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Neural Regulations in Tooth Development and Tooth-Periodontium Complex Homeostasis: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214150. [PMID: 36430624 PMCID: PMC9698398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth-periodontium complex and its nerves have active reciprocal regulation during development and homeostasis. These effects are predominantly mediated by a range of molecules secreted from either the nervous system or the tooth-periodontium complex. Different strategies mimicking tooth development or physiological reparation have been applied to tooth regeneration studies, where the application of these nerve- or tooth-derived molecules has been proven effective. However, to date, basic studies in this field leave many vacancies to be filled. This literature review summarizes the recent advances in the basic studies on neural responses and regulation during tooth-periodontium development and homeostasis and points out some research gaps to instruct future studies. Deepening our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tooth development and diseases will provide more clues for tooth regeneration.
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The cellular and molecular basis of somatosensory neuron development. Neuron 2021; 109:3736-3757. [PMID: 34592169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary somatosensory neurons convey salient information about our external environment and internal state to the CNS, allowing us to detect, perceive, and react to a wide range of innocuous and noxious stimuli. Pseudo-unipolar in shape, and among the largest (longest) cells of most mammals, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) somatosensory neurons have peripheral axons that extend into skin, muscle, viscera, or bone and central axons that innervate the spinal cord and brainstem, where they synaptically engage the central somatosensory circuitry. Here, we review the diversity of mammalian DRG neuron subtypes and the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that control their development. We describe classical and contemporary advances that frame our understanding of DRG neurogenesis, transcriptional specification of DRG neurons, and the establishment of morphological, physiological, and synaptic diversification across somatosensory neuron subtypes.
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Silva RAB, Vieira HAO, de Gregorio C, Cohenca N, Lucisano MP, Pucinelli CM, Paula-Silva FWG, Nelson-Filho P, Romano FL, Assed Bezerra Silva L. Periodontal ligament repair after active splinting of replanted dogs' teeth. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:758-771. [PMID: 34198370 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The high rate of root resorption resulting from tooth replantation represents a serious clinical problem. In order to prevent ankylosis and replacement resorption, the contemporary literature highlights the importance of using a flexible stabilization for traumatized teeth. For this purpose, orthodontic devices may be promising for obtaining a better prognosis and periodontal repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an active splinting protocol with controlled force in dog's teeth following replantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty premolar roots from three dogs were used. They were submitted to endodontic treatment, hemisected, atraumatically extracted and subsequently replanted. They were divided into four groups: Passive Stabilization (n = 20)-after 20 min in a dry medium; Active Stabilization (n = 20)-after 20 min in a dry medium; Negative control (n = 10)-immediate replantation and passive Stabilization; and Positive control (n = 10)-90 min of extra-alveolar time and passive Stabilization. The samples were collected and submitted to histologic processing. They were then evaluated for the count of inflammatory cells, expression of neurotrophin 4, osteoclasts, apoptotic cells and collagen fibres. The results were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests followed by Tukey or Dunn post-tests (α = 5%). RESULTS Passive Stabilization with orthodontic brackets without traction used after replantation had the highest number of inflammatory cells (p = .0122), osteoclasts (p = .0013) and percentage of collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament (p < .0001) when compared to Active Stabilization with orthodontic brackets applying amild tensile force. Neurotrophin 4 had no statistically significant difference (p = .05), regardless of the treatment. The apoptotic cells count revealed statistical differences (p < .0001) between Active Stabilization (189.70 ± 47.99) and Positive Control (198.90 ± 88.92) when compared to Passive Stabilization (21.19 ± 32.94). CONCLUSION The active splinting protocol using orthodontic appliances generating a light and controlled force favoured periodontal ligament repair of replanted teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nestor Cohenca
