduced ABC transporter expression. Luciferase reporter assay results showed that KLF4 overexpression increased ABCG2 promoter activity, which was abolished by KLF4 knockdown. A tumorigenicity assay showed that the combination of paclitaxel treatment and KLF4 knockdown significantly decreased tumor mass originated from HTH83 cells in mice. CONCLUSIONS ATC cells show high expression of KLF4, and KLF4 expression is necessary for maintaining the undifferentiated phenotype and drug resistance in vitro and in vivo. The present study identifies KLF4 as a potential therapeutic target for eliminating ATC cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Su In Lee
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyoung Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- 2 Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Choon Lee
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yul Kim
- 4 Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- 5 Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- 6 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- 5 Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jang Kim
- 7 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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10
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Michelotti G, Jiang X, Sosa JA, Diehl AM, Henderson BB. LGR5 is associated with tumor aggressiveness in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34549-60. [PMID: 26416247 PMCID: PMC4741472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a cancer stem cell marker and a down-stream target in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), over activation of Wnt/β-catenin has been associated with tumor aggressiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using established human cell lines (TPC-1, KTC-1, Nthy-ori-3–1), we report LGR5 and R-spondin (RSPO1–3) overexpression in PTC and manipulate LGR5 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling via both pharmacologic and genetic interventions. We test the association of LGR5 tumor expression with markers of PTC aggressiveness using a Discovery Cohort (n = 26 patients) and a Validation Cohort (n = 157 patients). Lastly, we explore the association between LGR5 and the BRAFV600E mutation (n = 33 patients). RESULTS Our results reveal that LGR5 and its ligand, RSPO, are overexpressed in human PTC, whereby Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates LGR5 expression and promotes cellular migration. In two separate cohorts of patients, LGR5 and RSPO2 were associated with markers of tumor aggressiveness including: lymph node metastases, vascular invasion, increased tumor size, aggressive histology, advanced AJCC TNM stage, microscopic extra thyroidal extension, capsular invasion, and macroscopic invasion. As a biomarker, LGR5 positivity predicts lymph node metastasis with 95.5% sensitivity (95% CI 88.8%-98.7%) and 61% specificity (95% CI: 48.4%–72.4%) and has a negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.3% (95% CI 79.2%–97.5%) for lymph node metastatic disease. In human PTC, LGR5 is also strongly associated with the BRAFV600E mutation (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION We conclude that overexpression of LGR5 is associated with markers of tumor aggressiveness in human PTC. LGR5 may serve as a future potential biomarker for patient risk stratification and loco regional metastases in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brittany Bohinc Henderson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Vicari L, Colarossi C, Giuffrida D, De Maria R, Memeo L. Cancer stem cells as a potential therapeutic target in thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2254-2260. [PMID: 27698787 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have indicated that tumor growth and proliferation is dependent on a small subset of cells, defined as cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have the capability to self-renew, and are involved with cancer propagation, relapse and metastatic dissemination. CSCs have been isolated from numerous tissues, including normal and cancerous thyroid tissue. A regulatory network of signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) control the properties of CSCs. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of endocrine cancer, with an increasing incidence. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is the most rare type of endocrine cancer; however, it also exhibits the highest mortality rate among thyroid malignancies, with an extremely short survival time. Thyroid CSCs are invasive and highly resistant to conventional therapies, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which results in disease relapse even when the primary lesion has been eradicated. Therefore, targeting thyroid CSCs may represent an effective treatment strategy against aggressive neoplasms, including recurrent and radioresistant tumors. The present review summarizes the current literature regarding thyroid CSCs and discusses therapeutic strategies that target these cells, with a focus on the function of self-renewal pathways and miRNAs. Elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate CSC growth and survival may improve novel therapeutic approaches for treatment-resistant thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vicari
- Cell Biology Unit, IOM Ricerca Srl, Viagrande I-95029 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande I-95029 Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande I-95029 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Cell Biology Unit, IOM Ricerca Srl, Viagrande I-95029 Catania, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande I-95029 Catania, Italy
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Generation of Novel Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cell Clones: Effects of Resveratrol and Valproic Acid. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1662-73. [PMID: 27060227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an aggressive and highly lethal cancer for which conventional therapies have proved ineffective. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) represent a small fraction of cells in the cancer that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy and are responsible for tumor reoccurrence and metastasis. We characterized CSCs in thyroid carcinomas and generated clones of CSC lines. Our study showed that anaplastic thyroid cancers had significantly more CSCs than well-differentiated thyroid cancers. We also showed that Aldefluor-positive cells revealed significantly higher expression of stem cell markers, self-renewal properties, thyrosphere formation, and enhanced tumorigenicity. In vivo passaging of Aldefluor-positive cells resulted in the growth of larger, more aggressive tumors. We isolated and generated two clonal spheroid CSC lines derived from anaplastic thyroid cancer that were even more enriched with stem cell markers and more tumorigenic than the freshly isolated Aldefluor-positive cells. Resveratrol and valproic acid treatment of one of the CSC lines resulted in a significant decrease in stem cell markers, Aldefluor expression, proliferation, and invasiveness, with an increase in apoptosis and thyroid differentiation markers, suggesting that these cell lines may be useful for discovering new adjuvant therapies for aggressive thyroid cancers. For the first time, we have two thyroid CSC lines that will be useful tools for the study of thyroid CSC targeted therapies.
