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Erhunse N, Omoregie ES, Sahal D. Antiplasmodial and antimalarial evaluation of a Nigerian hepta-herbal Agbo-iba decoction: Identification of magic bullets and possible facilitators of drug action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115807. [PMID: 36223842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria remains one of the most important pathogenic infectious diseases. Although Africa suffers the greatest brunt, a sizeable proportion of her population still relies on herbal medicines for reasons of cost as well as the belief etched in the minds of consumers that herbal medicines are safer and more efficacious than Modern medicines. Agbo-iba; a concoction of two or more than two plants is commonly used for the management of malaria in Nigeria. AIM OF THE STUDY This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a hepta-herbal Agbo-iba (HHA) antimalarial decoction used for the management of malaria in Benin city, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Assessment was done against malaria parasite in culture as well as in vivo in pre-clinical murine model of malaria. RESULTS HHA (IC50Pf3D7 50 μg/ml) was moderately potent and only one of its constituent plants Annickia affinis (IC50Pf3D7 1.49 μg/ml) was far more potent, while all others were moderately active to inactive against the parasite in vitro. HHA showed good selectivity in vitro and was safe at 2 g/kg in mice. However, at 100 mg/kg oral dose, while HHA suppressed parasite growth by 56.76%, the suppression caused by A.affinis was only 32.46% in mice malaria suggesting the existence of synergistic partner(s) in the herbal formula. LCMS revealed the presence of quaternary protoberberine alkaloids (QPAs) in A.affinis and HHA. CONCLUSIONS Although QPAs have strong in vitro antiplasmodial activity, their in vivo antimalarial activity is undermined by being substrates of Permeability glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux pump. Our study suggests that inhibitor(s) of Pgp in HHA could improve the bioavailability of QPAs in mice fed the herbal combo. Further, molecules from other HHA constituent plants may also contribute to the better potency observed for the polyherbal in vivo. These possibilities were validated by the curative antimalarial study at 100 mg/kg, where A.affinis was inactive but the HHA suppressed parasite growth by 44.45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekpen Erhunse
- Malaria Drug Discovery Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B, 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
| | - Ehimwenma Sheena Omoregie
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B, 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Abstract
Renal inflammation, induced by autoantigen recognition or toxic drugs, leads to renal tissue injury and decline in kidney function. Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial role for regulatory T cells in suppressing pathogenic adaptive but also innate immune responses in the inflamed kidney. However, there is also evidence for other immune cell populations with immunosuppressive function in renal inflammation. This review summarizes mechanisms of immune cell regulation in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and acute and chronic nephrotoxicity.
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Odobasic D, Ruth AJ, Oudin V, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. OX40 ligand is inhibitory during the effector phase of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:429-441. [PMID: 29939347 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional relevance of OX40 ligand (OX40L) in the effector phase of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is unknown. These studies defined the role of endogenous OX40L during the effector stage of murine crescentic GN. METHODS GN was induced by immunization with sheep globulin/adjuvant on Day 0 and injection of sheep anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) on Day 10. Rat IgG or neutralizing anti-OX40L antibody was administered on Days 10-18 and immune responses and renal injury assessed on Day 20. RESULTS Compared with naïve animals, OX40L was upregulated in the lymph nodes (LNs) and on leucocytes and resident non-immune cells in the kidneys of mice with GN. Inhibition of OX40L in GN augmented renal injury, as indicated by increased crescent formation, proteinuria and glomerular leucocyte accumulation. In line with increased injury, anti-OX40L treatment increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of CD4 T cells in the LNs, without affecting LN CD4 cytokine production and CD8 T-cell responses. Blockade of OX40L decreased LN regulatory T-cell (Treg) proliferation, transforming growth factor β production and foxp3 expression. OX40L inhibition did not affect B cell expansion or circulating antibody levels. In the kidney, neutralization of OX40L augmented interferon γ (IFNγ) expression by CD4 and CD8 T cells and shifted macrophage polarization towards the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS OX40L is protective during the effector phase of murine crescentic GN by reducing the expansion of CD4 T cells and enhancing Treg responses in the LNs, and by locally inhibiting T-cell IFNγ production and pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Odobasic
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda J Ruth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginie Oudin
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Madjene LC, Danelli L, Dahdah A, Vibhushan S, Bex-Coudrat J, Pacreau E, Vaugier C, Claver J, Rolas L, Pons M, Madera-Salcedo IK, Beghdadi W, El Ghoneimi A, Benhamou M, Launay P, Abrink M, Pejler G, Moura IC, Charles N, Daugas E, Perianin A, Blank U. Mast cell chymase protects against acute ischemic kidney injury by limiting neutrophil hyperactivation and recruitment. Kidney Int 2019; 97:516-527. [PMID: 31866111 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated the role of murine mast cell protease 4 (MCPT4), the functional counterpart of human mast cell chymase, in an experimental model of renal ischemia reperfusion injury, a major cause of acute kidney injury. MCPT4-deficient mice had worsened kidney function compared to wildtype mice. MCPT4 absence exacerbated pathologic neutrophil infiltration in the kidney and increased kidney myeloperoxidase expression, cell death and necrosis. In kidneys with ischemia reperfusion injury, when compared to wildtype mice, MCPT4-deficient mice showed increased surface expression of adhesion molecules necessary for leukocyte extravasation including neutrophil CD162 and endothelial cell CD54. In vitro, human chymase mediated the cleavage of neutrophil expressed CD162 and also CD54, P- and E-Selectin expressed on human glomerular endothelial cells. MCPT4 also dampened systemic neutrophil activation after renal ischemia reperfusion injury as neutrophils expressed more CD11b integrin and produced more reactive oxygen species in MCPT4-deficient mice. Accordingly, after renal injury, neutrophil migration to an inflammatory site distal from the kidney was increased in MCPT4-deficient versus wildtype mice. Thus, contrary to the described overall aggravating role of mast cells, one granule-released mediator, the MCPT4 chymase, exhibits a potent anti-inflammatory function in renal ischemia reperfusion injury by controlling neutrophil extravasation and activation thereby limiting associated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Celia Madjene
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Luca Danelli
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bex-Coudrat
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Celine Vaugier
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Julien Claver
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Rolas
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Maguelonne Pons
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Iris Karina Madera-Salcedo
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Walid Beghdadi
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hopital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Magnus Abrink
- Immunology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan Cruz Moura
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France; Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Axel Perianin
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.