- Department of Endodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Maschietto Pucinelli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Piancino MG, Isola G, Cannavale R, Cutroneo G, Vermiglio G, Bracco P, Anastasi GP. From periodontal mechanoreceptors to chewing motor control: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 78:109-121. [PMID: 28226300 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This critical review summarizes the current knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of periodontal mechanoreceptors, and understands their role in the signal pathways and functional motor control. METHOD A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Original articles were searched through Pubmed, Cochrane Central database and Embase until january 2016. RESULT 1466 articles were identified through database searching and screened by reviewing the abstracts. 160 full-text were assessed for eligibility, and after 109 exclusion, 51 articles were included in the review process. Studies selected by the review process were mainly divided in studies on animal and studies on humans. Morphological, histological, molecular and electrophysiological studies investigating the periodontal mechanoreceptors in animals and in humans were included, evaluated and described. CONCLUSION Our knowledge of the periodontal mechanoreceptors, let us conclude that they are very refined neural receptors, deeply involved in the activation and coordination of the masticatory muscles during function. Strictly linked to the rigid structure of the teeth, they determine all the functional physiological and pathological processes of the stomatognathic system. The knowledge of their complex features is fundamental for all dental professionists. Further investigations are of utmost importance for guiding the technological advances in the respect of the neural control in the dental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Piancino
- Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology-Masticatory Function, Turin University, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology-Masticatory Function, Turin University, Italy
| | - Rosangela Cannavale
- Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology-Masticatory Function, Turin University, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina University, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vermiglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina University, Italy
| | - Pietro Bracco
- Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology-Masticatory Function, Turin University, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pio Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina University, Italy
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Olson W, Dong P, Fleming M, Luo W. The specification and wiring of mammalian cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:389-404. [PMID: 26992078 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) are a diverse set of primary somatosensory neurons that function to sense external mechanical force. Generally, LTMRs are composed of Aβ-LTMRs, Aδ-LTMRs, and C-LTMRs, which have distinct molecular, physiological, anatomical, and functional features. The specification and wiring of each type of mammalian cutaneous LTMRs is established during development by the interplay of transcription factors with trophic factor signalling. In this review, we summarize the cohort of extrinsic and intrinsic factors generating the complex mammalian cutaneous LTMR circuits that mediate our tactile sensations and behaviors. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Fleming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fleming MS, Luo W. The anatomy, function, and development of mammalian Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8. [PMID: 24376457 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Touch sensation is critical for our social and environmental interactions. In mammals, most discriminative light touch sensation is mediated by the Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Cell bodies of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors are located in the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia, which extend a central projection innervating the spinal cord and brain stem and a peripheral projection innervating the specialized mechanosensory end organs. These specialized mechanosensory end organs include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, lanceolate endings, Merkel cells, and Ruffini corpuscles. The morphologies and physiological properties of these mechanosensory end organs and their innervating neurons have been investigated for over a century. In addition, recent advances in mouse genetics have enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the development of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors, which highlight the crucial roles of neurotrophic factor signaling and transcription factor activity in this process. Here, we will review the anatomy, physiological properties, and development of mammalian low-threshold Aβ mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Fleming
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
