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Xu W, Ren Q, Li J, Xu J, Bai G, Zhu C, Li W. Triboelectric Contact Localization Electronics: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:449. [PMID: 38257543 PMCID: PMC10819133 DOI: 10.3390/s24020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand from the extended reality and wearable electronics market has led to an increased focus on the development of flexible human-machine interfaces (HMI). These interfaces require efficient user input acquisition modules that can realize touch operation, handwriting input, and motion sensing functions. In this paper, we present a systematic review of triboelectric-based contact localization electronics (TCLE) which play a crucial role in enabling the lightweight and long-endurance designs of flexible HMI. We begin by summarizing the mainstream working principles utilized in the design of TCLE, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, we discuss the implementation methods of TCLE in realizing advanced functions such as sliding motion detection, handwriting trajectory detection, and artificial intelligence-based user recognition. Furthermore, we review recent works on the applications of TCLE in HMI devices, which provide valuable insights for guiding the design of application scene-specified TCLE devices. Overall, this review aims to contribute to the advancement and understanding of TCLE, facilitating the development of next-generation HMI for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.X.); (Q.R.)
| | - Qingying Ren
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.X.); (Q.R.)
| | - Jinze Li
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (G.B.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (G.B.); (C.Z.)
| | - Gang Bai
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (G.B.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (G.B.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.X.); (Q.R.)
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (G.B.); (C.Z.)
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2
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Casal D, Casimiro MH, Ferreira LM, Leal JP, Rodrigues G, Lopes R, Moura DL, Gonçalves L, Lago JB, Pais D, Santos PMP. Review of Piezoelectrical Materials Potentially Useful for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3195. [PMID: 38137416 PMCID: PMC10740581 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It has increasingly been recognized that electrical currents play a pivotal role in cell migration and tissue repair, in a process named "galvanotaxis". In this review, we summarize the current evidence supporting the potential benefits of electric stimulation (ES) in the physiology of peripheral nerve repair (PNR). Moreover, we discuss the potential of piezoelectric materials in this context. The use of these materials has deserved great attention, as the movement of the body or of the external environment can be used to power internally the electrical properties of devices used for providing ES or acting as sensory receptors in artificial skin (e-skin). The fact that organic materials sustain spontaneous degradation inside the body means their piezoelectric effect is limited in duration. In the case of PNR, this is not necessarily problematic, as ES is only required during the regeneration period. Arguably, piezoelectric materials have the potential to revolutionize PNR with new biomedical devices that range from scaffolds and nerve-guiding conduits to sensory or efferent components of e-skin. However, much remains to be learned regarding piezoelectric materials, their use in manufacturing of biomedical devices, and their sterilization process, to fine-tune their safe, effective, and predictable in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Casal
- Departamento de Anatomia, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.G.); (D.P.)
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Rua José António Serrano, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Casimiro
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (M.H.C.); (P.M.P.S.)
| | - Luís M. Ferreira
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Leal
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Raquel Lopes
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Maternidade Alfredo da Costa, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, R. Viriato 1, 2890-495 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Diogo Lino Moura
- Anatomy Institute and Orthopedics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Spine Unit, Orthopedics Department, Coimbra University Hospital, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Gonçalves
- Departamento de Anatomia, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.G.); (D.P.)
| | - João B. Lago
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Diogo Pais
- Departamento de Anatomia, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Pedro M. P. Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (M.H.C.); (P.M.P.S.)