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HDAC Inhibitors: Therapeutic Potential in Fibrosis-Associated Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061329. [PMID: 30884785 PMCID: PMC6471162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix and develops because of fibroblast differentiation during the process of inflammation. Various cytokines stimulate resident fibroblasts, which differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts actively synthesize an excessive amount of extracellular matrix, which indicates pathologic fibrosis. Although initial fibrosis is a physiologic response, the accumulated fibrous material causes failure of normal organ function. Cardiac fibrosis interferes with proper diastole, whereas pulmonary fibrosis results in chronic hypoxia; liver cirrhosis induces portal hypertension, and overgrowth of fibroblasts in the conjunctiva is a major cause of glaucoma surgical failure. Recently, several reports have clearly demonstrated the functional relevance of certain types of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in various kinds of fibrosis and the successful alleviation of the condition in animal models using HDAC inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors in fibrosis-associated human diseases using results obtained from animal models.
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6
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:16-36. [PMID: 29909119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects more than 10% of world population and for which treatment options are limited. Renal fibrosis is defined by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which disrupts and replaces the functional parenchyma that leads to organ failure. Kidney's histological structure can be divided into three main compartments, all of which can be affected by fibrosis, specifically termed glomerulosclerosis in glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis in tubulointerstitium and arteriosclerosis and perivascular fibrosis in vasculature. In this review, we summarized the different appearance, cellular origin and major emerging processes and mediators of fibrosis in each compartment. We also depicted and discussed the challenges in translation of anti-fibrotic treatment to clinical practice and discuss possible solutions and future directions.
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7
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Pons M, Ali L, Beghdadi W, Danelli L, Alison M, Madjène LC, Calvo J, Claver J, Vibhushan S, Åbrink M, Pejler G, Poli-Mérol ML, Peuchmaur M, El Ghoneimi A, Blank U. Mast Cells and MCPT4 Chymase Promote Renal Impairment after Partial Ureteral Obstruction. Front Immunol 2017; 8:450. [PMID: 28523000 PMCID: PMC5415561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive nephropathy constitutes a major cause of pediatric renal progressive disease. The mechanisms leading to disease progression are still poorly understood. Kidney fibrotic lesions are reproduced using a model of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (pUUO) in newborn mice. Based on data showing significant mast cell (MC) infiltration in patients, we investigated the role of MC and murine MCPT4, a MC-released chymase, in pUUO using MC- (Wsh/sh), MCPT4-deficient (Mcpt4−/−), and wild-type (WT) mice. Measurement of kidney length and volume by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as postmortem kidney weight revealed hypotrophy of operated right kidneys (RKs) and compensatory hypertrophy of left kidneys. Differences between kidneys were major for WT, minimal for Wsh/sh, and intermediate for Mcpt4−/− mice. Fibrosis development was focal and increased only in WT-obstructed kidneys. No differences were noticed for local inflammatory responses, but serum CCL2 was significantly higher in WT versus Mcpt4−/− and Wsh/sh mice. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression, a marker of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), was high in WT, minimal for Wsh/sh, and intermediate for Mcpt4−/− RK. Supernatants of activated MC induced αSMA in co-culture experiments with proximal tubular epithelial cells. Our results support a role of MC in EMT and parenchyma lesions after pUUO involving, at least partly, MCPT4 chymase. They confirm the importance of morphologic impairment evaluation by MRI in pUUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maguelonne Pons
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Liza Ali
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Walid Beghdadi
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Luca Danelli
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Alison
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Celia Madjène
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Calvo
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julien Claver
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Laurence Poli-Mérol
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, American Memorial Hospital, Université Reims Champagne Ardennes, Reims, France
| | - Michel Peuchmaur
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
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Danelli L, Madjene LC, Madera-Salcedo I, Gautier G, Pacreau E, Ben Mkaddem S, Charles N, Daugas E, Launay P, Blank U. Early Phase Mast Cell Activation Determines the Chronic Outcome of Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2374-2382. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Mast cell activation disease and the modern epidemic of chronic inflammatory disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:33-59. [PMID: 26850903 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A large and growing portion of the human population, especially in developed countries, suffers 1 or more chronic, often quite burdensome ailments which either are overtly inflammatory in nature or are suspected to be of inflammatory origin, but for which investigations to date have failed to identify specific causes, let alone unifying mechanisms underlying the multiple such ailments that often afflict such patients. Relatively recently described as a non-neoplastic cousin of the rare hematologic disease mastocytosis, mast cell (MC) activation syndrome-suspected to be of greatly heterogeneous, complex acquired clonality in many cases-is a potential underlying/unifying explanation for a diverse assortment of inflammatory ailments. A brief review of MC biology and how aberrant primary MC activation might lead to such a vast range of illness is presented.