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13
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Zane M, Scavo E, Catalano V, Bonanno M, Todaro M, De Maria R, Stassi G. Normal vs cancer thyroid stem cells: the road to transformation. Oncogene 2015; 35:805-15. [PMID: 25961919 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations in thyroid carcinogenesis have led to the isolation and characterisation of a subpopulation of stem-like cells, responsible for tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. Nevertheless, the cellular origin of thyroid cancer stem cells (SCs) remains unknown and it is still necessary to define the process and the target population that sustain malignant transformation of tissue-resident SCs or the reprogramming of a more differentiated cell. Here, we will critically discuss new insights into thyroid SCs as a potential source of cancer formation in light of the available information on the oncogenic role of genetic modifications that occur during thyroid cancer development. Understanding the fine mechanisms that regulate tumour transformation may provide new ground for clinical intervention in terms of prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zane
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - E Scavo
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Catalano
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Bonanno
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - G Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Decaussin-Petrucci M, Deladoëy J, Hafdi-Nejjari Z, Sassolas G, Borson-Chazot F, Abu-Khudir R, Fusco A, Descotes F, Cournoyer S, Sartelet H. Expression of CD133 in differentiated thyroid cancer of young patients. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:434-40. [PMID: 25770162 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS CD133 expression in cancer is frequently associated with poor outcome. Thyroid carcinomas are rare in childhood and adolescence and are associated with a higher risk of recurrence and more metastases than the adult tumours. The aim of the study was to assess whether the expression of CD133 in thyroid carcinomas of children, adolescents and young adults was correlated with clinical prognostic factors. METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed with 235 tumours coming from 208 young adults with a median age of 28 years and 27 children with a median age of 13 years. An immunohistochemical study was performed with anti-CD133 antibody. CD133 expression was evaluated, using a semiquantitative score based on the percentage of positive cells. The mutation status of tumours was evaluated by reverse transcriptase PCR. Three cell lines were used to confirm CD133 expression by western blot. RESULTS CD133 expression was found in 43% of adult and 37% of child tumours and was confirmed by western blot in cell lines. In young adults, the expression of CD133 was significantly more frequent in patients with tumours >3 cm (p=0.04) and in patients with lymph node metastases (p=0.02). The expression of CD133 was more frequent in patients in whom the tumour presented a BRAF mutation (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS CD133 expression is correlated with tumour size, lymph nodes metastases and BRAF mutations in young adults. The presence of these cancer stem cells could offer new therapeutic alternatives for aggressive thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci
- Department of Pathology, Lyon Sud Hospital Centre, Pierre Bénite, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Johnny Deladoëy
- Department of Endocrinology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zakia Hafdi-Nejjari
- Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Sassolas
- Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Department of Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, Université Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Rasha Abu-Khudir
- Department of Endocrinology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Department of Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, Université Lyon I, Lyon, France Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Branch), Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of CNR, Universita degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francoise Descotes
- Department of Biochemistry, Lyon Sud Hospital Centre, Pierre Bénite, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sonia Cournoyer
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hervé Sartelet
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Robert Debre, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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15
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Abstract
The thyroid parafollicular cell, or commonly named "C-cell," functions in serum calcium homeostasis. Elevations in serum calcium trigger release of calcitonin from the C-cell, which in turn functions to inhibit absorption of calcium by the intestine, resorption of bone by the osteoclast, and reabsorption of calcium by renal tubular cells. Oncogenic transformation of the thyroid C-cell is thought to progress through a hyperplastic process prior to malignancy with increasing levels of serum calcitonin serving as a biomarker for tumor burden. The discovery that multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is caused by activating mutations of the RET gene serves to highlight the RET-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway in both initiation and progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Thyroid C-cells are known to express RET at high levels relative to most cell types; therefore, aberrant activation of this receptor is targeted primarily to the C-cell, providing one possible cause of tissue-specific oncogenesis. The role of RET signaling in normal C-cell function is unknown though calcitonin gene transcription appears to be sensitive to RET activation. Beyond RET, the modeling of oncogenesis in animals and screening of human tumors for candidate gene mutations have uncovered mutation of RAS family members and inactivation of Rb1 regulatory pathway as potential mediators of C-cell transformation. A growing understanding of how RET interacts with these pathways, both in normal C-cell function and during oncogenic transformation, will help in the development of novel molecular-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1461, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Elizabeth G Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1484, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1461, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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16
