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Nogueira A, Pires MJ, Oliveira PA. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Renal Fibrosis: A Review of Animal Models and Therapeutic Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:1-22. [PMID: 28064215 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition in which the kidneys do not work correctly. It has a high prevalence and represents a serious hazard to human health and estimated to affects hundreds of millions of people. Diabetes and hypertension are the two principal causes of CKD. The progression of CKD is characterized by the loss of renal cells and their replacement by extracellular matrix (ECM), independently of the associated disease. Thus, one of the consequences of CKD is glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis caused by an imbalance between excessive synthesis and reduced breakdown of the ECM. There are many molecules and cells that are associated with progression of renal fibrosis e.g. angiotensin II (Ang II). Therefore, in order to understand the biopathology of renal fibrosis and for the evaluation of new treatments, the use of animal models is crucial such as: surgical, chemical and physical models, spontaneous models, genetic models and in vitro models. However, there are currently no effective treatments for preventing the progression of renal fibrosis. Therefore it is essential to improve our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the progress of renal fibrosis in order to achieve a reversion/elimination of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Nogueira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Caballero S, Hazra S, Bhatwadekar A, Li Calzi S, Paradiso LJ, Miller LP, Chang LJ, Kern TS, Grant MB. Circulating mononuclear progenitor cells: differential roles for subpopulations in repair of retinal vascular injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3000-9. [PMID: 23572102 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined effect on retinal vascular homing of exogenous CD34(+) and CD14(+) progenitor cells using mouse models of chronic (streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetes) and acute (ischemia-reperfusion [I/R]) ocular vascular injury. METHODS STZ-treated mice of short or long duration (≤4, ≥11 months) diabetes, along with age- and sex-matched controls, were given intravitreous injections of human CD34(+) and CD14(+) cells isolated from healthy or diabetic donors alone or in combination. I/R injured mice were given diabetic or nondiabetic CD34(+) cells with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or diabetic CD34(+) cells manipulated by ex vivo fucosylation with ASC-101. Injected cells were localized by fluorescent immunocytochemistry, and the degree of retinal vascular colocalization quantified morphometrically. Permeability was assessed by fluorescent albumin leakage. RESULTS Diabetic CD14(+) cells associated with vessels to a greater degree than diabetic CD34(+) cells. Vascular permeability was reduced only by nondiabetic cells and only at the highest number of cells tested. Diabetic CD34(+) cells consistently demonstrated reduced migration. There was a 2-fold or 4-fold increase over control in the specific localization of diabetic CD34(+) cells within the vasculature when these cells were co-administered with MSCs or ex vivo fucosylated prior to injection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic CD14(+) cells, unlike diabetic CD34(+) cells, retain robust homing characteristics. CD34(+) or CD14(+) subsets rather than whole bone marrow or peripheral blood cells may prove more beneficial in autologous cell therapy for diabetics. Co-administration with MSCs or ex vivo fucosylation may enhance utility of CD34(+) cells in cell therapy for diabetic ocular conditions like macular ischemia and retinal nonperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caballero
- Program in Stem Cell Biology and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, USA
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Park SS, Caballero S, Bauer G, Shibata B, Roth A, Fitzgerald PG, Forward KI, Zhou P, McGee J, Telander DG, Grant MB, Nolta JA. Long-term effects of intravitreal injection of GMP-grade bone-marrow-derived CD34+ cells in NOD-SCID mice with acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:986-94. [PMID: 22247454 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine long-term safety of intravitreal administration of good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade human bone-marrow-derived CD34(+) cells in NOD-SCID (nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with acute retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, a model for retinal vasculopathy. METHOD Acute ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in the right eye of adult NOD-SCID mice (n = 23) by transient elevation of intraocular pressure. Seven days later, 12 injured eyes and 5 normal contralateral eyes were injected each intravitreally with 5 × 10(4) CD34(+) cells isolated under GMP conditions from a healthy human donor bone marrow using an immunomagnetic cell isolation system. The remaining 11 injured eyes were not treated and served as controls. Mice were euthanized 1 day, 4 months, and 8 months later. Both eyes were enucleated and examined by immunohistochemical analysis and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Among mice followed for 8 months, electroretinography (ERG) was performed on both eyes before euthanization. All major organs were examined grossly and histologically after serial sectioning. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining 4 months after injection showed detectable CD34(+) cells in the retinal vasculature. ERG at 8 months after CD34(+) cell injection showed signals that were similar in untreated eyes. Histology of the enucleated eyes injected with CD34(+) cells showed no intraocular tumor or abnormal tissue growth after 8 months. Histologic analysis of all major organs showed no abnormal proliferation of human cells. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal administration of GMP-grade human bone-marrow-derived CD34(+) cells appears to be well tolerated long-term in eyes with acute retinal ischemic injury. A clinical trial will start to further explore this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna S Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Kato R, Iejima D, Agata H, Asahina I, Okada K, Ueda M, Honda H, Kagami H. A Compact, Automated Cell Culture System for Clinical Scale Cell Expansion from Primary Tissues. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:947-56. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kato
