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Im S, Song MH, Elangovan M, Woo KM, Park WJ. The matricellular protein CCN5 prevents anti-VEGF drug-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13920. [PMID: 38886213 PMCID: PMC11183261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness in the elderly worldwide. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have been widely used to treat the neovascular type of AMD (nAMD). However, VEGF acts not only as a pro-angiogenic factor but also as an anti-apoptotic factor in the eyes. In this study, we found that anti-VEGF drugs, including bevacizumab (Bev), ranibizumab (Ran), and aflibercept (Afl), induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ARPE-19 cells in vitro, accompanied by the induction of CCN2, a potent pro-fibrotic factor. Similarly, intravitreal injection of Afl into mouse eyes resulted in EMT in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Co-treatment with CCN5, an anti-fibrotic factor that down-regulates CCN2 expression, significantly attenuated the adverse effects of the anti-VEGF drugs both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway with antagonists of VEGF receptors, SU5416 and ZM323881, induced EMT and up-regulated CCN2 in ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, knock-down of CCN2 with siRNA abolished the adverse effects of the anti-VEGF drugs in ARPE-19 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that anti-VEGF drugs induce EMT in RPE through the induction of CCN2 and that co-treatment with CCN5 attenuates the adverse effects of anti-VEGF drugs in mouse eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Im
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Olives Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Olives Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Muthukumar Elangovan
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Olives Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Kee Min Woo
- Olives Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Olives Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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2
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Ren M, Yao S, Chen T, Luo H, Tao X, Jiang H, Yang X, Zhang H, Yu S, Wang Y, Lu A, Zhang G. Connective Tissue Growth Factor: Regulation, Diseases, and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4692. [PMID: 38731911 PMCID: PMC11083620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, selecting targeted molecules is crucial as the target could directly affect drug efficacy and the treatment outcomes. As a member of the CCN family, CTGF (also known as CCN2) is an essential regulator in the progression of various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, neurological disorders, and eye diseases. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of CTGF in different diseases may contribute to the discovery of novel drug candidates. Summarizing the CTGF-targeting and -inhibitory drugs is also beneficial for the analysis of the efficacy, applications, and limitations of these drugs in different disease models. Therefore, we reviewed the CTGF structure, the regulatory mechanisms in various diseases, and drug development in order to provide more references for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shanshan Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tienan Chen
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hang Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohui Tao
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hewen Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huarui Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lu J, Xu X, Sun X, Du Y. Protein and peptide-based renal targeted drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2024; 366:65-84. [PMID: 38145662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Renal diseases have become an increasingly concerned public health problem in the world. Kidney-targeted drug delivery has profound transformative potential on increasing renal efficacy and reducing extra-renal toxicity. Protein and peptide-based kidney targeted drug delivery systems have garnered more and more attention due to its controllable synthesis, high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. At the same time, the targeting methods based on protein/peptide are also abundant, including passive renal targeting based on macromolecular protein and active targeting mediated by renal targeting peptide. Here, we review the application and the drug loading strategy of different proteins or peptides in targeted drug delivery, including the ferritin family, albumin, low molecular weight protein (LMWP), different peptide sequence and antibodies. In addition, we summarized the factors influencing passive and active targeting in drug delivery system, the main receptors related to active targeting in different kidney diseases, and a variety of nano forms of proteins based on the controllable synthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Shuren University, 8 Shuren Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
| | - Xuanrong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Yongzhong Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China.