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Iwamoto T, Yamada A, Arakaki M, Sugawara Y, Ono M, Futaki M, Yoshizaki K, Fukumoto E, Nakamura T, Fukumoto S. Expressions and Functions of Neurotrophic Factors in Tooth Development. J Oral Biosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(11)80031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ohishi M, Harada F, Rahman F, Saito I, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. GDNF Expression in Terminal Schwann Cells Associated With the Periodontal Ruffini Endings of the Rat Incisors During Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1185-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Igarashi Y, Aita M, Suzuki A, Nandasena T, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. Involvement of GDNF and its receptors in the maturation of the periodontal Ruffini endings. Neurosci Lett 2007; 412:222-6. [PMID: 17178438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study revealed an intense immunoreaction for GDNF and its receptors in the Ruffini endings, primary mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament, of young rats. However, no information is available for the expression of GDNF and its receptors during their development. The present study aimed to reveal postnatal changes in the immuno-expression of GDNF, GFRalpha1 and RET in the periodontal Ruffini endings of the rat incisors by double immunofluorescent staining. At postnatal day 3 (PO 3d), no structure with GDNF-, GFRalpha1-, or RET-immunoreaction existed in the periodontal ligament. The PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers without GDNF- and RET-immunoreaction displayed a dendritic fashion at PO 1w, with a GFRalpha1-reaction found around these nerves. At PO 2w, GDNF-positive terminal Schwann cells occurred near the thick and dendritic axons, a part of which showed a RET-reaction, with no reactive cells near the thin nerves. The terminal Schwann cells became positive for GFRalpha1, but lacked RET-immunoreaction. At PO 3w, when the formation of the periodontal Ruffini endings had proceeded, GDNF-positive terminal Schwann cells began to increase in number. This stage-specific immuno-expression pattern suggests that GDNF is a key molecule for the maturation and maintenance of the periodontal Ruffini endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Igarashi
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Jabbar S, Harada F, Aita M, Ohishi M, Saito I, Kawano Y, Suzuki A, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. Involvement of neurotrophin-4/5 in regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings at the early stage. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:400-12. [PMID: 17245704 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) in the regeneration of mechanoreceptors. Therefore, the present study examined the regeneration process of Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament in nt-4/5-deficient and wildtype mice following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, and by computer-assisted quantitative image analysis. Furthermore, rescue experiments by a continuous administration of recombinant NT-4/5 were performed and analyzed quantitatively. At postoperative day 3 (PO 3d), almost all PGP 9.5-positive neural elements had disappeared; they began to appear in both types of animals at PO 7d. At PO 10d, almost all nerve fibers showed a beaded appearance, with fewer ramifications in both types of mice. Although the regeneration proceeded in the wildtype, a major population of the periodontal Ruffini endings continued to display smooth outlines at PO 28d in the nt-4/5 homozygous mice. The reduction ratio of neural density reached a maximum at PO 3d, decreased at PO 10d, and later showed a plateau. In a rescue experiment, an administration of NT-4/5 showed an acceleration of nerve regeneration in the homozygous mice. These findings indicate that the nt-4/5-depletion causes a delay in the regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings, but the delay is shortened by an exogenous administration of NT-4/5. Combined with our previous findings of bdnf-deficient mice (Harada et al. [2003] Arch Histol Cytol 66:183-194), these morphological and numerical data suggest that multiple neurotrophins such as NT-4/5 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play roles in their regeneration in a stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahiqul Jabbar
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Aita M, Kawano Y, Maeda T. Expression of GDNF and its receptors in the periodontal mechanoreceptor. Neurosci Lett 2006; 400:25-9. [PMID: 16513266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have revealed the involvement of signaling pathways of BDNF and NT-4/5 via TrkB in the development, regeneration, survival and maintenance of the Ruffini endings, primary mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament. However, the involvement of other neurotrophins remains unclear. The present study examined the expression of GDNF, GFRalpha1, and RET in the incisor periodontal ligament and trigeminal ganglion of young rats by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. All these mRNAs were detected in both tissues by RT-PCR. These immunoreactions were found in the terminal Schwann cells associated with the periodontal Ruffini endings, as confirmed by histochemistry for non-specific cholinesterase activity. Their axonal branches showed GFRalpha1- and RET-immunoreactions but lacked GDNF-immunoreactivity. In the trigeminal ganglion, about 30% of the neurons were immunoreactive to GFRalpha1 and RET. Averages of cross-sectional areas of their positive neurons demonstrated that they could mainly be categorized as medium-sized neurons. GDNF-immunoreaction was restricted to the satellite cells and not in trigeminal ganglion neurons. These findings indicate that GDNF mediates trophic effects on the survival and target innervation of the periodontal Ruffini endings via GFRalpha1 and RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Aita
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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