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Bhatia P, Tsumagari K, Abd Elmageed ZY, Friedlander P, Buell JF, Kandil E. Stem cell biology in thyroid cancer: Insights for novel therapies. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:614-619. [PMID: 25426258 PMCID: PMC4178261 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancer in the United States. A recent involvement of sub-population of stem cells, cancer stem cells, has been proposed in different histological types of thyroid cancer. Because of their ability of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cells in the body, these putative cells drive tumor genesis, metastatic activity and are responsible to provide chemo- and radioresistant nature to the cancer cells in the thyroid gland. Our Review was conducted from previously published literature to provide latest apprises to investigate the role of embryonic, somatic and cancer stem cells, and discusses the hypothesis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Different methods for their identification and isolation through stemness markers using various in vivo and in vitro methods such as flow cytometry, thyrosphere formation assay, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 efflux-pump mediated Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion have been discussed. The review also outlines various setbacks that still remain to target these tumor initiating cells. Future perspectives of therapeutic strategies and their potential to treat advanced stages of thyroid cancer are also disclosed in this review.
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17
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Reeb AN, Li W, Lin RY. Bioluminescent human thyrospheres allow noninvasive detection of anaplastic thyroid cancer growth and metastases in vivo. Thyroid 2014; 24:1134-8. [PMID: 24684373 PMCID: PMC4080863 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that thyrospheres derived from human anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell lines can reconstitute and sustain tumor growth in vivo. The aim of this study was to use luciferase-expressing thyrospheres to establish a clinically relevant mouse model of ATC that allows noninvasive and sensitive monitoring of tumor progression. METHODS Two human ATC cell lines stably transfected with a firefly luciferase gene were used to generate thyrospheres under stem cell culture conditions. Cells were orthotopically implanted into the thyroids of immunodeficient NOD/SCIDIl2rg-/- mice to initiate tumors. Tumor progression and metastasis were evaluated by bioluminescent imaging weekly as well as histologic analysis postmortem. RESULTS We show that only 100 thyrosphere cells are needed for tumor development, and that tumors can be monitored with bioluminescent imaging as early as 7-14 days after implantation. Subsequent histologic evaluation of tissue sections confirmed characteristics of high-grade malignant neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS This approach offers rapid and highly sensitive noninvasive detection options for the preclinical assessment of novel ATC therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Reeb
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, Missouri
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18
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Mato E, González C, Moral A, Pérez JI, Bell O, Lerma E, de Leiva A. ABCG2/BCRP gene expression is related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer genes in a papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line (TPC-1). J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:289-300. [PMID: 24643400 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor malignancy is associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and resistance to chemotherapy. However, little is known about the relationship between the EMT and the multidrug-resistance gene in thyroid tumor progression. We investigated whether the expression of the ABCG2/BCRP gene is associated with ZEB1 and other EMT inducer genes involved in tumor dedifferentiation. We established a subpopulation of cells that express the ABCG2/BCRP gene derived from the thyroid papillary carcinoma cell line (TPC-1), the so-called TPC-1 MITO-resistant subline. The most relevant findings in these TPC-1 selected cells were a statistically significant upregulation of ZEB1 and TWIST1 (35- and 15-fold change respectively), no changes in the relative expression of vimentin and SNAIL1, and no expression of E-cadherin. The TPC-1 MITO-resistant subline displayed a faster migration and greater invasive ability than parental cells in correlation with a significant upregulation of the survivin (BIRC5) gene (twofold change, P<0.05). The knockdown of ZEB1 promoted nuclear re-expression of E-cadherin, reduced expression of vimentin, N-cadherin, and BIRC5 genes, and reduced cell migration (P<0.05). Analysis of human thyroid carcinoma showed a slight overexpression of the ABCG2/BCRP at stages I and II (P<0.01), and a higher overexpression at stages III and IV (P<0.01). SNAIL1, TWIST1, and ZEB1 genes showed higher expression at stages III and IV than at stages I and II. E- and N-cadherin genes were upregulated at stages I and II of the disease (ninefold and tenfold change, respectively, P<0.01) but downregulated at stages III and IV (fourfold lower, P<0.01). These results could be a promising starting point for further study of the role of the ABCG2/BCRP gene in the progression of thyroid tumor.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cadherins/biosynthesis
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/biosynthesis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Snail Family Transcription Factors
- Survivin
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Twist-Related Protein 1/biosynthesis
- Up-Regulation
- Vimentin/biosynthesis
- Young Adult
- Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1
- Zinc Fingers/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mato