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4
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Guo C, Jiao M, Cui Y, Li P, Yao J, Dong J, Liao L. Claudin-2 Mediates the Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell-Fibroblast Crosstalk via Paracrine CTGF. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:55-73. [PMID: 38192494 PMCID: PMC10771729 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s432173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proximal tubular epithelial cell (PTEC) is vulnerable to injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) due to high energy expenditure. The injured PTECs-derived profibrotic factors are thought to be driving forces in tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) as they activate surrounding fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Methods The diabetes with uninephrectomy (DKD) rats were used to evaluated renal histological changes and the expression of Claudin-2 by immunofluorescence staining. Then, Claudin-2 expression in PTECs were modulated and subsequently determined the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts by building a transwell co-culture system in normal glucose (NG)or high glucose (HG) condition. Results Decreased expression of Claudin-2 in PTECs accompanied by tight junction disruption and increased interstitial fibrosis, were detected in DKD rats. In vitro, downregulated Claudin-2 in PTECs promoted proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, which coincided with elevated expression of profibrotic connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in PTECs. Silenced CTGF inhibited the profibrotic of PTECs via Claudin-2 inhibition. Fibroblasts co-cultured with PTECs transitioned more to myofibroblasts and generated extracellular matrix (ECM) significantly in response to high glucose (HG) stimulation whereas overexpression of Claudin-2 in PTECs reversed the above results. Upregulating CTGF disrupted the beneficial anti-fibrosis effects obtained by overexpression of Claudin-2 in HG condition. Conclusion Our study suggested that Claudin-2 in PTECs, a key mediator of paracellular cation and water transport, promotes the activation and proliferation of surrounding fibroblasts significantly via CTGF in a paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingjiang Li
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Manieri E, Tie G, Malagola E, Seruggia D, Madha S, Maglieri A, Huang K, Fujiwara Y, Zhang K, Orkin SH, Wang TC, He R, McCarthy N, Shivdasani RA. Role of PDGFRA + cells and a CD55 + PDGFRA Lo fraction in the gastric mesenchymal niche. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7978. [PMID: 38042929 PMCID: PMC10693581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PDGFRA-expressing mesenchyme supports intestinal stem cells. Stomach epithelia have related niche dependencies, but their enabling mesenchymal cell populations are unknown, in part because previous studies pooled the gastric antrum and corpus. Our high-resolution imaging, transcriptional profiling, and organoid assays identify regional subpopulations and supportive capacities of purified mouse corpus and antral PDGFRA+ cells. Sub-epithelial PDGFRAHi myofibroblasts are principal sources of BMP ligands and two molecularly distinct pools distribute asymmetrically along antral glands but together fail to support epithelial growth in vitro. In contrast, PDGFRALo CD55+ cells strategically positioned beneath gastric glands promote epithelial expansion in the absence of other cells or factors. This population encompasses a small fraction expressing the BMP antagonist Grem1. Although Grem1+ cell ablation in vivo impairs intestinal stem cells, gastric stem cells are spared, implying that CD55+ cell activity in epithelial self-renewal derives from other subpopulations. Our findings shed light on spatial, molecular, and functional organization of gastric mesenchyme and the spectrum of signaling sources for epithelial support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Manieri
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guodong Tie
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Davide Seruggia
- Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shariq Madha
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Adrianna Maglieri
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Molecular Imaging Core and Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ruiyang He
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Neil McCarthy
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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6
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Romeo SG, Secco I, Schneider E, Reumiller CM, Santos CXC, Zoccarato A, Musale V, Pooni A, Yin X, Theofilatos K, Trevelin SC, Zeng L, Mann GE, Pathak V, Harkin K, Stitt AW, Medina RJ, Margariti A, Mayr M, Shah AM, Giacca M, Zampetaki A. Human blood vessel organoids reveal a critical role for CTGF in maintaining microvascular integrity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5552. [PMID: 37689702 PMCID: PMC10492781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature plays a key role in tissue perfusion and exchange of gases and metabolites. In this study we use human blood vessel organoids (BVOs) as a model of the microvasculature. BVOs fully recapitulate key features of the human microvasculature, including the reliance of mature endothelial cells on glycolytic metabolism, as concluded from metabolic flux assays and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics using stable tracing of 13C-glucose. Pharmacological targeting of PFKFB3, an activator of glycolysis, using two chemical inhibitors results in rapid BVO restructuring, vessel regression with reduced pericyte coverage. PFKFB3 mutant BVOs also display similar structural remodelling. Proteomic analysis of the BVO secretome reveal remodelling of the extracellular matrix and differential expression of paracrine mediators such as CTGF. Treatment with recombinant CTGF recovers microvessel structure. In this work we demonstrate that BVOs rapidly undergo restructuring in response to metabolic changes and identify CTGF as a critical paracrine regulator of microvascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Romeo
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Secco
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Schneider
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Christina M Reumiller
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Celio X C Santos
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Anna Zoccarato
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Vishal Musale
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Aman Pooni
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Theofilatos
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Silvia Cellone Trevelin
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Varun Pathak
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kevin Harkin
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan W Stitt
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Mauro Giacca
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, London, UK.