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3
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Tactile sensing technology in bionic skin: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Naik AR, Zhou Y, Dey AA, Arellano DLG, Okoroanyanwu U, Secor EB, Hersam MC, Morse J, Rothstein JP, Carter KR, Watkins JJ. Printed microfluidic sweat sensing platform for cortisol and glucose detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:156-169. [PMID: 34881383 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat biosensors offer compelling opportunities for improved personal health monitoring and non-invasive measurements of key biomarkers. Inexpensive device fabrication methods are necessary for scalable manufacturing of portable, disposable, and flexible sweat sensors. Furthermore, real-time sweat assessment must be analyzed to validate measurement reliability at various sweating rates. Here, we demonstrate a "smart bandage" microfluidic platform for cortisol detection and continuous glucose monitoring integrated with a synthetic skin. The low-cost, laser-cut microfluidic device is composed of an adhesive-based microchannel and solution-processed electrochemical sensors fabricated from inkjet-printed graphene and silver solutions. An antibody-derived cortisol sensor achieved a limit of detection of 10 pM and included a low-voltage electrowetting valve, validating the microfluidic sensor design under typical physiological conditions. To understand effects of perspiration rate on sensor performance, a synthetic skin was developed using soft lithography to mimic human sweat pores and sweating rates. The enzymatic glucose sensor exhibited a range of 0.2 to 1.0 mM, a limit of detection of 10 μM, and reproducible response curves at flow rates of 2.0 μL min-1 and higher when integrated with the synthetic skin, validating its relevance for human health monitoring. These results demonstrate the potential of using printed microfluidic sweat sensors as a low-cost, real-time, multi-diagnostic device for human health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi R Naik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Yiliang Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Anita A Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | | - Uzodinma Okoroanyanwu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Ethan B Secor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morse
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Rothstein
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Kenneth R Carter
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - James J Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Deng BW, Yang Y, Liu YX, Yin B, Yang MB. Dipping fabrication of rHGO@NiO@NF flexible supercapacitor electrode and its potential in bendable electronic devices. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Zhang M, Gao X, Lu C, Yao D, Wu L, Li D, Fang H, A S, Sun Y. Ultrathin Superhydrophobic Flexible Tactile Sensors for Normal and Shear Force Discrimination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55735-55746. [PMID: 34761892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors, with the ability to sense and even discriminate between different mechanical stimuli, can enable real-time and precise monitoring of dexterous and complex robotic motions. However, making them ultrathin and superhydrophobic for practical applications is still a great challenge. Here, superhydrophobic flexible tactile sensors with hierarchical micro- and nanostructures, that is, warped graphene nanosheets adhered to micron-height wrinkled surfaces, were constructed using ultrathin medical tape (40 μm) and graphene. The tactile sensor enables the discrimination of normal and shear forces and senses sliding friction and airflow. Moreover, the tactile sensor exhibits high sensitivity to normal and shear forces, extremely low detection limits (15 Pa for normal forces and 6.4 mN for shear forces), and cyclic robustness. Based on the abovementioned characteristics, the tactile sensor enables real-time and accurate monitoring of the robotic arm's motions, such as moving, gripping, and lifting, during the process of picking up objects. The superhydrophobicity even allows the sensor to monitor the motions of the robotic arm underwater in real time. Our tactile sensors have potential applications in the fields of intelligent robotics and smart prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengpei Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xiping Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Chang Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Dahu Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, National United Engineer Laboratory for Advanced Bearing Tribology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Li
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei A
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
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Sasidharan S, Pottail L. Biodegradable Polymers and Gold Nanoparticle-Decorated Skin Substitutes: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Activities. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3232-3252. [PMID: 34110548 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin substitutes are a restorative material used to treat many skin injuries by replacing or masking the wound. It is also capable of producing an original skin type. In this study, gold nanoparticle-aided skin substitutes were prepared using biodegradable materials (chitosan, sodium alginate, and gelatin) under the magnetic stirring method. Gold ions were reduced using aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus and Hemigraphis alternata. The formation of prepared gold nanoparticles was confirmed using spectroscopy techniques. The physical parameters of the skin substitutes were tested, and it was characterized using FTIR, DTG, laser profilometer, and FESEM analysis. HAaNP-aided skin substitutes have a bubble-like texture, and it facilitates higher water-absorbing ability. CRaNP aided skin substitutes reducing the hydrophilicity of the prepared skin substitutes. Antioxidant and antifungal skin substitute activities were carried out using DPPH radical scavenging activity and disk diffusion method, respectively. The antioxidant activity revealed the skin substitutes to possess significant free radical inhibition and as the number of gold nanoparticles increases, the activity also increases. The prepared samples show excellent activity against Aspergillus niger. The MTT assay reveals that the cancer cell (A-375) viability decreases by increasing skin substitutes' concentration. The normal cells (HEK-293) were cultured in a medium containing skin substitutes, facilitating the growth of cells. The cell attachment was observed in prepared cell lines after 24-h treatment. The results of this study suggest the prepared Cyperus rotundus and Hemigraphis alternata embedded with gold nanoparticle-aided skin substitutes are a promising material for medical and cosmetic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhiya Sasidharan
- Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, 641043, Coimbatore, India
| | - Lalitha Pottail
- Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, 641043, Coimbatore, India.