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Wu XM, Zhang YY, Zhang MC, Zhang LH, Zeng CH, Liu ZH, Tang Z. Significance of mast cell renal infiltration in patients with anti-GBM nephritis. Ren Fail 2016; 38:906-13. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1164184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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11
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Venner JM, Famulski KS, Reeve J, Chang J, Halloran PF. Relationships among injury, fibrosis, and time in human kidney transplants. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e85323. [PMID: 27699214 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant biopsies offer an opportunity to understand the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis. We studied the relationships between the time of biopsy after transplant (TxBx), histologic fibrosis, diseases, and transcript expression. METHODS Expression microarrays from 681 kidney transplant indication biopsies taken either early (n = 282, <1 year) or late (n = 399, >1 year) after transplant were used to analyze the molecular landscape of fibrosis in relationship to histologic fibrosis and diseases. RESULTS Fibrosis was absent at transplantation but was present in some early biopsies by 4 months after transplant, apparently as a self-limited response to donation implantation injury not associated with progression to failure. The molecular phenotype of early biopsies represented the time sequence of the response to wounding: immediate expression of acute kidney injury transcripts, followed by fibrillar collagen transcripts after several weeks, then by the appearance of immunoglobulin and mast cell transcripts after several months as fibrosis appeared. Fibrosis in late biopsies correlated with injury, fibrillar collagen, immunoglobulin, and mast cell transcripts, but these were independent of time. Pathway analysis revealed epithelial response-to-wounding pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin. CONCLUSION Fibrosis in late biopsies had different associations because many kidneys had potentially progressive diseases and subsequently failed. Molecular correlations with fibrosis in late biopsies were independent of time, probably because ongoing injury obscured the response-to-wounding time sequence. The results indicate that fibrosis in kidney transplants is driven by nephron injury and that progression to failure reflects continuing injury, not autonomous fibrogenesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION INTERCOM study (www.clinicalTrials.gov; NCT01299168). FUNDING Canada Foundation for Innovation and Genome Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Venner
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Konrad S Famulski
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Reeve
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Chang
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip F Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Gan PY, O'Sullivan KM, Ooi JD, Alikhan MA, Odobasic D, Summers SA, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. Mast Cell Stabilization Ameliorates Autoimmune Anti-Myeloperoxidase Glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1321-33. [PMID: 26374606 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations in experimental murine myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) show mast cells degranulate, thus enhancing injury as well as producing immunomodulatory IL-10. Here we report that, compared with biopsy specimens from control patients, renal biopsy specimens from 44 patients with acute AAV had more mast cells in the interstitium, which correlated with the severity of tubulointerstitial injury. Furthermore, most of the mast cells were degranulated and spindle-shaped in patients with acute AAV, indicating an activated phenotype. We hypothesized that the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate would attenuate mast cell degranulation without affecting IL-10 production. We induced anti-MPO GN by immunizing mice with MPO and a low dose of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody. When administered before or after induction of MPO autoimmunity in these mice, disodium cromoglycate attenuated mast cell degranulation, development of autoimmunity, and development of GN, without diminishing IL-10 production. In contrast, administration of disodium cromoglycate to mast cell-deficient mice had no effect on the development of MPO autoimmunity or GN. MPO-specific CD4(+) effector T cell proliferation was enhanced by co-culture with mast cells, but in the presence of disodium cromoglycate, proliferation was inhibited and IL-10 production was enhanced. These results indicate that disodium cromoglycate blocks injurious mast cell degranulation specifically without affecting the immunomodulatory role of these cells. Thus as a therapeutic, disodium cromoglycate may substantially enhance the regulatory role of mast cells in MPO-AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Yi Gan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Kim M O'Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Maliha A Alikhan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Dragana Odobasic
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Shaun A Summers
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Hamour S, Gan PY, Pepper R, Florez Barros F, Wang HH, O’Sullivan K, Iwakura Y, Cook T, Pusey C, Holdsworth S, Salama A. Local IL-17 Production Exerts a Protective Role in Murine Experimental Glomerulonephritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136238. [PMID: 26317864 PMCID: PMC4552867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis and IL-17 deficient mice are protected from nephrotoxic nephritis. However, a regulatory role for IL-17 has recently emerged. We describe a novel protective function for IL-17 in the kidney. Bone marrow chimeras were created using wild-type and IL-17 deficient mice and nephrotoxic nephritis was induced. IL-17 deficient hosts transplanted with wild-type bone marrow had worse disease by all indices compared to wild-type to wild-type bone marrow transplants (serum urea p<0.05; glomerular thrombosis p<0.05; tubular damage p<0.01), suggesting that in wild-type mice, IL-17 production by renal cells resistant to radiation is protective. IL-17 deficient mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow also had a comparatively altered renal phenotype, with significant differences in renal cytokines (IL-10 p<0.01; IL-1β p<0.001; IL-23 p<0.01), and macrophage phenotype (expression of mannose receptor p<0.05; inducible nitric oxide synthase p<0.001). Finally we show that renal mast cells are resistant to radiation and produce IL-17, suggesting they are potential local mediators of disease protection. This is a novel role for intrinsic cells in the kidney that are radio-resistant and produce IL-17 to mediate protection in nephrotoxic nephritis. This has clinical significance as IL-17 blockade is being trialled as a therapeutic strategy in some autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hamour
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Poh-Yi Gan
- Centre for Inflammatory diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruth Pepper
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hsu-Han Wang
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim O’Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammatory diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terence Cook
- Centre for Inflammation and Complement Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Pusey
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan Salama
