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Zhao Z, Patrinely JR, Saknite I, Byrne M, Tkaczyk ER. Guideline for in vivo assessment of adherent and rolling leukocytes in human skin microvasculature via reflectance confocal videomicroscopy. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12725. [PMID: 34409720 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a guideline that reliably identifies cutaneous adherent and rolling leukocytes from mimicking scenarios via in vivo reflectance confocal videomicroscopy. METHODS We used a clinical reflectance confocal microscope, the VivaScope 1500, to acquire 1522 videos of the upper dermal microcirculation from 12 healthy subjects and 60 patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blinded to clinical information, two trained raters independently counted the number of adherent and rolling leukocytes in 88 videos. Based on discrepancies in the initial assessments, we developed a guideline to identify both types of leukocyte-endothelial interactions via a modified Delphi method (without anonymity). To test the guideline's ability to improve the inter-rater reliability, the two raters assessed the remaining 1434 videos by using the guideline. RESULTS We demonstrate a guideline that consists of definitions, a step-by-step flowchart, and corresponding visuals of adherent and rolling leukocytes and mimicking scenarios. The guideline improved the inter-rater reliability of the manual assessment of both interactions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of adherent leukocyte counts increased from 0.056 (95% confidence interval: 0-0.236, n = 88 videos, N = 10 subjects) to 0.791 (0.770-0.809, n = 1434, N = 67). The ICC of rolling leukocyte counts increased from 0.385 (0.191-0.550, n = 88, N = 10) to 0.626 (0.593-0.657, n = 1434, N = 67). Intra-rater ICC post-guideline was 0.953 (0.886-0.981, n = 20, N = 12) and 0.956 (0.894-0.983, n = 20, N = 12) for adherent and rolling, respectively. CONCLUSION The guideline aids in the manual identification of adherent and rolling leukocytes via in vivo reflectance confocal videomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Randall Patrinely
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Inga Saknite
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Byrne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric R Tkaczyk
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Lin WC, Fessler MB. Regulatory mechanisms of neutrophil migration from the circulation to the airspace. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4095-4124. [PMID: 33544156 PMCID: PMC7863617 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neutrophil, a short-lived effector leukocyte of the innate immune system best known for its proteases and other degradative cargo, has unique, reciprocal physiological interactions with the lung. During health, large numbers of ‘marginated’ neutrophils reside within the pulmonary vasculature, where they patrol the endothelial surface for pathogens and complete their life cycle. Upon respiratory infection, rapid and sustained recruitment of neutrophils through the endothelial barrier, across the extravascular pulmonary interstitium, and again through the respiratory epithelium into the airspace lumen, is required for pathogen killing. Overexuberant neutrophil trafficking to the lung, however, causes bystander tissue injury and underlies several acute and chronic lung diseases. Due in part to the unique architecture of the lung’s capillary network, the neutrophil follows a microanatomic passage into the distal airspace unlike that observed in other end-organs that it infiltrates. Several of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the stepwise recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the infected lung have been defined over the past few decades; however, fundamental questions remain. In this article, we provide an updated review and perspective on emerging roles for the neutrophil in lung biology, on the molecular mechanisms that control the trafficking of neutrophils to the lung, and on past and ongoing efforts to design therapeutics to intervene upon pulmonary neutrophilia in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Lin
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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van Steen AC, van der Meer WJ, Hoefer IE, van Buul JD. Actin remodelling of the endothelium during transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Song H, Feng J. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region of hyperlipidemic rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1312-7. [PMID: 25657661 PMCID: PMC4308801 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.17.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral ischemia is a pathological process in many cerebrovascular diseases and it is induced by long-term hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. After being fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries to establish rat models of chronic cerebral ischemia with hyperlipidemia. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat hippocampal CA1 region was determined to better understand the mechanism underlying the effects of hyperlipidemia on chronic cerebral ischemia. Water maze test results showed that the cognitive function of rats with hyperlipidemia or chronic cerebral ischemia, particularly in rats with hyperlipidemia combined with chronic cerebral ischemia, gradually decreased between 1 and 4 months after occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries. This correlated with pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region as detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining showed that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region was noticeably increased in rats with hyperlipidemia or chronic cerebral ischemia, in particular in rats with hyperlipidemia combined with chronic cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that hyperlipidemia aggravates chronic cerebral ischemia-induced neurological damage and cognitive impairment in the rat hippocampal CA1 region, which may be mediated, at least in part, by up-regulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Martinelli R, Kamei M, Sage PT, Massol R, Varghese L, Sciuto T, Toporsian M, Dvorak AM, Kirchhausen T, Springer TA, Carman CV. Release of cellular tension signals self-restorative ventral lamellipodia to heal barrier micro-wounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:449-65. [PMID: 23629967 PMCID: PMC3639391 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201209077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial and epithelial barrier disruptions are detected via local decrease in cellular tension, which are coupled to reactive oxygen species–dependent self-restorative actin remodeling dynamics. Basic mechanisms by which cellular barriers sense and respond to integrity disruptions remain poorly understood. Despite its tenuous structure and constitutive exposure to disruptive strains, the vascular endothelium exhibits robust barrier function. We show that in response to micrometer-scale disruptions induced by transmigrating leukocytes, endothelial cells generate unique ventral lamellipodia that propagate via integrins toward and across these “micro-wounds” to close them. This novel actin remodeling activity progressively healed multiple micro-wounds in succession and changed direction during this process. Mechanical probe-induced micro-wounding of both endothelia and epithelia suggests that ventral lamellipodia formed as a response to force imbalance and specifically loss of isometric tension. Ventral lamellipodia were enriched in the Rac1 effectors cortactin, IQGAP, and p47Phox and exhibited localized production of hydrogen peroxide. Together with Apr2/3, these were functionally required for effective micro-wound healing. We propose that barrier disruptions are detected as local release of isometric tension/force unloading, which is directly coupled to reactive oxygen species–dependent self-restorative actin remodeling dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Küppers V, Vestweber D, Schulte D. Locking endothelial junctions blocks leukocyte extravasation, but not in all tissues. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e23805. [PMID: 24665379 PMCID: PMC3879176 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The passage of leukocytes across the blood vessel wall is a fundamental event in the inflammatory response. During the last decades, there has been significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in leukocyte transmigration. However, it is still a matter of debate whether leukocytes migrate paracellularly or transcellularly through an endothelial cell layer. We could recently show that a VE-cadherin-α-catenin fusion protein locks endothelial junctions in the skin and strongly reduces leukocyte diapedesis in lung, skin and cremaster, establishing the paracellular route as the major transmigration pathway in these tissues. However, the homing of naïve lymphocytes into lymph nodes and extravasation of neutrophils in the inflamed peritoneum were not affected by VE-cadherin-α-catenin. This unexpected heterogeneity of the diapedesis process in different tissues as well as the complexity and dynamics of the cadherin-catenin complex in regulating endothelial junctions will be discussed.
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Vestweber D. Relevance of endothelial junctions in leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1257:184-92. [PMID: 22671605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune surveillance rely on the ability of leukocytes to leave the blood stream and enter tissue. Cytokines and chemokines regulate expression and the activation state of adhesion molecules that enable leukocytes to adhere and arrest at sites of leukocyte exit. Capturing and arrest is followed by the transmigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall-a process called diapedesis. The review will focus on recently published novel approaches to determine the route that leukocytes take in vivo when they migrate through the endothelial layer of blood vessels. This work has revealed the dominant importance of the junctional pathway between endothelial cells in vivo. In addition, recent progress has improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate junctional stability, the opening of endothelial junctions during leukocyte extravasation, and the induction of vascular permeability.