- Thyroid Neoplasia Study Group, EDUAB-HSP, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Departament de Biologia Cel-lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain Departments of Endocrinology and Nutrition General Surgery Pathology IIB, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Natarajan S, Thanasupawat T, Medapati M, Pathak A, Ghavami S, Klonisch T. Mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in cancer (stem) cells with emphasis on thyroid cancer cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:37. [PMID: 24723911 PMCID: PMC3971176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main reasons for death of cancer patients, tumor recurrence and metastasis, are multi-stage cellular processes that involve increased cell plasticity and coincide with elevated resistance to anti-cancer treatments. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key contributor to metastasis in many cancer types, including thyroid cancer and is known to confer stem cell-like properties onto cancer cells. This review provides an overview of molecular mechanisms and factors known to contribute to cancer cell plasticity and capable of enhancing cancer cell resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. We elucidate the role of DNA repair mechanisms in contributing to therapeutic resistance, with a special emphasis on thyroid cancer. Next, we explore the emerging roles of autophagy and damage-associated molecular pattern responses in EMT and chemoresistance in tumor cells. Finally, we demonstrate how cancer cells, including thyroid cancer cells, can highjack the oncofetal nucleoprotein high-mobility group A2 to gain increased transformative cell plasticity, prevent apoptosis, and enhance metastasis of chemoresistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Suchitra Natarajan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Manoj Medapati
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alok Pathak
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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20
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Ahn SH, Henderson YC, Williams MD, Lai SY, Clayman GL. Detection of thyroid cancer stem cells in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:536-44. [PMID: 24302752 PMCID: PMC3913805 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Special populations of cells that can efficiently initiate tumor growth have been characterized, and this feature supports the cancer stem cell theory. These cancer stem cell populations have been identified with CD44 and POU5F1. Most cancer stem cells express high levels of CD44 and low levels of CD24. In thyroid lesions, cancer stem cells have been detected in anaplastic carcinoma. However, little is known about the presence of cancer stem cells in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), especially in recurrent PTC. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN PTC cells were labeled and sorted by flow cytometry to obtain two populations. Total RNA was prepared from cells with high CD44 and CD24 expressions (CD44+CD24+) and from cells with high CD44 and low CD24 expressions (CD44+CD24-). The expressions of the stem cell marker POU5F1 and several differentiated thyroid markers were measured via real-time PCR. RESULTS CD44+CD24- cells were present in all PTCs tested, and the percentage of these cells was higher in clinically aggressive recurrent PTC than in less aggressive primary PTCs. Higher expression of POU5F1 was found in CD44+CD24- cells compared with that of CD44+CD24+ cells. The expression of POU5F1 was higher in thyrospheroids grown in serum-free condition than in cells grown in the presence of serum from the same patient, and the tumor was initiated in mice using thyrospheroids. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of CD44+CD24- cells varied from tumor to tumor. Our findings suggest that cancer stem cells are present in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S-H.A.), College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyunggi-do 463-707, South Korea; and Departments of Head and Neck Surgery (Y.C.H., S.Y.L., G.L.C.), Pathology (M.D.W.), Molecular and Cellular Oncology (S.Y.L.), and Cancer Biology (G.L.C.), The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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21
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is rising annually largely related to enhanced detection and early stage well-differentiated primary tumors. The prognosis for patients with early stage thyroid cancer is outstanding with most patients being cured with surgery. In selected cases, I-131 is administered to treat known or suspected residual or metastatic disease. Even patients with loco-regional metastases typically have an outstanding long-term prognosis, albeit with monitoring and occasional intervention for residual or recurrent disease. By contrast, individuals with distant metastases from thyroid cancer, particularly older patients with larger metastatic burdens and those with poorly differentiated tumors, have a poor prognosis. Patients with metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer have a particularly poor prognosis. Published clinical trials indicate that transient disease control and partial remissions can be achieved with kinase inhibitor therapy directed toward angiogenic targets and that in some cases I-131 uptake can be enhanced. However, the direct targets of activity in metastatic lesions are incompletely defined and clear evidence that these treatments increase the duration or quality of life of patients is lacking, underscoring the need for improved knowledge regarding the metastatic process to inform the development of new therapies. In this review, we will focus on current data and hypotheses regarding key regulators of metastatic dormancy, metastatic progression, and the role of putative cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Phay
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
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22