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Boor P, Floege J. Renal allograft fibrosis: biology and therapeutic targets. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:863-86. [PMID: 25691290 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway of progressive renal diseases. In allografts, it is assessed with tubular atrophy as interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). IF/TA occurs in about 40% of kidney allografts at 3-6 months after transplantation, increasing to 65% at 2 years. The origin of renal fibrosis in the allograft is complex and includes donor-related factors, in particular in case of expanded criteria donors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, immune-mediated damage, recurrence of underlying diseases, hypertensive damage, nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressants, recurrent graft infections, postrenal obstruction, etc. Based largely on studies in the non-transplant setting, there is a large body of literature on the role of different cell types, be it intrinsic to the kidney or bone marrow derived, in mediating renal fibrosis, and the number of mediator systems contributing to fibrotic changes is growing steadily. Here we review the most important cellular processes and mediators involved in the progress of renal fibrosis, with a focus on the allograft situation, and discuss some of the challenges in translating experimental insights into clinical trials, in particular fibrosis biomarkers or imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Galli SJ, Tsai M, Marichal T, Tchougounova E, Reber LL, Pejler G. Approaches for analyzing the roles of mast cells and their proteases in vivo. Adv Immunol 2015; 126:45-127. [PMID: 25727288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The roles of mast cells in health and disease remain incompletely understood. While the evidence that mast cells are critical effector cells in IgE-dependent anaphylaxis and other acute IgE-mediated allergic reactions seems unassailable, studies employing various mice deficient in mast cells or mast cell-associated proteases have yielded divergent conclusions about the roles of mast cells or their proteases in certain other immunological responses. Such "controversial" results call into question the relative utility of various older versus newer approaches to ascertain the roles of mast cells and mast cell proteases in vivo. This review discusses how both older and more recent mouse models have been used to investigate the functions of mast cells and their proteases in health and disease. We particularly focus on settings in which divergent conclusions about the importance of mast cells and their proteases have been supported by studies that employed different models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency. We think that two major conclusions can be drawn from such findings: (1) no matter which models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency one employs, the conclusions drawn from the experiments always should take into account the potential limitations of the models (particularly abnormalities affecting cell types other than mast cells) and (2) even when analyzing a biological response using a single model of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency, details of experimental design are critical in efforts to define those conditions under which important contributions of mast cells or their proteases can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Monteiro RC, Beghdadi W, Madjene LC, Pons M, Peuchmaur M, Blank U. The function of mast cells in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1220:487-496. [PMID: 25388269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1568-2_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is caused by deposition of immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane or of autoantibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane. Depositions lead to an inflammatory response that can ultimately destroy renal function and lead to chronic kidney disease. However, the pathological processes leading to the development of renal injury and disease progression remain poorly understood. To investigate the mechanisms of disease development in glomerulonephritis various animal models have been developed, which include as the most popular one the induction of glomerulonephritis by the injection of heterologous antibodies directed to the glomerular basement membrane. The role of mast cells and mast cell-derived mediators has been evaluated in these models. In this chapter we describe the methods that allow to set up and study the disease parameters of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis development.
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Hochheiser K, Kurts C. Selective Dependence of Kidney Dendritic Cells on CX3CR1--Implications for Glomerulonephritis Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 850:55-71. [PMID: 26324346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15774-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As central regulators of the adaptive immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) are found in virtually all lymphatic and non-lymphatic organs. A compact network of DCs also spans the kidneys. DCs play a central role in maintenance of organ homeostasis as well as in induction of immune responses against invading pathogens. They can mediate protective or destructive functions in a context-dependent manner.We recently identified CX(3)CR1 as a kidney-specific "homing receptor" for DCs. There was a strong reduction of DCs in the kidneys of CX(3)CR1-deficient mice compared to controls. This reduction was not observed in other organs except the small intestine. As a possible underlying reason we found a strong expression of the CX(3)CR1 ligand fractalkine in the kidneys. Due to this CX(3)CR1-dependent reduction of DCs, especially in the renal cortex, a glomerulonephritis (GN) model was ameliorated in CX(3)CR1-deficient mice. In contrast, the immune defense against the most common renal infection, bacterial pyelonephritis (PN), was not significantly influenced by CX(3)CR1-deficiency. This was explained by the much smaller CX(3)CR1-dependency of medullary DCs, which recruit effector cells into the kidney during PN. Additionally, once neutrophils had been recruited by mechanisms distinct from CX(3)CR1, they carried out some of the functions of DCs.Taken together, we suggest CX(3)CR1 as a therapeutic target for GN treatment, as the absence of CX(3)CR1 selectively influences DCs in the kidney without rendering mice more susceptible towards bacterial kidney infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology(IMMEI), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105, Bonn, Germany,
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18
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Mast cells in renal inflammation and fibrosis: Lessons learnt from animal studies. Mol Immunol 2015; 63:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) prolongs hospital stay and increases mortality in various clinical settings. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), nephrotoxic agents and infection leading to sepsis are among the major causes of AKI. Inflammatory responses substantially contribute to the overall renal damage in AKI. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the inflammatory process occurring in post-ischaemic AKI. Proinflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns, hypoxia-inducible factors, adhesion molecules, dysfunction of the renal vascular endothelium, chemokines, cytokines and Toll-like receptors are involved in the activation and recruitment of immune cells into injured kidneys. Immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of renal injury after IRI, and some of their subpopulations also participate in the repair process. These immune cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxic AKI. Experimental studies of immune cells in AKI have resulted in improved understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying AKI and will be the foundation for development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This Review describes what is currently known about the function of the immune system in the pathogenesis and repair of ischaemic and nephrotoxic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryoun Jang
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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20
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The immune system and kidney disease: basic concepts and clinical implications. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:738-53. [PMID: 24037418 DOI: 10.1038/nri3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are frequently targeted by pathogenic immune responses against renal autoantigens or by local manifestations of systemic autoimmunity. Recent studies in rodent models and humans have uncovered several underlying mechanisms that can be used to explain the previously enigmatic immunopathology of many kidney diseases. These mechanisms include kidney-specific damage-associated molecular patterns that cause sterile inflammation, the crosstalk between renal dendritic cells and T cells, the development of kidney-targeting autoantibodies and molecular mimicry with microbial pathogens. Conversely, kidney failure affects general immunity, causing intestinal barrier dysfunction, systemic inflammation and immunodeficiency that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of patients with kidney disease. In this Review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the interactions between the kidneys and the immune system.
