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Fu Z, Geng X, Liu C, Shen W, Dong Z, Sun G, Cai G, Chen X, Hong Q. Identification of common and specific fibrosis-related genes in three common chronic kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2295431. [PMID: 38174742 PMCID: PMC10769532 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2295431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney fibrosis is the common final pathway of virtually all advanced forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including diabetic nephropathy (DN), IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and membranous nephropathy (MN), with complex mechanism. Comparative gene expression analysis among these types of CKD may shed light on its pathogenesis. Therefore, we conducted this study aiming at exploring the common and specific fibrosis-related genes involved in different types of CKD. METHODS Kidney biopsy specimens from patients with different types of CKD and normal control subjects were analyzed using the NanoString nCounter® Human Fibrosis V2 Panel. Genes differentially expressed in all fibrotic DN, IgAN and MN tissues compared to the normal controls were regarded as the common fibrosis-related genes in CKD, whereas genes exclusively differentially expressed in fibrotic DN, IgAN or MN samples were considered to be the specific genes related to fibrosis in DN, IgAN and MN respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the expression of the selected genes. RESULTS Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), interleukin 10 receptor alpha (IL10RA) and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were identified as the potential common genes for kidney fibrosis in different types of CKD, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), lactate oxidase (LOX), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) were identified as the specific fibrosis-associated genes for DN, IgAN and MN respectively. qRT-PCR demonstrated that the expression levels of these selected genes were consistent with the NanoString analysis. CONCLUSIONS There were both commonalities and differences in the mechanisms of fibrosis in different types of CKD, the commonalities might be used as the common therapeutic targets for kidney fibrosis in CKD, while the differences might be used as the diagnostic markers for DN, IgAN and MN respectively. Inflammation was highly relevant to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. This study provides further insight into the pathophysiology and treatment of fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangning Fu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Geng
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjun Shen
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zheyi Dong
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guannan Sun
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
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Yang T, Feng Q, Shao M, Pan M, Guo F, Song Y, Huang F, Linlin Z, Wang J, Wu L, Qin G, Zhao Y. The role of metabolic memory in diabetic kidney disease: identification of key genes and therapeutic targets. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1379821. [PMID: 39092227 PMCID: PMC11292736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1379821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is characterized by complex pathogenesis and poor prognosis; therefore, an exploration of novel etiological factors may be beneficial. Despite glycemic control, the persistence of transient hyperglycemia still induces vascular complications due to metabolic memory. However, its contribution to DKD remains unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we clustered 12 cell types and employed enrichment analysis and a cell‒cell communication network. Fibrosis, a characteristic of DKD, was found to be associated with metabolic memory. To further identify genes related to metabolic memory and fibrosis in DKD, we combined the above datasets from humans with a rat renal fibrosis model and mouse models of metabolic memory. After overlapping, NDRG1, NR4A1, KCNC4 and ZFP36 were selected. Pharmacology analysis and molecular docking revealed that pioglitazone and resveratrol were possible agents affecting these hub genes. Based on the ex vivo results, NDRG1 was selected for further study. Knockdown of NDRG1 reduced TGF-β expression in human kidney-2 cells (HK-2 cells). Compared to that in patients who had diabetes for more than 10 years but not DKD, NDRG1 expression in blood samples was upregulated in DKD patients. In summary, NDRG1 is a key gene involved in regulating fibrosis in DKD from a metabolic memory perspective. Bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental validation provided reliable evidence for identifying metabolic memory in DKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyue Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengxing Pan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengjuan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao Linlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guijun Qin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li D, Hsu FC, Palmer ND, Liu L, Choi YA, Murea M, Parks JS, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Ma L. Multiomics Analyses Identify AKR1A1 as a Biomarker for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes 2024; 73:1188-1195. [PMID: 38394643 PMCID: PMC11189831 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Because many genes associate with DKD, multiomics approaches were used to narrow the list of functional genes, gene products, and related pathways providing insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of DKD. The Kidney Precision Medicine Project human kidney single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data set and Mendeley Data on human kidney cortex biopsy proteomics were used. The R package Seurat was used to analyze scRNA-seq data and data from a subset of proximal tubule cells. PathfindR was applied for pathway analysis in cell type-specific differentially expressed genes and the R limma package was used to analyze differential protein expression in kidney cortex. A total of 790 differentially expressed genes were identified in proximal tubule cells, including 530 upregulated and 260 downregulated transcripts. Compared with differentially expressed proteins, 24 genes or proteins were in common. An integrated analysis combining protein quantitative trait loci, genome-wide association study hits (namely, estimated glomerular filtration rate), and a plasma metabolomics analysis was performed using baseline metabolites predictive of DKD progression in our longitudinal Diabetes Heart Study samples. The aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 gene (AKR1A1) was revealed as a potential molecular hub for DKD cellular dysfunction in several cross-linked pathways featured by deficiency of this enzyme. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- DengFeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Liang Liu
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Young A. Choi
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mariana Murea
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lijun Ma