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Thyroid cancer stem-like cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancers. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1707-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Carina V, Zito G, Pizzolanti G, Richiusa P, Criscimanna A, Rodolico V, Tomasello L, Pitrone M, Arancio W, Giordano C. Multiple pluripotent stem cell markers in human anaplastic thyroid cancer: the putative upstream role of SOX2. Thyroid 2013; 23:829-37. [PMID: 23301671 PMCID: PMC3704189 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine tumor with highly undifferentiated morphology. It has been suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) might play a central role in ATC. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize CSCs from ex vivo ATC specimens by investigating the expression of several pluripotent stem cell markers, and (ii) to evaluate in vitro drug resistance modifications after specific CSC transcription factor switch-off. METHODS In ex vivo experiments, eight formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ATC specimens were analyzed by reverse-transcription and real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. In in vitro experiments using ATC SW1736 cells, the expression levels of OCT-4, NANOG, and ABCG2 and the sensitivity to either cisplatin or doxorubicin were evaluated after silencing. RESULTS OCT-4, KLF4, and SOX2 transcription factors and C-KIT and THY-1 stem surface antigens showed variable up-regulation in all ATC cases. The SW1736 cell line was characterized by a high percentage of stem population (10.4±2.1% of cells were aldehyde dehydrogenase positive) and high expression of several CSC markers (SOX2, OCT4, NANOG, C-MYC, and SSEA4). SOX2 silencing down-regulated OCT-4, NANOG, and ABCG2. SOX2 silencing sensitized SW1736 cells, causing a significant cell death increase (1.8-fold) in comparison to control cells with 10 μM cisplatin (93.9±3.4% vs. 52.6±9.4%, p<0.01) and 2.7 fold with 0.5 μM doxorubicin (45.8±9.9% vs. 17.1±3.4% p<0.01). ABCG2 silencing caused increased cell death with both cisplatin (74.9±1.4%) and doxorubicin treatment (74.1±0.1%) vs. no-target-treated cells (respectively, 45.8±1.0% and 48.6±1.0%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The characterization of CSCs in ATC through the analysis of multiple pluripotent stem cell markers might be useful in identifying cells with a stem-like phenotype capable of resisting conventional chemotherapy. In addition, our data demonstrate that SOX2 switch-off through ABCG2 transporter down-regulation has a major role in overcoming CSC chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carina
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zito
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierina Richiusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Criscimanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Rodolico
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Tomasello
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Pitrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Arancio
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine (Di.Bi.M.I.S), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- A. Monroy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (CNR-IBIM), Palermo, Italy
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Li W, Reeb AN, Sewell WA, Elhomsy G, Lin RY. Phenotypic characterization of metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65095. [PMID: 23724124 PMCID: PMC3665717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests cancer stem cells (CSCs) may initiate new tumors in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), one of the most aggressive solid tumors in humans. However, the involvement of CSCs in human tumorigenesis has not been previously studied in authenticated ATC cell lines. Here we demonstrate a functional role of CSCs in four new validated human ATC cell lines (THJ-11T, THJ-16T, THJ-21T and THJ-29T). We identified and enriched CSCs using a spheroid-forming assay. About 3 to 9% of cells from four ATC cell lines formed thyrospheres. The thyrospheres expressed the stem cell markers NANOG and Oct4 and possessed the ability to self-renew. Injection of these thyrospheres into the thyroids of NOD/SCID Il2rg-/- mice resulted in the formation of metastatic tumors that recapitulated the clinical features of human ATC. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo characterization of thyroid CSCs using validated human ATC cell lines. The availability of disease-specific thyrospheres and our orthotopic tumor models will enable the elucidation of disease mechanisms and the environmental niche of CSCs. They may also be useful for preclinical therapeutic screening and for monitoring the effects of biological therapies on ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. Reeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William A. Sewell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - George Elhomsy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lan L, Luo Y, Cui D, Shi BY, Deng W, Huo LL, Chen HL, Zhang GY, Deng LL. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition triggers cancer stem cell generation in human thyroid cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:113-20. [PMID: 23604232 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that cancer stem cells or tumor initiating cells are the 'root cause' of malignant cancers. However, the exact origin of cancer stem cells still remains obscure in thyroid research. EMT has been implicated in the initiation and conversion of early-stage tumors into invasive malignancies and is associated with the stemness of cancer cells. Based on these facts, a new hypothesis was suggested that EMT induces cancer stem cell generation and tumor progression in human thyroid cancer cells in vitro. In the present study, FTC133 cells identified as EMT-negative cells were used for EMT induction by HIF‑1α transfection. Overexpression of HIF-1α induced FTC133 cells to undergo EMT, downregulated the epithelial markers E-cadherin, upregulated the mesenchymal marker vimentin, and associated with highly invasive and metastatic properties. Most importantly, the induction of EMT promoted the stem-like side population cell proportion in the FTC133 cells. These results indicate that EMT induction promotes CSC traits and cell proportions in the thyroid cancer cells, which implies that EMT could induce cancer stem cell generation and tumor progression in thyroid cancers. Further understanding of the role of EMT and cancer stem cells in cancer progression may reveal new targets for the prevention or therapy of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, The 4th Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.