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Kanasaki K, Taduri G, Koya D. Diabetic nephropathy: the role of inflammation in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23390421 PMCID: PMC3565176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease associated with diabetes mellitus is a major health problem worldwide. Although established therapeutic strategies, such as appropriate blood glucose control, blood pressure control with renin-angiotensin system blockade, and lipid lowering with statins, are used to treat diabetes, the contribution of diabetic end-stage kidney disease to the total number of cases requiring hemodialysis has increased tremendously in the past two decades. Once renal function starts declining, it can result in a higher frequency of renal and extra-renal events, including cardiovascular events. Therefore, slowing renal function decline is one of the main areas of focus in diabetic nephropathy research, and novel strategies are urgently needed to prevent diabetic kidney disease progression. Regardless of the type of injury and etiology, kidney fibrosis is the commonly the final outcome of progressive kidney diseases, and it results in significant destruction of normal kidney structure and accompanying functional deterioration. Kidney fibrosis is caused by prolonged injury and dysregulation of the normal wound-healing process in association with excess extracellular matrix deposition. Kidney fibroblasts play an important role in the fibrotic process, but the origin of the fibroblasts remains elusive. In addition to the activation of residential fibroblasts, other important sources of fibroblasts have been proposed, such as pericytes, fibrocytes, and fibroblasts originating from epithelial-to-mesenchymal and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Inflammatory cells and cytokines play a vital role In the process of fibroblast activation. In this review, we will analyze the contribution of inflammation to the process of tissue fibrosis, the type of fibroblast activation and the therapeutic strategies targeting the inflammatory pathways in an effort to slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
| | - Gangadhar Taduri
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical SciencesHyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
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Gan PY, Summers SA, Ooi JD, O'Sullivan KM, Tan DSY, Muljadi RCM, Odobasic D, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. Mast cells contribute to peripheral tolerance and attenuate autoimmune vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1955-66. [PMID: 23138486 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012060572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells contribute to the modulation of the immune response, but their role in autoimmune renal disease is not well understood. Here, we induced autoimmunity resulting in focal necrotizing GN by immunizing wild-type or mast cell-deficient (Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice with myeloperoxidase. Mast cell-deficient mice exhibited more antimyeloperoxidase CD4+ T cells, enhanced dermal delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to myeloperoxidase, and more severe focal necrotizing GN. Furthermore, the lymph nodes draining the sites of immunization had fewer Tregs and reduced production of IL-10 in mice lacking mast cells. Reconstituting these mice with mast cells significantly increased the numbers of Tregs in the lymph nodes and attenuated both autoimmunity and severity of disease. After immunization with myeloperoxidase, mast cells migrated from the skin to the lymph nodes to contact Tregs. In an ex vivo assay, mast cells enhanced Treg suppression through IL-10. Reconstitution of mast cell-deficient mice with IL-10-deficient mast cells led to enhanced autoimmunity to myeloperoxidase and greater disease severity compared with reconstitution with IL-10-intact mast cells. Taken together, these studies establish a role for mast cells in mediating peripheral tolerance to myeloperoxidase, protecting them from the development of focal necrotizing GN in ANCA-associated vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Yi Gan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Eller K, Rosenkranz AR. Mast cells: subordinates or masterminds in autoimmunity? J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1913-4. [PMID: 23138481 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Mast cell activation and degranulation promotes renal fibrosis in experimental unilateral ureteric obstruction. Kidney Int 2012; 82:676-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tubulointerstitial injury in the kidney is complex, involving a number of independent and overlapping cellular and molecular pathways, with renal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) as the final common pathway. Furthermore, there are multiple ways to assess IFTA. RECENT FINDINGS Cells involved include tubular epithelial cells, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, myofibroblasts, monocyte/macrophages, and mast cells with complex and still incompletely characterized cell-molecular interactions. Molecular mediators involved are numerous and involve pathways such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Recent genomic approaches have shed insight into some of these cellular and molecular pathways. Pathologic evaluation of IFTA is central in assessing the severity of chronic disease; however, there are a variety of methods used to assess IFTA. Most assessment of IFTA relies on pathologist assessment of special stains such as trichrome, Sirius Red, and collagen III immunohistochemistry. Visual pathologist assessment can be prone to intra and interobserver variability, but some methods employ computerized morphometery, without a clear consensus as to the best method. SUMMARY IFTA results from on orchestration of cell types and molecular pathways. Opinions vary on the optimal qualitative and quantitative assessment of IFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Summers SA, Chan J, Gan PY, Dewage L, Nozaki Y, Steinmetz OM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. Mast cells mediate acute kidney injury through the production of TNF. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:2226-36. [PMID: 22021718 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI), but the mechanisms by which leukocytes promote injury are not completely understood. The degranulation of mast cells releases inflammatory molecules, including TNF, but whether these cells participate in the pathogenesis of AKI is unknown. Here, we induced AKI with cisplatin in mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. Compared with wild-type mice, deficiency of mast cells attenuated renal injury, reduced serum levels of TNF, and reduced recruitment of leukocytes to the inflamed kidney. Mast cell-deficient mice also exhibited significantly lower intrarenal expression of leukocyte chemoattractants. Mast cell-deficient mice reconstituted with mast cells from wild-type mice exhibited similar cisplastin-induced renal damage and serum levels of TNF as wild-type mice. In contrast, mast cell-deficient mice reconstituted with mast cells from TNF-deficient mice continued to demonstrate significant attenuation of cisplatin-induced renal injury. Furthermore, the mast-cell stabilizer sodium chromoglycate also significantly abrogated renal injury in this model of AKI. Taken together, these results suggest that mast cells mediate AKI through the production of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Summers
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Abstract
Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the common final outcome of almost all progressive chronic kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis is also a reliable predictor of prognosis and a major determinant of renal insufficiency. Irrespective of the initial causes, renal fibrogenesis is a dynamic and converging process that consists of four overlapping phases: priming, activation, execution and progression. Nonresolving inflammation after a sustained injury sets up the fibrogenic stage (priming) and triggers the activation and expansion of matrix-producing cells from multiple sources through diverse mechanisms, including activation of interstitial fibroblasts and pericytes, phenotypic conversion of tubular epithelial and endothelial cells and recruitment of circulating fibrocytes. Upon activation, matrix-producing cells assemble a multicomponent, integrin-associated protein complex that integrates input from various fibrogenic signals and orchestrates the production of matrix components and their extracellular assembly. Multiple cellular and molecular events, such as tubular atrophy, microvascular rarefaction and tissue hypoxia, promote scar formation and ensure a vicious progression to end-stage kidney failure. This Review outlines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis, which could offer novel insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Veerappan A, Reid AC, O'Connor N, Mora R, Brazin JA, Estephan R, Kameue T, Chen J, Felsen D, Seshan SV, Poppas DP, Maack T, Silver RB. Mast cells are required for the development of renal fibrosis in the rodent unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F192-204. [PMID: 21957176 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00562.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Whether they protect against or contribute to renal fibrosis is unclear. Based on our previous findings that mast cells can express and secrete active renin, and that angiotensin (ANG II) is profibrotic, we hypothesized that mast cells play a critical role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis. We tested this hypothesis in the 14-day unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in rats and mast cell-deficient (MCD) mice (WBB6F1-W/Wv) and their congenic controls (CC). In the 14-day UUO rat kidney, mast cell number is increased and they express active renin. Stabilizing mast cells in vivo with administration of cromolyn sodium attenuated the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which was confirmed by measuring newly synthesized pepsin-soluble collagen and blind scoring of fixed trichrome-stained kidney sections accompanied by spectral analysis. Fibrosis was absent in UUO kidneys from MCD mice unlike that observed in the CC mice. Losartan treatment reduced the fibrosis in the CC UUO kidneys. The effects of mast cell degranulation and renin release were tested in the isolated, perfused kidney preparation. Mast cell degranulation led to renin-dependent protracted flow recovery. This demonstrates that mast cell renin is active in situ and the ensuing ANG II can modulate intrarenal vascular resistance in the UUO kidney. Collectively, the data demonstrate that mast cells are critical to the development of renal fibrosis in the 14-day UUO kidney. Since renin is present in human kidney mast cells, our work identifies potential targets in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Veerappan
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., Box 75, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Beghdadi W, Madjene LC, Benhamou M, Charles N, Gautier G, Launay P, Blank U. Mast cells as cellular sensors in inflammation and immunity. Front Immunol 2011; 2:37. [PMID: 22566827 PMCID: PMC3342044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are localized in tissues. Intense research on these cells over the years has demonstrated their role as effector cells in the maintenance of tissue integrity following injury produced by infectious agents, toxins, metabolic states, etc. After stimulation they release a sophisticated array of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and growth factors to orchestrate an inflammatory response. These mediators can directly initiate tissue responses on resident cells, but they have also been shown to regulate other infiltrating immune cell functions. Research in recent years has revealed that the outcome of mast cell actions is not always detrimental for the host but can also limit disease development. In addition, mast cell functions highly depend on the physiological context in the organism. Depending on the genetic background, strength of the injurious event, the particular microenvironment, mast cells direct responses ranging from pro- to anti-inflammatory. It appears that they have evolved as cellular sensors to discern their environment in order to initiate an appropriate physiological response either aimed to favor inflammation for repair or at the contrary limit the inflammatory process to prevent further damage. Like every sophisticated machinery, its dysregulation leads to pathology. Given the broad distribution of mast cells in tissues this also explains their implication in many inflammatory diseases.
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Schiffer C, Lalanne AI, Cassard L, Mancardi DA, Malbec O, Bruhns P, Dif F, Daëron M. A strain of Lactobacillus casei inhibits the effector phase of immune inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2646-55. [PMID: 21810608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some nonpathogenic bacteria were found to have protective effects in mouse models of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These "probiotics" are thought to interact with dendritic cells during Ag presentation, at the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Many other myeloid cells are the effector cells of immune responses. They are responsible for inflammation that accounts for symptoms in allergic and autoimmune diseases. We investigated in this study whether probiotics might affect allergic and autoimmune inflammation by acting at the effector phase of adaptive immune responses. The effects of one strain of Lactobacillus casei were investigated in vivo on IgE-induced passive systemic anaphylaxis and IgG-induced passive arthritis, two murine models of acute allergic and autoimmune inflammation, respectively, which bypass the induction phase of immune responses, in vitro on IgE- and IgG-induced mouse mast cell activation and ex vivo on IgE-dependent human basophil activation. L. casei protected from anaphylaxis and arthritis, and inhibited mouse mast cell and human basophil activation. Inhibition required contact between mast cells and bacteria, was reversible, and selectively affected the Lyn/Syk/linker for activation of T cells pathway induced on engagement of IgE receptors, leading to decreased MAPK activation, Ca(2+) mobilization, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. Also, adoptive anaphylaxis induced on Ag challenge in mice injected with IgE-sensitized mast cells was abrogated in mice injected with IgE-sensitized mast cells exposed to bacteria. These results demonstrate that probiotics can influence the effector phase of adaptive immunity in allergic and autoimmune diseases. They might, therefore, prevent inflammation in patients who have already synthesized specific IgE or autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Schiffer
- Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 75015 Paris, France
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ISN Forefronts Symposium 2010 in Sylt, Germany: 'Induction and Resolution of Renal Inflammation'. Kidney Int 2011; 79:807-13. [PMID: 21289596 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The International Society of Nephrology (ISN) Forefronts Symposium 'Induction and Resolution of Renal Inflammation' took place in May 2010 on the Island of Sylt, Germany. The program included basic and clinical aspects of inflammation with a special focus on human and experimental glomerulonephritis. Distinguished scientists from different fields of inflammation research reported their recent discoveries and discussed emerging topics including the role of resolution for inflammatory processes; the 'new and old' cellular players of innate immunity and their mediators; the fundamental role of T-cell subtypes and chemokines; new aspects of B cell-mediated immune responses; and finally the potential implication of results from basic science for human inflammatory renal disease.