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Bencurova E, Mlynarcik P, Bhide M. An insight into the ligand-receptor interactions involved in the translocation of pathogens across blood-brain barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:297-318. [PMID: 22092557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traversal of pathogen across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential step for central nervous system (CNS) invasion. Pathogen traversal can occur paracellularly, transcellularly, and/or in infected phagocytes (Trojan horse mechanism). To trigger the translocation processes, mainly through paracellular and transcellular ways, interactions between protein molecules of pathogen and BBB are inevitable. Simply, it takes two to tango: both host receptors and pathogen ligands. Underlying molecular basis of BBB translocation of various pathogens has been revealed in the last decade, and a plethora of experimental data on protein-protein interactions has been created. This review compiles these data and should give insights into the ligand-receptor interactions that occur during BBB translocation. Further, it sheds light on cell signaling events triggered in response to ligand-receptor interaction. Understanding of the molecular principles of pathogen-host interactions that are involved in traversal of the BBB should contribute to develop new vaccine and drug strategies to prevent CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bencurova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
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Schulte D, Küppers V, Dartsch N, Broermann A, Li H, Zarbock A, Kamenyeva O, Kiefer F, Khandoga A, Massberg S, Vestweber D. Stabilizing the VE-cadherin-catenin complex blocks leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability. EMBO J 2011; 30:4157-70. [PMID: 21857650 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether leukocytes need to open endothelial cell contacts during extravasation, we decided to generate mice with strongly stabilized endothelial junctions. To this end, we replaced VE-cadherin genetically by a VE-cadherin-α-catenin fusion construct. Such mice were completely resistant to the induction of vascular leaks by VEGF or histamine. Neutrophil or lymphocyte recruitment into inflamed cremaster, lung and skin were strongly inhibited in these mice, documenting the importance of the junctional route in vivo. Surprisingly, lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes was not inhibited. VE-cadherin-α-catenin associated more intensely with the actin cytoskeleton as demonstrated by its membrane mobility and detergent extractability. Our results establish the junctional route as the main pathway for extravasating leukocytes in several, although not in all tissues. Furthermore, in these tissues, plasticity of the VE-cadherin-catenin complex is central for the leukocyte diapedesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Schulte
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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10
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Woodfin A, Voisin MB, Beyrau M, Colom B, Caille D, Diapouli FM, Nash GB, Chavakis T, Albelda SM, Rainger GE, Meda P, Imhof BA, Nourshargh S. The junctional adhesion molecule JAM-C regulates polarized transendothelial migration of neutrophils in vivo. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:761-9. [PMID: 21706006 PMCID: PMC3145149 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The migration of neutrophils into inflamed tissues is a fundamental component of innate immunity. A decisive step in this process is the polarized migration of blood neutrophils through endothelial cells (ECs) lining the venular lumen (transendothelial migration (TEM)) in a luminal-to-abluminal direction. By real-time confocal imaging, we found that neutrophils had disrupted polarized TEM ('hesitant' and 'reverse') in vivo. We noted these events in inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion injury, characterized by lower expression of junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) at EC junctions, and they were enhanced by blockade or genetic deletion of JAM-C in ECs. Our results identify JAM-C as a key regulator of polarized neutrophil TEM in vivo and suggest that reverse TEM of neutrophils can contribute to the dissemination of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Martina Beyrau
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Frantzeska-Maria Diapouli
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | | | | | - G Ed Rainger
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - Paolo Meda
- Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Carman CV. Mechanisms for transcellular diapedesis: probing and pathfinding by 'invadosome-like protrusions'. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3025-35. [PMID: 19692589 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-system functions require that blood leukocytes continuously traffic throughout the body and repeatedly cross endothelial barriers (i.e. diapedese) as they enter (intravasate) and exit (extravasate) the circulation. The very earliest studies to characterize diapedesis directly in vivo suggested the coexistence of two distinct migratory pathways of leukocytes: between (paracellular pathway) and directly through (transcellular pathway) individual endothelial cells. In vivo studies over the past 50 years have demonstrated significant use of the transcellular diapedesis pathway in bone marrow, thymus, secondary lymphoid organs, various lymphatic structures and peripheral tissues during inflammation and across the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier during inflammatory pathology. Recently, the first in vitro reports of transcellular diapedesis have emerged. Together, these in vitro and in vivo observations suggest a model of migratory pathfinding in which dynamic 'invadosome-like protrusions' formed by leukocytes have a central role in both identifying and exploiting endothelial locations that are permissive for transcellular diapedesis. Such 'probing' activity might have additional roles in this and other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Pathologische Anatomie Leiden-endothelium antibody has been used for more than 20 years as a marker for vascular endothelium. Despite its widespread use, the target of this antibody was only recently identified as plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1 (PV-1). However, no function has been identified for this molecule. Here we report that activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha resulted in a remarkable redistribution of PV-1 toward the peripheral areas of the cells. Furthermore, in vitro endpoint transmigration experiments showed that transcellularly migrating lymphocytes are surrounded by rings containing PV-1 and caveolin-1. Moreover, PV-1 associates physically with vimentin. In addition, administration of anti-PV-1 antibody during capillary flow assays resulted in a significant inhibition of lymphocyte transmigration through the endothelial cell layer, whereas rolling and adhesion were unaffected. In vivo blockage of PV-1 by an antibody in acute peritonitis and air pouch model resulted in a significant decrease in the number of migrating leukocytes. Here we thus define leukocyte transendothelial migration as the first known function for PV-1.