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7
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Manieri E, Tie G, Seruggia D, Madha S, Maglieri A, Huang K, Fujiwara Y, Zhang K, Orkin SH, He R, McCarthy N, Shivdasani RA. Defining the structure, signals, and cellular elements of the gastric mesenchymal niche. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.11.527728. [PMID: 36798304 PMCID: PMC9934611 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.11.527728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
PDGFRA-expressing mesenchyme provides a niche for intestinal stem cells. Corresponding compartments are unknown in the stomach, where corpus and antral glandular epithelia have similar niche dependencies but are structurally distinct from the intestine and from each other. Previous studies considered antrum and corpus as a whole and did not assess niche functions. Using high-resolution imaging and sequencing, we identify regional subpopulations and niche properties of purified mouse corpus and antral PDGFRA + cells. PDGFRA Hi sub-epithelial myofibroblasts are principal sources of BMP ligands in both gastric segments; two molecularly distinct groups distribute asymmetrically along antral glands but together fail to support epithelial organoids in vitro . In contrast, strategically positioned PDGFRA Lo cells that express CD55 enable corpus and antral organoid growth in the absence of other cellular or soluble factors. Our study provides detailed insights into spatial, molecular, and functional organization of gastric mesenchyme and the spectrum of signaling sources for stem cell support.
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8
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Tu P, Xu Q, Zhou X, Villa-Roel N, Kumar S, Dong N, Jo H, Ou C, Lin Z. Myeloid CCN3 protects against aortic valve calcification. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:14. [PMID: 36670446 PMCID: PMC9854076 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular communication network factor 3 (CCN3) has been implicated in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. However, it is not known if CCN3 can regulate valvular calcification. While macrophages have been shown to regulate valvular calcification, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this process remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of macrophage-derived CCN3 in the progression of calcific aortic valve disease. METHODS Myeloid-specific knockout of CCN3 (Mye-CCN3-KO) and control mice were subjected to a single tail intravenous injection of AAV encoding mutant mPCSK9 (rAAV8/D377Y-mPCSK9) to induce hyperlipidemia. AAV-injected mice were then fed a high fat diet for 40 weeks. At the conclusion of high fat diet feeding, tissues were harvested and subjected to histologic and pathologic analyses. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were obtained from Mye-CCN3-KO and control mice and the expression of bone morphogenic protein signaling related gene were verified via quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. The BMDM conditioned medium was cocultured with human valvular intersititial cells which was artificially induced calcification to test the effect of the conditioned medium via Western blotting and Alizarin red staining. RESULTS Echocardiography revealed that both male and female Mye-CCN3-KO mice displayed compromised aortic valvular function accompanied by exacerbated valve thickness and cardiac dysfunction. Histologically, Alizarin-Red staining revealed a marked increase in aortic valve calcification in Mye-CCN3-KO mice when compared to the controls. In vitro, CCN3 deficiency augmented BMP2 production and secretion from bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, human valvular interstitial cells cultured with conditioned media from CCN3-deficient BMDMs resulted in exaggerated pro-calcifying gene expression and the consequent calcification. CONCLUSION Our data uncovered a novel role of myeloid CCN3 in the regulation of aortic valve calcification. Modulation of BMP2 production and secretion in macrophages might serve as a key mechanism for macrophage-derived CCN3's anti-calcification function in the development of CAVD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peinan Tu
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Cardiology Division, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 3004, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Affiliated Dongguan Hospital Southern Medical University (Dongguan People’s Hospital), Dongguan, 523058 China
| | - Qian Xu
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Cardiology Division, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 3004, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianming Zhou
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Cardiology Division, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 3004, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicolas Villa-Roel
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Nianguo Dong
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, 523058, China.