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JNK1 controls mast cell degranulation and IL-1{beta} production in inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22122-7. [PMID: 21135226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016401107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by bone and cartilage destruction. Current biologic therapies are beneficial in only a portion of patients; hence small molecules targeting key pathogenic signaling cascades represent alternative therapeutic strategies. Here we show that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1, but not JNK2, is critical for joint swelling and destruction in a serum transfer model of arthritis. The proinflammatory function of JNK1 requires bone marrow-derived cells, particularly mast cells. Without JNK1, mast cells fail to degranulate efficiently and release less IL-1β after stimulation via Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). Pharmacologic JNK inhibition effectively prevents arthritis onset and abrogates joint swelling in established disease. Hence, JNK1 controls mast cell degranulation and FcγR-triggered IL-1β production, in addition to regulating cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase biosynthesis, and is an attractive therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
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Boor P, Ostendorf T, Floege J. Renal fibrosis: novel insights into mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6:643-56. [PMID: 20838416 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common end point of virtually all progressive kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis should not be viewed as a simple and uniform 'scar', but rather as a dynamic system that involves extracellular matrix components and many, if not all, renal and infiltrating cell types. The involved cells exhibit enormous plasticity or phenotypic variability-a fact that we are only beginning to appreciate. Only a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis can facilitate the development of effective treatments. In this Review, we discuss the most recent advances in renal, or more specifically, tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Novel mechanisms as well as potential treatment targets based on different cell types are described. Problems that continue to plague the field are also discussed, including specific therapeutic targeting of the kidney, the development of improved diagnostic methods to assess renal fibrosis and the shortcomings of available animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boor
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Scandiuzzi L, Beghdadi W, Daugas E, Abrink M, Tiwari N, Brochetta C, Claver J, Arouche N, Zang X, Pretolani M, Monteiro RC, Pejler G, Blank U. Mouse mast cell protease-4 deteriorates renal function by contributing to inflammation and fibrosis in immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:624-33. [PMID: 20530261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells exert protective effects in experimental antiglomerular basement membrane-induced glomerulonephritis (GN), yet the responsible mediators have not been identified. In this study, we investigated the role of mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-4, the functional homolog of human chymase, using mMCP-4-deficient mice. Compared with wild type animals, mMCP-4-deficient mice exhibited lower proteinuria, blood creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels, indicating an aggravating role of mMCP-4. Kidney histology confirmed less severe renal damage in mMCP-4-deficient mice with reduced deposits, glomerular and interstitial cellularity, and fibrosis scores. High amounts of mMCP-4 were detected in renal capsules, but not in the whole kidney, from wild type mice. Its expression in renal capsules was markedly decreased after GN induction, suggesting that locally released enzyme by degranulated mast cells could contribute to the functional and physiopathological hallmarks of GN. Supporting a proinflammatory role, glomerular and interstitial macrophage and T cell infiltration, levels of proinflammatory TNF and MCP-1 mRNA, and the expression of the profibrotic peptide angiotensin II together with type I collagen were markedly downregulated in kidneys of mMCP-4-deficient mice. We conclude that mMCP-4 chymase, contrary to the global anti-inflammatory action of mast cells, aggravates GN by promoting kidney inflammation. These results highlight the complexity of mast cell-mediated inflammatory actions and suggest that chymase inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic target in GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Scandiuzzi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U699, Paris, France
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Yu F, Tan Y, Liu G, Wang SX, Zou WZ, Zhao MH. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of patients with crescentic lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2009; 76:307-17. [PMID: 19404274 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are few clinicopathologic and outcome data on patients with crescentic lupus nephritis, therefore, we determined factors of the disease by retrospectively reviewing the records of 327 patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis. Of these, 152 cases were regrouped as class IV-G, including 33 patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis. Significantly, all patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis had acute kidney injury as compared with only about a quarter of the patients without the disease. On pathological evaluation, activity scores, chronicity indexes, relapse rates, and the frequency of positive serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) were each significantly higher, whereas complete remission rates and renal outcomes, over a mean follow-up of 4 years, were significantly poorer in patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis. Our study shows that crescentic glomerulonephritis was not rare in patients with lupus nephritis and that their long-term outcome was poor. The precise role of ANCA in the pathologic course of crescentic lupus nephritis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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Kim DH, Moon SO, Jung YJ, Lee AS, Kang KP, Lee TH, Lee S, Chai OH, Song CH, Jang KY, Sung MJ, Zhang X, Park SK, Kim W. Mast cells decrease renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2009; 75:1031-8. [PMID: 19242503 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells regulate both inflammatory responses and tissue repair in human diseases but there are conflicting reports on the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases. Here we measured mast cell function in unilateral ureteral obstruction, a well-characterized model of renal fibrosis, using Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice genetically deficient in mast cells, wild-type mice, and deficient mice reconstituted by adoptive transfer with mast cells from the wild-type animals. Mast cell-deficient mice had higher levels of renal tubular damage, more stromal fibrosis, higher numbers of infiltrating ERHR3-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T cells, and higher tissue levels of profibrotic transforming growth factor-beta1 than wild-type mice or mice reconstituted by adoptive transfer of mast cells 3 weeks after ureteral obstruction. Similarly, while wild-type and adoptively transferred mice had increased alpha-smooth muscle actin and decreased E-cadherin expression, which are indicators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the obstructed kidneys of the mast cell-deficient mice had significant attenuation of those indicators. Thus, our study suggests that mast cells protect the kidney against fibrosis by modulation of inflammatory cell infiltration and by transforming growth factor-beta1-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Hoon Kim
- Renal Regeneration Laboratory and Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
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Holdsworth SR, Summers SA. Role of Mast Cells in Progressive Renal Diseases: Figure 1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2254-61. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Lee VWS, Wang YM, Wang YP, Zheng D, Polhill T, Cao Q, Wu H, Alexander IE, Alexander SI, Harris DCH. Regulatory immune cells in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F335-42. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00077.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes and macrophages act as effector immune cells in the initiation and progression of renal injury. Recent data have shown that subpopulations of these immune cells (regulatory T lymphocytes and alternately-activated or regulatory macrophages) are potent modulators of tissue injury and repair in renal disease. Recent animal studies examining the therapeutic effect of these cells raise the exciting possibility that strategies targeting these cell types may be effective in treating and preventing kidney disease in humans. This review will describe their biological role in experimental kidney disease and therapeutic potential in clinical nephrology.