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iejima
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of System Biomedical Technology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Agata
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Asahina
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Gradate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Okada
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kagami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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López-Novoa JM, Martínez-Salgado C, Rodríguez-Peña AB, Hernández FJL. Common pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease: Therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:61-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Park EK, Jeon JS, Noh HJ, Won JH, Park HS. Complete remission of IgA nephropathy after bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia. NDT Plus 2008; 1:420-422. [PMID: 28657023 PMCID: PMC5477877 DOI: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfn147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, but the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is still unclear. A 32-year-old woman was found to have IgA nephropathy and acute myeloid leukaemia. She was treated with allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). After BMT, immunoflourescent staining of IgA and proteinuria disappeared. These findings suggest bone marrow cells are involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. We herein report a case of complete remission of IgA nephropathy after BMT for acute myeloid leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Soon Chun Hyang School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Soon Chun Hyang School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Soon Chun Hyang School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Soon Chun Hyang School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Soon Chun Hyang School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zenovich AG, Taylor DA. Cell Therapy in Kidney Disease: Cautious Optimism … But Optimism Nonetheless. Perit Dial Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702702s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered therapeutic potential of stem or progenitor cells has initiated development of novel treatments in a number of diseases—treatments that could not only improve patients’ quality of life, but also halt or even prevent disease progression. Hypertension; fluctuations in glycemia, electrolytes, nutrient levels, and circulating volume; and frequent infections and the associated inflammation all greatly impair the endothelium in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. As our understanding of the regulatory function of the endothelium advances, focus is increasingly being placed on endothelial repair in acute and chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. The potential of progenitor cells to repair damaged endothelium and to reduce inflammation in patients with renal failure remains unexamined; however, a successful cell therapy could reduce morbidity and mortality in kidney disease. Important contributions have been made in identifying progenitor cell populations in the kidney, and further investigations into the relationships of these cells with the pathophysiology of the disease are underway. As the kidney disease field prepares for the first human trials of progenitor cell therapies, we deemed it important to review representative original research, and to share our perspectives and lessons learned from clinical trials of progenitor cell–based therapies that have commenced in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Zenovich
- Center for Cardiovascular Repair, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Doris A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Repair, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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S.M. P, T. M, A. S, H.T. Y, D. C, S.A. K, V.P. S. Leaking Capillaries and White Lung in Sepsis—Is Angiopoietin 2 the Culprit? J Am Soc Nephrol 2006. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Chang MG, Tung L, Sekar RB, Chang CY, Cysyk J, Dong P, Marbán E, Abraham MR. Proarrhythmic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Revealed in an In Vitro Coculture Model. Circulation 2006; 113:1832-41. [PMID: 16606790 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.593038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are bone marrow stromal cells that are in phase 1 clinical studies of cellular cardiomyoplasty. However, the electrophysiological effects of MSC transplantation have not been studied. Although improvement of ventricular function would represent a positive outcome of MSC transplantation, focal application of stem cells has the potential downside of creating inhomogeneities that may predispose the heart to reentrant arrhythmias. In the present study we use an MSC and neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM) coculture system to investigate potential proarrhythmic consequences of MSC transplantation into the heart.
Methods and Results—
Human MSCs were cocultured with NRVMs in ratios of 1:99, 1:9, and 1:4 and optically mapped. We found that conduction velocity was decreased in cocultures compared with controls, but action potential duration (APD
80
) was not affected. Reentrant arrhythmias were induced in 86% of cocultures containing 10% and 20% MSCs (n=36) but not in controls (n=7) or cocultures containing only 1% MSCs (n=4). Immunostaining, Western blot, and dye transfer revealed the presence of functional gap junctions involving MSCs.
Conclusions—
Our results suggest that mixtures of MSCs and NRVMs can produce an arrhythmogenic substrate. The mechanism of reentry is probably increased tissue heterogeneity resulting from electric coupling of inexcitable MSCs with myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin G Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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