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26
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Lloyd RV, Hardin H, Montemayor-Garcia C, Rotondo F, Syro LV, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Stem cells and cancer stem-like cells in endocrine tissues. Endocr Pathol 2013; 24:1-10. [PMID: 23435637 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-013-9235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells are a subpopulation of self-renewing cells that are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than the other surrounding cancer cells. The cancer stem cell model predicts that only a subset of cancer cells possess the ability to self-renew and produce progenitor cells that can reconstitute and sustain tumor growth. Evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem-like cells in the thyroid, pituitary, and in other endocrine tissues is rapidly accumulating. These cells have been studied using specific biomarkers including: CD133, CD44, Nestin, Nanog, and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme. Putative cancer stem-like cells can be studied in vitro using serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor grown in low attachment plates or in extracellular matrix leading to sphere formation in vitro. Cancer stem-like cells can also be separated by fluorescent cell sorting and used for in vitro or in vivo studies. Injection of enriched populations of cancer stem-like cells (also referred to as tumor initiating cells) into immunodeficient mice results in growth of xenografts which express cancer stem-like biomarkers. Human cancer stem-like cells have been identified in thyroid cancer cell lines, in primary thyroid cancers, in normal pituitary, and in pituitary tumors. Other recent studies suggest the existence of stem cells and cancer stem-like cells in endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lungs, adrenal, parathyroid, and skin. New discoveries in this field may lead to more effective therapies for highly aggressive and lethal endocrine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, K4/436 CSC 8550, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Abstract
Continuing advances in stem cell science have prompted researchers to envisage the potential application of stem cells for the management of several debilitating disorders, thus raising the expectations of transplant clinicians. In particular, in order to find a source of adult stem cells alternative to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for the exploration of novel strategies in regenerative medicine, researchers have attempted to identify and characterise adult stem/progenitor cells resident in compact organs, since these populations appear to be responsible for physiological tissue renewal and regeneration after injury. In particular, recent studies have also reported evidence for the existence of adult stem/progenitor cell populations in both mouse and human thyroids. Here, I provide a review of published findings about ESC lines capable of generating thyroid follicular cells, thyroid somatic stem cells and cancer stem cells within the thyroid. The three subjects are analysed by also considering the criticism recently raised against their existence and potential utility. I comment specifically on the significance of resident thyroid stem cells in the developmental biology of the gland and their putative role in the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders and on the protocols employed for their identification. I finally provide my opinion on whether from basic science results obtained to date it is possible to extrapolate any convincing basic for future treatment of thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fierabracci
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù Research Institute, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy.
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Mikhailov V, Sokolova A, Serikov V, Kaminskaya E, Churilov L, Trunin E, Sizova E, Kayukov A, Bud’ko M, Zaichik A. Bone marrow stem cells repopulate thyroid in X-ray regeneration in mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2012; 19:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Sastre-Perona A, Santisteban P. Role of the wnt pathway in thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:31. [PMID: 22645520 PMCID: PMC3355838 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is involved in the development of several epithelial tumors. Wnt signaling includes two major types of pathways: (i) the canonical or Wnt/β-catenin pathway; and (ii) the non-canonical pathways, which do not involve β-catenin stabilization. Among these pathways, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has received most attention during the past years for its critical role in cancer. A number of publications emphasize the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in thyroid cancer. This pathway plays a crucial role in development and epithelial renewal, and components such as β-catenin and Axin are often mutated in thyroid cancer. Although it is accepted that altered Wnt signaling is a late event in thyroid cell transformation that affects anaplastic thyroid tumors, recent data suggest that it is also altered in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with RET/PTC mutations. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the main relevant data of Wnt signaling in thyroid cancer, with special emphasis on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sastre-Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, y Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, y Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Santisteban, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain. e-mail:
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30
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms arise in almost every organ of the body and are variably defined according to the site of origin. This Review focuses on neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive tract and pancreas. The 2010 WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system introduces grading and staging tools for neuroendocrine neoplasms. A carcinoid is now defined as a grade 1 or 2 neuroendocrine tumor and grade 3, small-cell or large-cell carcinomas are defined as neuroendocrine carcinoma. Epidemiological data show a worldwide increase in the prevalence and incidence of gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the past few decades, which is probably due to improved methods of detection of these tumors. The current diagnostic procedures and treatment options for neuroendocrine neoplasms are defined and summarized in the Review, although evidence-based data are lacking. Surgery remains the treatment mainstay and somatostatin analogues the basis for both diagnosis and therapy as the only 'theranostic' tool. Emerging compounds including chemotherapeutic agents, small molecules and biological therapies may provide new hope for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rindi
- Institute of Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Policlinico A. Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy.