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Kurts C, Heymann F, Lukacs-Kornek V, Boor P, Floege J. Role of T cells and dendritic cells in glomerular immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:317-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG. Leukocytes in glomerular injury. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:355-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammatory kidney disease involves a complex network of interactions between resident kidney and infiltrating hematopoietic cells. Mast cells (MCs) are constitutively found in kidneys in small numbers but increase considerably in various renal diseases. While this increase is usually interpreted as a sign of pathological involvement, recent data using MC-deficient animals show their ability to restore kidney homeostasis. In anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis, MCs are protective by initiating repair and remodeling functions counteracting the devastating effects of glomerular injury. Protection may also include immunoregulatory capacities to limit autoreactive T-cell responses. MCs also control tubulointerstitial fibrosis by activating tissue remodeling and neutralizing fibrotic factors. Release of mediators by MCs during inflammation, however, could also promote unwanted responses that ultimately lead to destruction of kidney structure, as exemplified by data showing either protection or aggravation in related renal disease models. Similarly, while the action of proteases may initially be beneficial, the generation of fibrosis-promoting angiotensin II by chymase also shows the limits of adaptive responses to achieve homeostasis. Thus, it is likely the physiological context involving the interaction with other cells and inflammatory mediators that determines the final action of MCs in the development of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Blank
- Inserm U699, Immunopathologie Rénale, Récepteurs et Inflammation, Univesité Paris 7, Paris, France.
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42
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Abstract
Mast cells are effector cells of the innate immune system, but because they express Fc receptors (FcRs), they can be engaged in adaptive immunity by antibodies. Mast cell FcRs include immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG receptors and, among these, activating and inhibitory receptors. The engagement of mast cell IgG receptors by immune complexes may or may not trigger cell activation, depending on the type of mast cell. The coengagement of IgG and IgE receptors results in inhibition of mast cell activation. The Src homology-2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase-1 is a major effector of negative regulation. Biological responses of mast cells depend on the balance between positive and negative signals that are generated in FcR complexes. The contribution of human mast cell IgG receptors in allergies remains to be clarified. Increasing evidence indicates that mast cells play critical roles in IgG-dependent tissue-specific autoimmune diseases. Convincing evidence was obtained in murine models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, bullous pemphigoid, and glomerulonephritis. In these models, the intensity of lesions depended on the relative engagement of activating and inhibitory IgG receptors. In vitro models of mature tissue-specific murine mast cells are needed to investigate the roles of mast cells in these diseases. One such model unraveled unique differentiation/maturation-dependent biological responses of serosal-type mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Malbec
- Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Sharma R, Prasad V, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ, Dileepan KN, Stechschulte DJ, Lianos E, Wiegmann T, Sharma M. Chymase increases glomerular albumin permeability via protease-activated receptor-2. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 297:161-9. [PMID: 17102904 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased infiltration of the kidney by mast cells is associated with proteinuria, and interstitial fibrosis in various renal diseases. Mast cells produce serine proteases including tryptase and chymase (MCC) that act via protease-activated receptors (PARs) to induce synthesis of fibrogenic cytokines by renal cells. In the present study, we investigated direct effect of MCC and role of PARs on glomerular albumin permeability (P(alb)). Isolated rat glomeruli were incubated with MCC (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml) for 5-30 min in presence or absence of PAR-1 and PAR-2 blocking antibodies. P(alb) was determined from the change in glomerular volume in response to an albumin oncotic gradient. The effect of direct activation of PARs on P(alb) was verified by incubating glomeruli with synthetic hexapeptide known to activate PAR-1 and PAR-2. MCC increased P(alb) of isolated rat glomeruli in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Blocking PAR-2 prevented MCC-mediated increase in P(alb). RT-PCR analysis of glomerular RNA demonstrated the presence of constitutively expressed PAR-1, -2, and -3 and low levels of PAR-4. In addition, direct activation of PAR-2 by hexapeptide SLIGKV increased P(alb) comparable to MCC, whereas PAR-1 activation by TFLLRN had no effect on P(alb). Our results document that MCC induces increase in P(alb) and that this effect is mediated through PAR-2. MCC may also play a role in renal scarring. We propose that inhibiting MCC activity or blocking the activation of PAR-2 may provide new targets for therapy in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
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Ruth AJ, Kitching AR, Kwan RYQ, Odobasic D, Ooi JDK, Timoshanko JR, Hickey MJ, Holdsworth SR. Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Effector CD4+Cells Play Nonredundant Roles in Anti-Myeloperoxidase Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1940-9. [PMID: 16769746 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most humans with microscopic polyarteritis and anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) develop "pauci-immune" crescentic glomerulonephritis. For dissection of the roles of ANCA and cell-mediated effectors in microscopic polyarteritis, experimental autoimmune anti-MPO glomerulonephritis was induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with human MPO. Autoimmunity to mouse MPO (ANCA and CD4+ cell reactivity) was induced. Challenge with anti-glomerular basement membrane globulin resulted in accumulation of neutrophils, CD4+ cells and macrophages, and significant numbers of crescentic glomeruli compared with similarly challenged control-immunized mice. MPO-deficient (Mpo(-/-)) mice immunized with MPO developed similar immune responses to MPO but failed to recruit effector cells to glomeruli or develop significant crescent formation, suggesting that MPO is acting as a planted glomerular autoantigen. Effector CD4+ cell depletion in this model attenuated crescentic glomerulonephritis and effector cell influx without altering ANCA titers. However, B cell-deficient mice, with no ANCA, still developed severe crescentic glomerulonephritis with accumulation of effector cells. Intravital microscopy studies demonstrated that passive transfer of sera from MPO-immunized Mpo(-/-) mice to LPS-primed mice rapidly induced glomerular neutrophil accumulation and release of MPO. These studies provide in vivo evidence in a relevant vascular bed for both humoral and cellular anti-MPO responses as key inducers of injury. ANCA induces glomerular neutrophil infiltration and MPO deposition. Subsequently, anti-MPO CD4+ cells recognize MPO as a planted glomerular antigen and act with macrophages to amplify severe glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda-Jane Ruth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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