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8
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Takaloo S, Moghimi Zand M. Wearable electrochemical flexible biosensors: With the focus on affinity biosensors. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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9
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Sanabria-de la Torre R, Fernández-González A, Quiñones-Vico MI, Montero-Vilchez T, Arias-Santiago S. Bioengineered Skin Intended as In Vitro Model for Pharmacosmetics, Skin Disease Study and Environmental Skin Impact Analysis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E464. [PMID: 33142704 PMCID: PMC7694072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to be an update of Bioengineered Artificial Skin Substitutes (BASS) applications. At the first moment, they were created as an attempt to replace native skin grafts transplantation. Nowadays, these in vitro models have been increasing and widening their application areas, becoming important tools for research. This study is focus on the ability to design in vitro BASS which have been demonstrated to be appropriate to develop new products in the cosmetic and pharmacology industry. Allowing to go deeper into the skin disease research, and to analyze the effects provoked by environmental stressful agents. The importance of BASS to replace animal experimentation is also highlighted. Furthermore, the BASS validation parameters approved by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) are also analyzed. This report presents an overview of the skin models applicable to skin research along with their design methods. Finally, the potential and limitations of the currently available BASS to supply the demands for disease modeling and pharmaceutical screening are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Shi W, Guo Y, Liu Y. When Flexible Organic Field-Effect Transistors Meet Biomimetics: A Prospective View of the Internet of Things. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901493. [PMID: 31250497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of flexible organic electronics that span the fields of physics and biomimetics creates the possibility for increasingly simple and intelligent products for use in everyday life. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), with their inherent flexibility, light weight, and biocompatibility, have shown great promise in the field of biomimicry. By applying such biomimetic OFETs for the internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to imagine novel products and use cases for the future. Recent advances in flexible OFETs and their applications in biomimetic systems are reviewed. Strategies to achieve flexible OFETs are individually discussed and recent progress in biomimetic sensory systems and nervous systems is reviewed in detail. OFETs are revealed to be one of the best systems for mimicking sensory and nervous systems. Additionally, a brief discussion of information storage based on OFETs is presented. Finally, a personal view of the utilization of biomimetic OFETs in the IoT and future challenges in this research area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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11
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Sionkowska A, Mężykowska O, Piątek J. Bacterial nanocelullose in biomedical applications: a review. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Chemistry of Biomaterials and Cosmetics, Faculty of ChemistryNicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - Oliwia Mężykowska
- Department of Chemistry of Biomaterials and Cosmetics, Faculty of ChemistryNicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - Jacek Piątek
- Medical FacultyPresident Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz Kalisz Poland
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12
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Almansoori MT, Li X, Zheng L. A Brief Review on E-skin and its Multifunctional Sensing Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2405465804666190313154903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) is an artificial skin that mimics the sensing capabilities of human
skin, which brings many potential applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, prosthetics, and
health monitoring technologies. Many attempts associated with various mechanisms/approaches and
materials/structures have been developed to match the e-skins to the particular functions of specific
applications. Along the time, high sensitivity, mechanical flexibility/stretchability, multifunction, and
large area are common driving forces in the research area. New materials, with a variety of structures
and unique properties, offer a plenty of freedoms in designing and fabricating e-skins. Significant
progress has been made in recently years. This paper firstly reviews the most recent progress on nanomaterial-
based e-skins according to four major sensing mechanisms, with an emphasis on the effects
of various materials on the sensitivity and stretchability of e-skins. Then the paper updates the
progress and effort with respect to multifunctional e-skins and organic-thin-film-transistor based
large-area e-skins. Further development possibilities are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Turki Almansoori
- Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xuan Li
- Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lianxi Zheng
- Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Miniaturization of electronic components and advances in flexible and stretchable materials have stimulated the development of wearable health care systems that can reflect and monitor personal health status by health care professionals. New skin-mountable devices that offer seamless contact onto the human skin, even under large deformations by natural motions of the wearer, provide a route for both high-fidelity monitoring and patient-controlled therapy. This article provides an overview of several important aspects of skin-mountable devices and their applications in many medical settings and clinical practices. We comprehensively describe various transdermal sensors and therapeutic systems that are capable of detecting physical, electrophysiological, and electrochemical responses and/or providing electrical and thermal therapies and drug delivery services, and we discuss the current challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field. Finally, we present ways to protect the embedded electronic components of skin-mountable devices from the environment by use of mechanically soft packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; .,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Li H, Sinha TK, Oh JS, Kim JK. Soft and Flexible Bilayer Thermoplastic Polyurethane Foam for Development of Bioinspired Artificial Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14008-14016. [PMID: 29620863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the epidermis-dermis composition of human skin, here we have simply developed a lightweight, robust, flexible, and biocompatible single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG)-based prototype of bilayer artificial skin, by attaching one induction electrode with unfoamed skin layer of microcellular thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) foam, which shows high-performance object manipulation [by responding differently toward different objects, viz., aluminum foil, balloon, cotton glove, human finger, glass, rubber glove, artificial leather, polyimide, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), paper, and wood], due to electrification and electrostatic induction during contact with the objects having different chemical functionalities. Comparative foaming behavior of ecofriendly supercritical fluids, viz., CO2 over N2 under variable temperatures (e.g., 130 and 150 °C) and constant pressure (15 MPa), have been examined here to pursue the soft and flexible triboelectric TPU foam. The foam derived by CO2 foaming at 150 °C has been prioritized for development of S-TENG. Foam derived by CO2 foaming at 130 °C did not respond as well due to the smaller cell size, higher hardness, and thicker skin. Inflexible N2-derived foam was not considered for S-TENG fabrication. Object manipulation performance has been visualized by principal component analysis (PCA), which shows good discrimination among responses to different objects.
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