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Negrin LL, Carlin GL, Ristl R, Hajdu S. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 7, and their tissue inhibitors 1, 2, 3, and 4 in polytraumatized patients: Time trajectories, correlations, and their ability to predict mortality. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300258. [PMID: 38457458 PMCID: PMC10923431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been limited research on assessing metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 2, and 7, as well as their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the context of polytrauma. These proteins play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes and could be a reliable tool in polytrauma care. We aimed to determine their clinical relevance. We assessed 24 blunt polytrauma survivors and 12 fatalities (mean age, 44.2 years, mean ISS, 45) who were directly admitted to our Level I trauma center and spent at least one night in the intensive care unit. We measured serum levels of the selected proteins on admission (day 0) and days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. The serum levels of the seven proteins varied considerably among individuals, resulting in similar median trend curves for TIMP1 and TIMP4 and for MMP1, MMP2, TIMP2, and TIMP3. We also found a significant interrelationship between the MMP2, TIMP2, and TIMP3 levels at the same measurement points. Furthermore, we calculated significant cross-correlations between MMP7 and MMP1, TIMP1 and MMP7, TIMP3 and MMP1, TIMP3 and MMP2, and TIMP4 and TIMP3 and an almost significant correlation between MMP7 and TIMP1 for a two-day-lag. The autocorrelation coefficient reached statistical significance for MMP1 and TIMP3. Finally, lower TIMP1 serum levels were associated with in-hospital mortality upon admission. The causal effects and interrelationships between selected proteins might provide new insights into the interactions of MMPs and TIMPs. Identifying the underlying causes might help develop personalized therapies for patients with multiple injuries. Administering recombinant TIMP1 or increasing endogenous production could improve outcomes for those with multiple injuries. However, before justifying further investigations into basic research and clinical relevance, our findings must be validated in a multicenter study using independent cohorts to account for clinical and biological variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas L. Negrin
- University Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Greta L. Carlin
- University Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hajdu
- University Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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van Heugten MH, Blijdorp CJ, Arjune S, van Willigenburg H, Bezstarosti K, Demmers JA, Musterd-Bhaggoe U, Meijer E, Gansevoort RT, Zietse R, Hayat S, Kramann R, Müller RU, Salih M, Hoorn EJ. Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Identifies Rapid Disease Progression in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:321-334. [PMID: 38073039 PMCID: PMC10914202 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is an unmet need for biomarkers of disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This study investigated urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as a source of such biomarkers. Proteomic analysis of uEVs identified matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) as a biomarker predictive of rapid disease progression. In validation studies, MMP-7 was predictive in uEVs but not in whole urine, possibly because uEVs are primarily secreted by tubular epithelial cells. Indeed, single-nucleus RNA sequencing showed that MMP-7 was especially increased in proximal tubule and thick ascending limb cells, which were further characterized by a profibrotic phenotype. Together, these data suggest that MMP-7 is a biologically plausible and promising uEV biomarker for rapid disease progression in ADPKD. BACKGROUND In ADPKD, there is an unmet need for early markers of rapid disease progression to facilitate counseling and selection for kidney-protective therapy. Our aim was to identify markers for rapid disease progression in uEVs. METHODS Six paired case-control groups ( n =10-59/group) of cases with rapid disease progression and controls with stable disease were formed from two independent ADPKD cohorts, with matching by age, sex, total kidney volume, and genetic variant. Candidate uEV biomarkers were identified by mass spectrometry and further analyzed using immunoblotting and an ELISA. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of healthy and ADPKD tissue was used to identify the cellular origin of the uEV biomarker. RESULTS In the discovery proteomics experiments, the protein abundance of MMP-7 was significantly higher in uEVs of patients with rapid disease progression compared with stable disease. In the validation groups, a significant >2-fold increase in uEV-MMP-7 in patients with rapid disease progression was confirmed using immunoblotting. By contrast, no significant difference in MMP-7 was found in whole urine using ELISA. Compared with healthy kidney tissue, ADPKD tissue had significantly higher MMP-7 expression in proximal tubule and thick ascending limb cells with a profibrotic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with ADPKD, rapid disease progressors have higher uEV-associated MMP-7. Our findings also suggest that MMP-7 is a biologically plausible biomarker for more rapid disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H. van Heugten
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles J. Blijdorp
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sita Arjune
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hester van Willigenburg
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Bezstarosti
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Usha Musterd-Bhaggoe
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Meijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mahdi Salih
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Avello A, Guerrero-Mauvecin J, Sanz AB. Urine MMP7 as a kidney injury biomarker. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad233. [PMID: 38186894 PMCID: PMC10768779 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) is a secreted endopeptidase involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix components and the activation of cytokines and growth factors. The regulation of MMP-7 can be transcriptionally regulated by AP-1 or Wnt/β-catenin or post-translationally by proteolytic activation. MMP-7 expression is low or absent in the healthy kidney, but is significantly upregulated in kidney injury, including AKI and CKD. The function of MMP-7 in kidney disease may differ for CKD and AKI; it may have a profibrotic role in CKD and an anti-apoptotic and regenerative function in AKI. Additionally, the potential of MMP-7 as a biomarker has been studied in different kidney diseases, and the results are promising. Recently, combined unbiased kidney proteomics and transcriptomics approaches identified kidney MMP-7 as the protein having the strongest association with both fibrosis and eGFR and confirmed the predictive role of plasma MMP-7 levels for kidney function decline in over 11 000 individuals. Additionally, urinary MMP-7, combined with urinary cystatin C (CysC) and retinol binding protein (RBP) was reported to provide information on tubular injury in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change disease. We now present an overview of research on MMP-7 expression and function in kidney diseases and discuss its potential as a biomarker of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Avello
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Belen Sanz
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
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Liu R, Staruschenko A. Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Is Crucial for Hypertension- and Hyperglycemia-Induced Kidney Injury Independent of Blood Pressure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 82:438-439. [PMID: 37773888 PMCID: PMC10841042 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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