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Kang HJ, Piao MY, Park SJ, Na SW, Kim HJ, Baik M. Effects of ambient temperature and rumen-protected fat supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood parameters during cold season in Korean cattle steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:657-664. [PMID: 30477291 PMCID: PMC6502727 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to evaluate whether cold ambient temperature and dietary rumen-protected fat (RPF) supplementation affect growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters in Korean cattle steers. Methods Twenty Korean cattle steers (body weight [BW], 550.6±9.14 kg; age, 19.7±0.13 months) were divided into a conventional control diet group (n = 10) and a 0.5% RPF supplementation group (n = 10). Steers were fed a concentrate diet (1.6% BW) and a rice straw diet (1 kg/d) for 16 weeks (January 9 to February 5 [P1], February 6 to March 5 [P2], March 6 to April 3 [P3], and April 4 to May 2 [P4]). Results The mean and minimum indoor ambient temperatures in P1 (−3.44°C, −9.40°C) were lower (p<0.001) than those in P3 (5.87°C, −1.86°C) and P4 (11.18°C, 4.28°C). The minimum temperature in P1 fell within the moderate cold-stress (CS) category, as previously reported for dairy cattle, and the minimum temperatures of P2 and P3 were within the mild CS category. Neither month nor RPF supplementation affected the average daily gain or gain-to-feed ratio (p>0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in cold winter than spring. Plasma cortisol concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the coldest month than in the other months. Serum glucose concentrations were generally higher in colder months than in the other months but were unaffected by RPF supplementation. RPF supplementation increased both total cholesterol (p = 0.004) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations (p = 0.03). Conclusion Korean cattle may not be significantly affected by moderate CS, considering that the growth performance of cattle remained unchanged, although variations in blood parameters were observed among the studied months. RPF supplementation altered cholesterol and HDL concentrations but did not affect growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok Joong Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Yu Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Ju Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Weon Na
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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Pineda A, Ballou MA, Campbell JM, Cardoso FC, Drackley JK. Evaluation of serum protein-based arrival formula and serum protein supplement (Gammulin) on growth, morbidity, and mortality of stressed (transport and cold) male dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9027-9039. [PMID: 27614833 PMCID: PMC7094416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies with calves and other species have provided evidence that blood serum-derived proteins and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) may benefit intestinal health. We assessed the effects of supplementing products containing serum proteins as a component of arrival fluid support or serum proteins plus FOS (in addition to additional solids, minerals, and vitamins) in an early life dietary supplement on performance, morbidity, and mortality of stressed (transport, cold) male calves. Male Holstein calves (n = 93) <1 wk old were stratified by arrival body weight (BW) and plasma protein concentration, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of one-time administration of fluid support [either control electrolyte solution (E) or the serum protein-containing arrival formula (AF)] and 14 d of either no supplementation (NG) or supplementation with Gammulin (G; APC Inc., Ankeny, IA), which contains serum proteins and FOS in addition to other solids, minerals, and vitamins. Upon arrival at the research facility, calves were orally administered either AF or E. At the next feeding, half of the calves from each fluid support treatment received either milk replacer (20% crude protein, 20% fat) or the same milk replacer supplemented with G (50 g/d during the first 14 d). Starter and water were freely available. Feed offered and refused was recorded daily. Calf health was assessed by daily assignment of fecal and respiratory scores. Stature measures and BW were determined weekly. Blood samples were obtained at d 0 (before treatments), 2, 7, 14, and 28. Calves were weaned at d 42 and remained in the experiment until d 56. After 2 wk of treatments, calves previously fed AF had greater body length (66.6 vs. 66.0 cm), intakes of dry matter (38.7 vs. 23.5 g/d) and crude protein (9.2 vs. 5.6 g/d) from starter, and cortisol concentration in blood (17.0 vs. 13.9 ng/mL) than calves fed E. Supplementation with G resulted in greater BW gain during the first 2 wk, increased intakes of dry matter and CP, and decreased respiratory scores. For the 8-wk experiment, G supplementation resulted in lower mean fecal score (1.6 vs. 1.8) and fewer antibiotic treatments per calf (1.5 vs. 2.5) than NG. Survival was greater in G than in NG calves (98 vs. 84%). Despite the marked reduction in morbidity and mortality, blood indicators of acute-phase response, urea N, and total protein were not affected by AF or G in transported cold-stressed male calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pineda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | | | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Kang HJ, Lee IK, Piao MY, Gu MJ, Yun CH, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Baik M. Effects of Ambient Temperature on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, and Immune Cell Populations in Korean Cattle Steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:436-43. [PMID: 26950877 PMCID: PMC4811797 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cold may affect growth performance in accordance with the metabolic and immunological activities of animals. We evaluated whether ambient temperature affects growth performance, blood metabolites, and immune cell populations in Korean cattle. Eighteen Korean cattle steers with a mean age of 10 months and a mean weight of 277 kg were used. All steers were fed a growing stage-concentrate diet at a rate of 1.5% of body weight and Timothy hay ad libitum for 8 weeks. Experimental period 1 (P1) was for four weeks from March 7 to April 3 and period 2 (P2) was four weeks from April 4 to May 1. Mean (8.7°C) and minimum (1.0°C) indoor ambient temperatures during P1 were lower (p<0.001) than those (13.0°C and 6.2°C, respectively) during P2. Daily dry matter feed intake in both the concentrate diet and forage groups was higher (p<0.001) during P2 than P1. Average daily weight gain was higher (p<0.001) during P2 (1.38 kg/d) than P1 (1.13 kg/d). Feed efficiency during P2 was higher (p = 0.015) than P1. Blood was collected three times; on March 7, April 4, and May 2. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were higher on March 7 than April 4 and May 2. Blood cortisol, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations did not differ among months. Blood CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+ T cell percentages were higher, while CD8+CD25+ T cell percentage was lower, during the colder month of March than during May, suggesting that ambient temperature affects blood T cell populations. In conclusion, colder ambient temperature decreased growth and feed efficiency in Korean cattle steers. The higher circulating NEFA concentrations observed in March compared to April suggest that lipolysis may occur at colder ambient temperatures to generate heat and maintain body temperature, resulting in lower feed efficiency in March.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - I K Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - M Y Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - M J Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - C H Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea ; Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Pyeongchang 232-196, Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - K H Kim
- Graduate School of International Agriculture Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-196, Korea . ; Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Pyeongchang 232-196, Korea
| | - M Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea ; Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Pyeongchang 232-196, Korea
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Kasari TR. Physiologic mechanisms of adaptation in the fetal calf at birth. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1994; 10:127-36. [PMID: 8199916 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At the moment the umbilicus separates from the fetus during the birthing process, several physiologic functions formerly supported by the dam must become operational in the neonate to ensure survival of the calf. These functions include the ability to maintain adequate oxygen saturation of blood, to regulate acid-base balance, to engage endogenous metabolic pathways for energy production, and to preserve body temperature within critical limits. This article reviews cardiopulmonary function, acid-base balance, and energy metabolism in the fetus and neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kasari
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station
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Abstract
A study was conducted to provide information on the characteristics of skeletal muscle glucocorticoid receptors and to determine the response of serum cortisol and thyroxine secretion to colostrum feeding in the neonatal calf. Twenty-four calves (12 males and 12 females) were obtained immediately postpartum and randomly assigned to one of two treatments after being blocked by breed and sex. The treatments consisted of: 1) pooled colostrum and 2) pooled whole milk, with both treatments being force-fed at birth, 12, 24 and 36 h postpartum. Muscle biopsies (20-30 g) were surgically removed from the right semitendinosus at 36 h postpartum from 14 of the 24 calves (7 male and 7 female). There were no glucocorticoid receptor differences in muscle samples from either the colostrum or milk-fed calves. Binding of dexamethasone to skeletal muscle cytosol indicated a moderate to high affinity (Kd = 2.34 X 10(-8)M) and a low capacity (37.61 fmol/mg cytosolic protein) binding receptor. Competition assays indicated that other non-glucocorticoid hormones had relatively high affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor. The average initial cortisol concentration was highest at birth, 127.9 (SE = 25) and 172.4 (SE = 29) ng/ml for colostrum and milk-fed calves, respectively. Following the initial peak at birth, serum cortisol concentrations declined with time (P less than .05) for both treatments. Serum thyroxine concentrations increased (P less than .05) to reach a peak of 23.3 (SE = 3.1) and 21.0 (SE = 2.9) ug/dl for colostrum and milk-fed calves, respectively, then steadily declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Waggoner
- Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Scibilia LS, Muller LD, Kensinger RS, Sweeney TF, Shellenberger PR. Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat on growth and physiological responses of newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70:1426-33. [PMID: 3624595 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Effects of cold environmental temperature and supplemental dietary fat (energy) on growth rate and physiological responses of young dairy calves fed a milk replacer diet were studied. Thirty-six Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned to one of six treatments allotted in a 2(-4 degrees C or 10 degrees C) X 3(10, 17.5, or 25% dietary fat) factorial arrangement of treatments Calves began the experiment at an average of 6 d of age and received .6 kg dry milk replacer in 4 L of water daily for 3 wk. Average daily gains (kg/d) over the 3-wk trial for calves fed 10, 17.5, and 25% fat diets were-.04, .02, and .09 at -4 degrees C and .15, .22, and .20 at 10 degrees C. Gains were significantly lower for calves housed at -4 degrees C. Rectal temperatures were lower for calves at -4 degrees C than at 10 degrees C and for calves fed 10% versus 25% fat diet. Respiratory rates and water intakes were lower for calves housed at -4 degrees C but were not affected by diet. Concentrations of plasma glucose and prolactin were lower for calves housed at -4 degrees C while concentrations of plasma free fatty acids and growth hormone were not affected by temperature. Plasma free fatty acids were increased by dietary fat, and plasma growth hormone was reduced as dietary fat increased. Calves housed at -4 degrees C had higher maintenance energy requirements (.133 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg.75) than calves housed at 10 degrees C (.101 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg.75).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Degórski A, Prandota J, Lechowski R, Miernik E. Serum lysozyme activity in relation to the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test in newborn calves and cows. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1985; 32:241-8. [PMID: 3927615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1985.tb01941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Boyd JW, Hogg RA. Field investigations on colostrum composition and serum thyroxine, cortisol and immunoglobulin in naturally suckled dairy calves. J Comp Pathol 1981; 91:193-203. [PMID: 7345102 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(81)90024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Massip A. Relationship between pH, plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations in the calf at birth. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1980; 136:597-601. [PMID: 7237093 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)32141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hudson S, Mullord M, Whittlestone WG, Payne E. Plasma corticoid levels in healthy and diarrhoeic calves from birth to 20 days of age. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1976; 132:551-6. [PMID: 990886 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Stephens D, Toner J. Husbandry influences on some physiological parameters of emotional responses in calves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3762(75)90016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Edwards AV, Hardy RN, Malinowska KW. The effects of infusions of synthetic adrenocorticotrophin in the conscious calf. J Physiol 1974; 239:477-98. [PMID: 4369304 PMCID: PMC1330955 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1. A technique is described by which the whole of the effluent blood from the right adrenal gland can be collected as required from conscious, unrestrained calves. The technique may be used to measure adrenal blood flow gravimetrically and to compute the output of adrenal hormones under various conditions in the normal calf.2. In a group of seven calves mean cortisol output from the right adrenal gland was found to vary between 20 and 40 ng.kg(-1) min(-1) and corticosterone between 6 and 18 ng.kg(-1) min(-1) during a 2 hr period, 24 hr after surgery.3. Intravenous infusions of synthetic adrenocorticotrophin (5 ng.kg(-1) min(-1)) produced a significant increase in the output of both cortisol and corticosterone within 5 min. The output of both hormones rose to maximal values within 10-20 min and mean values of approximately 300 ng.kg(-1) min(-1) (cortisol) and 120 ng.kg(-1) min(-1) (corticosterone) were maintained thereafter for the duration of the infusion (120 min). The output of both steroids fell to values comparable with those observed initially within 45-60 min after the infusion was discontinued.4. These changes in glucocorticoid output in response to adrenocorticotrophin produced a significant rise in the concentration of both cortisol and corticosterone in peripheral plasma. It is noteworthy that the rise in the mean corticosterone concentration in the peripheral plasma was substantially less than that which might be expected from relating the rise in mean plasma cortisol concentration to cortisol output.5. The results of control experiments have eliminated the possibility that the sampling procedure might itself increase steroid output or peripheral plasma concentration. Comparison of results from calves of widely disparate ages (8-38 days) provided no evidence that either the resting output of cortisol or corticosterone or the response to adrenocorticotrophin changes with age within the range examined.6. Infusion of adrenocorticotrophin (5 ng.kg(-1) min(-1)) also stimulated an abrupt rise in adrenal blood flow; mean resting flow (210 +/- 23 mul.kg(-1)) increased by approximately 30% within 5 min and attained peak values (355-365 mul.kg(-1) min(-1)) between 10 and 30 min. Thereafter, adrenal blood flow steadily decreased and then fell rapidly to within the resting range when the infusion was terminated. No significant changes in heart rate or aortic blood pressure occurred during these infusions.7. The results are discussed in relation to those obtained in other species and under differing conditions by other workers.
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