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Marmon S, Hinchey J, Oh P, Cammer M, de Almeida CJ, Gunther L, Raine CS, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 expression determines the route of neutrophil extravasation through skin microvasculature. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:684-92. [PMID: 19164603 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 plays a key role in the acute inflammatory response by mediating recruitment of neutrophils through vessel walls into affected tissues. During this process, molecular signals guide circulating blood neutrophils to target specific vessels for extravasation and to migrate through such vessels via particular routes. Our results show that levels of endothelial caveolin-1, the protein responsible for the induction of the membrane domains known as caveolae, are critical to each of these processes. We demonstrate that, in response to the intradermal injection of interleukin-8, neutrophils are preferentially recruited to a unique subset of venules that express high levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and low levels of caveolin-1. Our results show that neutrophils traverse human dermal microvascular endothelial cells using one of two pathways: a transcellular route directly through the cell or a paracellular route through cellular junctions. Caveolin-1 expression appears to favor the transcellular path while down-regulation of caveolin-1 promotes the paracellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Marmon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Marmon S, Cammer M, Raine CS, Lisanti MP. Transcellular migration of neutrophils is a quantitatively significant pathway across dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:88-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Carman CV, Springer TA. Trans-cellular migration: cell-cell contacts get intimate. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:533-40. [PMID: 18595683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trans-cellular migration, the movement of one cell directly through another, seems an unlikely, counterintuitive, and even bizarre process. Trans-cellular migration has been reported for nearly half a century in leukocyte transendothelial migration in vivo, but is not well enough accepted to widely feature in textbook accounts of diapedesis. Recently, the first in vitro and additional in vivo observations of trans-cellular diapedesis have been reported. Mechanisms by which this occurs are just beginning to be elucidated and point to podosome-like protrusive activities in leukocytes and specific fusogenic functions in endothelial cells. Emerging evidence for a quantitatively significant contribution of trans-cellular migration to leukocyte trafficking in increasingly diverse settings suggests that this phenomenon represents an important and physiologic cell biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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The "mode" of lymphocyte extravasation through HEV of Peyer's patches and its role in normal homing and inflammation. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:227-37. [PMID: 17980391 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mode of lymphocyte transendothelial migration in the postcapillary high endothelial venules (HEVs) of Peyer's patches during normal homing and acute inflammation in the guinea pig was studied. It is common opinion that the lymphocyte transendothelial passage from the blood stream into the extravasal lymphoid tissue calls for a multistep process of endothelial and lymphocyte molecules favoring tethering, rolling, activation, arrest and its firm adhesion to the endothelial luminal surface. Ultrastructural serial pictures and the three-dimensional reconstruction of HEVs with lymphocytes during different moments of their transmigration through the endothelial wall enabled us to demonstrate in vivo the morphological modality of their extravasation in lymphoid tissue. The latter is accomplished by means of an intraendothelial canalicular formation (6.8-7.2 microm long and 2.1-2.2 microm in diameter), whose creation depends on the particular behavior of adjacent endothelial cells, without compromising the interendothelial contacts. This new canalicular pathway of lymphocyte extravasation, particularly selective for the B cell, does not permit confirmation of the dogmas of the transcellular and paracellular (open interendothelial junctions) modes that have prevailed in recent decades. The lack of knowledge regarding the molecular bases that would induce constitution of this intraendothelial canalicular formation is a critical point for stimulating future interdisciplinary research aimed at developing strategies for modulating normal lymphocyte homing and in inflammation.