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Thyrotrophin receptor signaling dependence of Braf-induced thyroid tumor initiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1615-20. [PMID: 21220306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015557108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of BRAF are found in ∼45% of papillary thyroid cancers and are enriched in tumors with more aggressive properties. We developed mice with a thyroid-specific knock-in of oncogenic Braf (LSL-Braf(V600E)/TPO-Cre) to explore the role of endogenous expression of this oncoprotein on tumor initiation and progression. In contrast to other Braf-induced mouse models of tumorigenesis (i.e., melanomas and lung), in which knock-in of Braf(V600E) induces mostly benign lesions, Braf-expressing thyrocytes become transformed and progress to invasive carcinomas with a very short latency, a process that is dampened by treatment with an allosteric MEK inhibitor. These mice also become profoundly hypothyroid due to deregulation of genes involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and consequently have high TSH levels. To determine whether TSH signaling cooperates with oncogenic Braf in this process, we first crossed LSL-Braf(V600E)/TPO-Cre with TshR knockout mice. Although oncogenic Braf was appropriately activated in thyroid follicular cells of these mice, they had a lower mitotic index and were not transformed. Thyroid-specific deletion of the Gsα gene in LSL-Braf(V600E)/TPO-Cre/Gnas-E1(fl/fl) mice also resulted in an attenuated cancer phenotype, indicating that the cooperation of TshR with oncogenic Braf is mediated in part by cAMP signaling. Once tumors were established in mice with wild-type TshR, suppression of TSH did not revert the phenotype. These data demonstrate the key role of TSH signaling in Braf-induced papillary thyroid cancer initiation and provide experimental support for recent observations in humans pointing to a strong association between TSH levels and thyroid cancer incidence.
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Gibelli B, El-Fattah A, Giugliano G, Proh M, Grosso E. Thyroid stem cells--danger or resource? ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2009; 29:290-295. [PMID: 20463832 PMCID: PMC2868206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland has long since been known for its self-renewal ability, mainly in cases of hyperplastic disease such as goitre. Recently the amazing improvement in knowledge about stem cells has explained this potentiality. Some stem cell features and their clinical usefulness are summarized here, reviewing data from the literature: (1) the proven presence of adult stem cells in thyroid tissue, either normal, goitrous or neoplastic, bring with it important implications regarding tissue regeneration and oncogenesis; (2) modifying culture conditions and micro-environment stem cells have led to mature tissue with specialized functions. This has considerably changed the attitude of regenerative medicine and cancer research; (3) finally, identification of stem cells and stem cell markers in thyroid cancer, gives hope for the development of new therapeutic approaches in recurrent or treatment-resistant thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gibelli
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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35
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Latif R, Morshed SA, Zaidi M, Davies TF. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor: impact of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies on multimerization, cleavage, and signaling. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009; 38:319-41, viii. [PMID: 19328414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) has a central role in thyrocyte function and is also one of the major autoantigens for the autoimmune thyroid diseases. We review the post-translational processing, multimerization, and intramolecular cleavage of TSHR, all of which may modulate its signal transduction. The recent characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the TSHR, including stimulating, blocking, and neutral antibodies, have also revealed unique biologic insights into receptor activation and the variety of these TSHR antibodies may help explain the multiple clinical phenotypes seen in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Knowledge of the structure/function relationship of the TSHR is beginning to provide a greater understanding of thyroid physiology and thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA.