| | - Zhiyong Lin
- Cardiology Division, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 3004, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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9
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Yokoi H, Toda N, Mukoyama M. Generation of Conditional KO Mice of CCN2 and Its Function in the Kidney. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:391-409. [PMID: 36370365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CCN2 has been shown to be closely involved in the progression of renal fibrosis, indicating the potential of CCN2 inhibition as a therapeutic target. Although the examination of the renal disease phenotypes of adult CCN2 knockout mice has yielded valuable scientific insights, perinatal death has limited studies of CCN2 in vivo. Conditional knockout technology has become widely used to delete genes in the target cell populations or time points using cell-specific Cre recombinase-expressing mice. Therefore, several lines of CCN2-floxed mice have been developed to assess the functional role of CCN2 in adult mice.CCN2 levels are elevated in renal fibrosis and proliferative glomerulonephritis, making them suitable disease models for assessing the effects of CCN2 deletion on the kidney. Renal fibrosis is characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and transforming growth factor-β. CCN2 is increased in fibrosis and modulates a number of downstream signaling pathways involved in the fibrogenic properties of TGF-β. Unilateral ureteral obstruction is one of the most widely used models of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In addition, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody glomerulonephritis has become the most widely used model for evaluating the effect of increased renal CCN2 expression. Herein, we describe the construction of CCN2-floxed mice and inducible systemic CCN2 conditional knockout mice and methods for the operation of unilateral ureteral obstruction and the induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Toda
- Department of Nephrology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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10
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Ye D, Liu Y, Pan H, Feng Y, Lu X, Gan L, Wan J, Ye J. Insights into bone morphogenetic proteins in cardiovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125642. [PMID: 36909186 PMCID: PMC9996008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secretory proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins play important roles in embryogenesis, bone morphogenesis, blood vessel remodeling and the development of various organs. In recent years, as research has progressed, BMPs have been found to be closely related to cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). In this review, we summarized the potential roles and related mechanisms of the BMP family in the cardiovascular system and focused on atherosclerosis and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liren Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Broeders M, van Rooij J, Oussoren E, van Gestel T, Smith C, Kimber S, Verdijk R, Wagenmakers M, van den Hout J, van der Ploeg A, Narcisi R, Pijnappel W. Modeling cartilage pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis VI using iPSCs reveals early dysregulation of chondrogenic and metabolic gene expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:949063. [PMID: 36561048 PMCID: PMC9763729 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.949063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a metabolic disorder caused by disease-associated variants in the Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) gene, resulting in ARSB enzyme deficiency, lysosomal glycosaminoglycan accumulation, and cartilage and bone pathology. The molecular response to MPS VI that results in cartilage pathology in human patients is largely unknown. Here, we generated a disease model to study the early stages of cartilage pathology in MPS VI. We generated iPSCs from four patients and isogenic controls by inserting the ARSB cDNA in the AAVS1 safe harbor locus using CRISPR/Cas9. Using an optimized chondrogenic differentiation protocol, we found Periodic acid-Schiff positive inclusions in hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells with MPS VI. Genome-wide mRNA expression analysis showed that hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells with MPS VI downregulated expression of genes involved in TGF-β/BMP signalling, and upregulated expression of inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Expression of genes involved in apoptosis and growth was upregulated, while expression of genes involved in glycosaminoglycan metabolism was dysregulated in hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells with MPS VI. These results suggest that human ARSB deficiency in MPS VI causes changes in the transcriptional program underlying the early stages of chondrogenic differentiation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jgj van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - E. Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tjm van Gestel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ca Smith
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sj Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rm Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maem Wagenmakers
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jmp van den Hout
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - At van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - R. Narcisi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wwmp Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Nakayama T, Azegami T, Hayashi K, Hishikawa A, Yoshimoto N, Nakamichi R, Sugita E, Itoh H. Vaccination against connective tissue growth factor attenuates the development of renal fibrosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10933. [PMID: 35768626 PMCID: PMC9243061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for efficient treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal fibrosis is a final common pathway to end-stage renal disease independent of the underlying etiology, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a well-recognized profibrotic factor in fibrosis of various organ systems. Here, we developed a novel peptide vaccine against CTGF to attenuate the development of renal fibrosis. Three inoculations with this CTGF vaccine at 2-week intervals elicited antibodies specifically binding to human full-length CTGF, and the antigen-specific serum IgG antibody titers were maintained for > 30 weeks. The efficacy of the CTGF vaccine on renal fibrosis was evaluated in adenine-induced CKD and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) murine models. In adenine-induced CKD model, immunization with the CTGF vaccine attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis. Vaccinated mice showed low levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen and low urine albumin–creatinine ratio compared with vehicle-treated mice. In UUO model, the CTGF vaccination also suppressed the onset of renal fibrosis. In an in vitro study, CTGF vaccine-elicited IgG antibodies efficiently suppressed CTGF-induced- and transforming growth factor-β-induced α-smooth muscle actin expression in kidney fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that the CTGF vaccine is a promising strategy to attenuate the development of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashin Nakayama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Azegami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan.