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Boyer L, Doye A, Rolando M, Flatau G, Munro P, Gounon P, Clément R, Pulcini C, Popoff MR, Mettouchi A, Landraud L, Dussurget O, Lemichez E. Induction of transient macroapertures in endothelial cells through RhoA inhibition by Staphylococcus aureus factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:809-19. [PMID: 16754962 PMCID: PMC2063895 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200509009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The GTPase RhoA is a major regulator of the assembly of actin stress fibers and the contractility of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. The epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor (EDIN) and EDIN-like ADP-ribosyltransferases of Staphylococcus aureus catalyze the inactivation of RhoA, producing actin cable disruption. We report that purified recombinant EDIN and EDIN-producing S. aureus provoke large transcellular tunnels in endothelial cells that we have named macroapertures (MAs). These structures open transiently, followed by the appearance of actin-containing membrane waves extending over the aperture. Disruption of actin cables, either directly or indirectly, through rhoA RNAi knockdown also triggers the formation of MAs. Intoxication of endothelial monolayers by EDIN produces a loss of barrier function and provides direct access of the endothelium basement membrane to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Boyer
- Toxines Bactériennes dans la Relation Hôte-Pathogènes, U627, Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Molteni R, Fabbri M, Bender JR, Pardi R. Pathophysiology of leukocyte-tissue interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:491-8. [PMID: 16904306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlike most somatic cells, leukocytes are constitutively non-adherent. However, adhesive interactions are not only a required step in essentially all effector functions performed by leukocytes, but they also relay increasingly well-defined intracellular signals that affect the leukocyte as well as the surrounding tissues. Dissecting such signals in leukocytes has provided a wealth of information that contributes to our understanding of how adhesion controls higher-order biological responses, ranging from cell migration to proliferation, differentiation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Molteni
- Unit of Leukocyte Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, DIBIT-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Leucocytes in the bloodstream respond rapidly to inflammatory signals by crossing the blood vessel wall and entering the tissues. This process involves adhesion to, and subsequent transmigration across, the endothelium, mediated by a cascade of interactions between adhesion molecules and stimulation of intracellular signalling pathways in both leucocytes and endothelial cells. This leads to changes in endothelial cell morphology that assist leucocyte extravasation, including endothelial cell contraction, intercellular junction disruption, increased permeability, remodelling of the endothelial apical surface and alterations in vesicle trafficking. Rho GTPases play a central role in many of the endothelial responses to leucocyte interaction. In this review, we discuss recent findings on leucocyte-induced alterations to endothelial cells, and the roles of Rho GTPases in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Millán
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, 91 Riding House Street, London W1W 7BS, U.K., and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, U.K
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, 91 Riding House Street, London W1W 7BS, U.K., and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (email )
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20
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Yang L, Froio RM, Sciuto TE, Dvorak AM, Alon R, Luscinskas FW. ICAM-1 regulates neutrophil adhesion and transcellular migration of TNF-alpha-activated vascular endothelium under flow. Blood 2005; 106:584-92. [PMID: 15811956 PMCID: PMC1635241 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) occurs at endothelial cell junctions (paracellular) and nonjunctional (transcellular) locations, whereas in vitro models report that TEM is mostly paracellular. The mechanisms that control the route of leukocyte TEM remain unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that elevated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression regulates the location of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) TEM. We used an in vitro flow model of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-activated human umbilical vein endothelium cells (HUVECs) or an HUVEC cell line transfected with ICAM-1GFP (green fluorescent protein) and live-cell fluorescence microscopy to quantify the location of PMN adhesion and TEM. We observed robust transcellular TEM with TNF-alpha-activated HUVECs and ICAM-1GFP immortalized HUVECS (iHUVECs). In contrast, primary CD3+ T lymphocytes exclusively used a paracellular route. Endothelial ICAM-1 was identified as essential for both paracellular and transcellular PMN transmigration, and interfering with ICAM-1 cytoplasmic tail function preferentially reduced transcellular TEM. We also found that ICAM-1 surface density and distribution as well as endothelial cell shape contributed to transcellular TEM. In summary, ICAM-1 promotes junctional and nonjunctional TEM across inflamed vascular endothelium via distinct cytoplasmic tail associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 752P, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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21