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36
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Friedman S, Lu M, Schultz A, Thomas D, Lin RY. CD133+ anaplastic thyroid cancer cells initiate tumors in immunodeficient mice and are regulated by thyrotropin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5395. [PMID: 19404394 PMCID: PMC2671400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. Its rapid onset and resistance to conventional therapeutics contribute to a mean survival of six months after diagnosis and make the identification of thyroid-cancer-initiating cells increasingly important. Methodology/Principal Findings In prior studies of ATC cell lines, CD133+ cells exhibited stem-cell-like features such as high proliferation, self-renewal and colony-forming ability in vitro. Here we show that transplantation of CD133+ cells, but not CD133− cells, into immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice is sufficient to induce growth of tumors in vivo. We also describe how the proportion of ATC cells that are CD133+ increases dramatically over three months of culture, from 7% to more than 80% of the total. This CD133+ cell pool can be further separated by flow cytometry into two distinct populations: CD133+/high and CD133+/low. Although both subsets are capable of long-term tumorigenesis, the rapidly proliferating CD133+/high cells are by far the most efficient. They also express high levels of the stem cell antigen Oct4 and the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone, TSHR. Treating ATC cells with TSH causes a three-fold increase in the numbers of CD133+ cells and elicits a dose-dependent up-regulation of the expression of TSHR and Oct4 in these cells. More importantly, immunohistochemical analysis of tissue specimens from ATC patients indicates that CD133 is highly expressed on tumor cells but not on neighboring normal thyroid cells. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that CD133+ ATC cells are solely responsible for tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Our data also give a unique insight into the regulation of CD133 by TSH. These highly tumorigenic CD133+ cells and the activated TSH signaling pathway may be useful targets for future ATC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Atara Schultz
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dolly Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lichtenauer UD, Beuschlein F. The tumor stem cell concept-implications for endocrine tumors? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:158-63. [PMID: 19027822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis has recently evolved from an increasing body of evidence suggesting that in some cancers a small population of tumor cells with stem cell-like properties represents a critical component that dictates the malignant behavior of a given tumor. These observations challenge classical cancer biology and its theory, that tumor growth is mainly based on genomic alterations followed by modulation of cell cycle pathways, which finally result in uncontrolled clonal proliferation. Over the last few years, much progress in the field of tumor stem cells has been achieved in non-endocrine malignancies. In this review, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the tumor stem cell concept for tumor pathophysiology in general and highlight current models that have the potential to further impact research on endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs D Lichtenauer
- Medical Clinic, University Hospital Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Zito G, Richiusa P, Bommarito A, Carissimi E, Russo L, Coppola A, Zerilli M, Rodolico V, Criscimanna A, Amato M, Pizzolanti G, Galluzzo A, Giordano C. In vitro identification and characterization of CD133(pos) cancer stem-like cells in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3544. [PMID: 18958156 PMCID: PMC2568821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent publications suggest that neoplastic initiation and growth are dependent on a small subset of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a very aggressive solid tumor with poor prognosis, characterized by high dedifferentiation. The existence of CSCs might account for the heterogeneity of ATC lesions. CD133 has been identified as a stem cell marker for normal and cancerous tissues, although its biological function remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings ATC cell lines ARO, KAT-4, KAT-18 and FRO were analyzed for CD133 expression. Flow cytometry showed CD133pos cells only in ARO and KAT-4 (64±9% and 57±12%, respectively). These data were confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. ARO and KAT-4 were also positive for fetal marker oncofetal fibronectin and negative for thyrocyte-specific differentiating markers thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium/iodide symporter. Sorted ARO/CD133pos cells exhibited higher proliferation, self-renewal, colony-forming ability in comparison with ARO/CD133neg. Furthermore, ARO/CD133pos showed levels of thyroid transcription factor TTF-1 similar to the fetal thyroid cell line TAD-2, while the expression in ARO/CD133neg was negligible. The expression of the stem cell marker OCT-4 detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometry was markedly higher in ARO/CD133pos in comparison to ARO/CD133neg cells. The stem cell markers c-KIT and THY-1 were negative. Sensitivity to chemotherapy agents was investigated, showing remarkable resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in ARO/CD133pos when compared with ARO/CD133neg cells. Conclusions/Significance We describe CD133pos cells in ATC cell lines. ARO/CD133pos cells exhibit stem cell-like features - such as high proliferation, self-renewal ability, expression of OCT-4 - and are characterized by higher resistance to chemotherapy. The simultaneous positivity for thyroid specific factor TTF-1 and onfFN suggest they might represent putative thyroid cancer stem-like cells. Our in vitro findings might provide new insights for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zito
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierina Richiusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bommarito
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elvira Carissimi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Russo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Coppola
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Zerilli
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Rodolico
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Criscimanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Galluzzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, DOSAC, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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39
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Mechanick JI, Carpi A. Thyroid cancer: The impact of emerging technologies on clinical practice guidelines. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:554-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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40
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Salvatore G, Carlomagno F, Santoro M. Pros and cons of cellular studies in developing new drugs for thyroid cancers. Thyroid 2008; 18:819-22. [PMID: 18690794 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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