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Hashimoto K, Kataoka N, Nakamura E, Asahara H, Ogasawara Y, Tsujioka K, Kajiya F. Direct observation and quantitative analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of individual living monocytes during transendothelial migration. Atherosclerosis 2005; 177:19-27. [PMID: 15488861 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To visualize and quantitatively analyze spatiotemporal dynamics of individual living monocytes during transendothelial migration (TEM). METHODS AND RESULTS We developed an in vitro new experimental system using confocal laser scanning microscope with following two improvements: (1) ultra thin collagen gel layer (30-50 microm thick) constructed under human umbilical vein endothelial cell layer for three-dimensional observation with high magnification; (2) appropriate fluorescent labeling of living monocytes and endothelial cells to keep highest cell activity. Individual monocytes behaved quite diversely. Approximately 70% of adhered monocytes directionally crawled to intercellular junction, and started invasion. Time from adhesion to start of invasion was 8.6 +/- 5.4 min (mean +/- S.D., n=61 monocytes). Approximately 80% of such invading monocytes completed TEM, but remaining 20% of once invading monocytes hesitated transmigration, and returned onto the endothelial surface. Time from start to finish of invasion was 6.3 +/- 3.2 min (mean +/- S.D., n=53 monocytes). CONCLUSIONS Using our collagen gel-based newly-developed system, we visualized and quantitatively analyzed detailed spatiotemporal, three-dimensional dynamics of individual living monocytes during TEM. We revealed that monocytes encountered at least two hurdles, at starting invasion, and leaving endothelium, to achieve complete TEM. Approximately 56% (80% of 70% of adhered monocytes) passed both hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
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22
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Cinamon G, Shinder V, Shamri R, Alon R. Chemoattractant signals and beta 2 integrin occupancy at apical endothelial contacts combine with shear stress signals to promote transendothelial neutrophil migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:7282-91. [PMID: 15585851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is promoted by fluid shear signals and apical endothelial chemokines. Studying the role of these signals in neutrophil migration across differently activated HUVEC in a flow chamber apparatus, we gained new insights into how neutrophils integrate multiple endothelial signals to promote TEM. Neutrophils crossed highly activated HUVEC in a beta(2) integrin-dependent manner but independently of shear. In contrast, neutrophil migration across resting or moderately activated endothelium with low-level beta(2) integrin ligand activity was dramatically augmented by endothelial-presented chemoattractants, conditional to application of physiological shear stresses and intact beta(2) integrins. Shear stress signals were found to stimulate extensive neutrophil invaginations into the apical endothelial interface both before and during TEM. A subset of invaginating neutrophils completed transcellular diapedesis through individual endothelial cells within <1 min. Our results suggest that low-level occupancy of beta(2) integrins by adherent neutrophils can mediate TEM only if properly coupled to stimulatory shear stress and chemoattractant signals transduced at the apical neutrophil-endothelial interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cinamon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Abstract
Leukocyte migration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules and then migrate across the vascular endothelium. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules and their counter-receptors on leukocytes generate intracellular signals. This review focuses on the active function of endothelial cells during leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. We include a discussion of the "outside-in" signals in endothelial cells, which are stimulated by antibody cross-linking or leukocyte binding to platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Some of these signals in endothelial cells have been demonstrated to actively participate in leukocyte migration. We suggest that some of the adhesion molecule signals, which have not been assigned a function, are consistent with signals that stimulate retraction of lateral junctions, stimulate endothelial cell basal surface adhesion, or induce gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA.
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24
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Ferreira AM, McNeil CJ, Stallaert KM, Rogers KA, Sandig M. Interleukin-1β Reduces Transcellular Monocyte Diapedesis and Compromises Endothelial Adherens Junction Integrity. Microcirculation 2005; 12:563-79. [PMID: 16207629 DOI: 10.1080/10739680500253493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diapedesis occurs through endothelial cell-cell junctions (paracellular) or through individual endothelial cells without disrupting junctions (transcellular). While in vitro studies have provided considerable insight into mechanisms controlling paracellular diapedesis, little is known about what regulates transcellular diapedesis. The authors investigated whether transcellular diapedesis is susceptible to IL-1beta exposure of the endothelium. METHODS Laser scanning confocal microscopy and biochemical analysis were used to determine the effect of IL-1beta pretreatment of the endothelium on adherens junctional morphology and monocyte transcellular diapedesis in cocultures of human peripheral blood monocytes and coronary artery endothelial cells. RESULTS IL-1beta pretreatment caused a 40% decrease in the number of migrating monocytes that used a transcellular route of diapedesis, and resulted in elongate endothelial cell morphology, a reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, and a significant decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance. In IL-1beta treated monolayers, VE-cadherin and its associated catenins were distributed in a punctate pattern in comparison to the lacy pattern seen in control monolayers. Coimmunoprecipitation of VE-cadherin molecular assemblies revealed that IL-1beta-mediated changes in distribution were associated with a decrease in the presence of cadherin/catenin complexes in the detergent insoluble fraction. CONCLUSIONS IL-1beta-induced rearrangement of interendothelial adherens junctions facilitates paracellular diapedesis at the expense of transcellular diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Carman CV, Springer TA. A transmigratory cup in leukocyte diapedesis both through individual vascular endothelial cells and between them. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 167:377-88. [PMID: 15504916 PMCID: PMC2172560 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200404129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The basic route and mechanisms for leukocyte migration across the endothelium remain poorly defined. We provide definitive evidence for transcellular (i.e., through individual endothelial cells) diapedesis in vitro and demonstrate that virtually all, both para- and transcellular, diapedesis occurs in the context of a novel “cuplike” transmigratory structure. This endothelial structure was comprised of highly intercellular adhesion molecule-1– and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1–enriched vertical microvilli-like projections that surrounded transmigrating leukocytes and drove redistribution of their integrins into linear tracks oriented parallel to the direction of diapedesis. Disruption of projections was highly correlated with inhibition of transmigration. These findings suggest a novel mechanism, the “transmigratory cup”, by which the endothelium provides directional guidance to leukocytes for extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Hoshi O, Ushiki T. Neutrophil extravasation in rat mesenteric venules induced by the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-luecyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), with special attention to a barrier function of the vascular basal lamina for neutrophil migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 67:107-14. [PMID: 15125027 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.67.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate morphologically the process of neutrophil extravasation induced by the synthetic bacterial peptide N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in venules of the rat mesentery by the combined use of intravital microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Special attention was given to the interaction of the neutrophils with the endothelial cells and endothelial basal lamina. By intravital microscopy, the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes were observed within 3 min in preparations activated by fMLP. Neutrophils remained in the vascular wall for more than 30 min even after penetration of the endothelium. In this period, neutrophils migrating between endothelial cells and their basal lamina were often observed by TEM. After 40 min application of fMLP, some of the migrating neutrophils parted from the vessel wall into the surrounding connective tissues. There were neutrophils which passed through the small pore of the basal lamina with a cytoplasmic constriction. These findings indicate that the endothelial basal lamina acts as a physical barrier against neutrophil extravasation, thus resulting in the transient retainment of neutrophils beneath the endothelial cells of the venular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hoshi
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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27
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Burns AR, Smith CW, Walker DC. Unique structural features that influence neutrophil emigration into the lung. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:309-36. [PMID: 12663861 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil emigration in the lung differs substantially from that in systemic vascular beds where extravasation occurs primarily through postcapillary venules. Migration into the alveolus occurs directly from alveolar capillaries and appears to progress through a sequence of steps uniquely influenced by the cellular anatomy and organization of the alveolar wall. The cascade of adhesive and stimulatory events so critical to the extravasation of neutrophils from postcapillary venules in many tissues is not evident in this setting. Compelling evidence exists for unique cascades of biophysical, adhesive, stimulatory, and guidance factors that arrest neutrophils in the alveolar capillary bed and direct their movement through the endothelium, interstitial space, and alveolar epithelium. A prominent path accessible to the neutrophil appears to be determined by the structural interactions of endothelial cells, interstitial fibroblasts, as well as type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Burns
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, The DeBakey Heart Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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28
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Middleton J, Patterson AM, Gardner L, Schmutz C, Ashton BA. Leukocyte extravasation: chemokine transport and presentation by the endothelium. Blood 2002; 100:3853-60. [PMID: 12433694 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.12.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At sites of inflammation and in normal immune surveillance, chemokines direct leukocyte migration across the endothelium. Many cell types that are extravascular can produce chemokines, and for these mediators to directly elicit leukocyte migration from the blood, they would need to reach the luminal surface of the endothelium. This article reviews the evidence that endothelial cells are active in transcytosing chemokines to their luminal surfaces, where they are presented to leukocytes. The endothelial binding sites that transport and present chemokines include glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and possibly the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC). The binding residues on chemokines that interact with GAGs are discussed, as are the carbohydrate structures on GAGs that bind these cytokines. The expression of particular GAG structures by endothelial cells may lend selectivity to the type of chemokine presented in a given tissue, thereby contributing to selective leukocyte recruitment. At the luminal surface of the endothelium, chemokines are preferentially presented to blood leukocytes on the tips of microvillous processes. Similarly, certain adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors are also preferentially distributed on leukocyte and endothelial microvilli, and evidence suggests an important role for these structures in creating the necessary surface topography for leukocyte migration. Finally, the mechanisms of chemokine transcytosis and presentation by endothelial cells are incorporated into the current model of chemokine-driven leukocyte extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Middleton
- Leopold Muller Arthritis Research Centre, Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University at Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom.
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29
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ALEXANDER JSTEVEN, ELROD JOHNW, PARK JAEH. Roles of Leukocyte and Immune Cell Junctional Proteins. Microcirculation 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2001.tb00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Kvietys PR, Sandig M. Neutrophil diapedesis: paracellular or transcellular? NEWS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY PRODUCED JOINTLY BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2001; 16:15-9. [PMID: 11390940 DOI: 10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To reach an inflammatory site in the interstitium, circulating neutrophils (PMN) must first traverse the endothelial barrier. Whether PMN emigrate between endothelial cells (paracellular pathway) or through the endothelial cells proper (transcellular pathway) is controversial. Herein, we present anatomic, functional, and teleological arguments that support both points of view. An attempt is also made to reconcile this apparent controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kvietys
- Vascular Biology Program at the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4G5, Canada
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31
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Oztürk S, Deveci M, Sengezer M, Günhan O. Results of artificial inflammation in scarless foetal wound healing: an experimental study in foetal lambs. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2001; 54:47-52. [PMID: 11121318 DOI: 10.1054/bjps.2000.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the foetus responds to injury in a fashion fundamentally different from the adult. Foetal wound healing occurs without scar formation. The mechanisms causing this difference are still not well defined but absence of inflammation may play a significant role. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificially induced inflammation on scarless foetal wound healing. Twelve time-dated pregnant ewes underwent hysterotomies at 70 and 90 days' gestation. A potent chemoattractant agent (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) was injected into the upper lip of the foetus in the first operation. In the second operation, a full-thickness incisional wound on the right side and a 3-mm excisional wound on the left side of the upper lip were created and closed primarily. A control wound was created on the lower lip. Macroscopic and histologic examinations of the wounds after birth revealed visible scar lines on the upper-lip wounds but no scar line on the lower lip, and an increase in fibrous tissue and collagen content in the upper-lip wounds. We have shown that injecting a chemotactic agent can stimulate inflammation in a period of gestation when tissue injury can not. Although lack of inflammation due to tissue injury in the early period of foetal life may be an important cause of scarless healing, further experimental studies should be carried out to investigate the pathways that are not activated by tissue injury, the immune status of the foetus and the growth factors involved in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oztürk
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Corlu Military Hospital, Corlu, Turkey
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