| | - Kaori Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihito Hishikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norifumi Yoshimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ran Nakamichi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Erina Sugita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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13
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Kubota S, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Molecular and Genetic Interactions between CCN2 and CCN3 behind Their Yin-Yang Collaboration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115887. [PMID: 35682564 PMCID: PMC9180607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 2 and 3 are the members of the CCN family that conduct the harmonized development of a variety of tissues and organs under interaction with multiple biomolecules in the microenvironment. Despite their striking structural similarities, these two members show contrastive molecular functions as well as temporospatial emergence in living tissues. Typically, CCN2 promotes cell growth, whereas CCN3 restrains it. Where CCN2 is produced, CCN3 disappears. Nevertheless, these two proteins collaborate together to execute their mission in a yin–yang fashion. The apparent functional counteractions of CCN2 and CCN3 can be ascribed to their direct molecular interaction and interference over the cofactors that are shared by the two. Recent studies have revealed the mutual negative regulation systems between CCN2 and CCN3. Moreover, the simultaneous and bidirectional regulatory system of CCN2 and CCN3 is also being clarified. It is of particular note that these regulations were found to be closely associated with glycolysis, a fundamental procedure of energy metabolism. Here, the molecular interplay and metabolic gene regulation that enable the yin–yang collaboration of CCN2 and CCN3 typically found in cartilage development/regeneration and fibrosis are described.
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14
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Fu M, Peng D, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. Multifunctional regulatory protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF): A potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1740-1760. [PMID: 35847511 PMCID: PMC9279711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a multifunctional protein of the CCN family, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and a variety of other biological processes. It is involved in the disease-related pathways such as the Hippo pathway, p53 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways and thus contributes to the developments of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer and other diseases as a downstream effector. Therefore, CTGF might be a potential therapeutic target for treating various diseases. In recent years, the research on the potential of CTGF in the treatment of diseases has also been paid more attention. Several drugs targeting CTGF (monoclonal antibodies FG3149 and FG3019) are being assessed by clinical or preclinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. In this review, the cellular events regulated by CTGF, and the relationships between CTGF and pathogenesis of diseases are systematically summarized. In addition, we highlight the current researches, focusing on the preclinical and clinical trials concerned with CTGF as the therapeutic target.
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15
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Preparation and Study of Folate Modified Albumin Targeting Microspheres. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3968403. [PMID: 35126516 PMCID: PMC8816550 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3968403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, folate modified bovine serum albumin was successfully synthesized, while preparation of Nintedanib albumin microspheres (ND-FSA NPs) as a carrier was carried out via electrospinning technology. Folate modified albumin was used to enhance the targeting potential of the prepared microspheres. The prepared microspheres had spherical appearance and smooth outer surface. The diameters of microspheres (764.68 ± 88.46 nm) and zeta potential (- 18.38 ± 0.41 mV) were acceptable. The prepared ND-FSA NPs demonstrated a good degree of modification, wherein the modification rate was 28.1%. In vitro release was significantly increased in three different media (double deionized water-DDW, HCl-pH 1.2, and phosphate buffered solution containing 0.5% Tween 80). It is worth noting that incorporation of Nintedanib into folic acid modified albumin microspheres resulted in an enhanced uptake of the drug into MCF-7 breast cancer cells coupled with higher inhibition rate. Altogether, incorporation of Nintedanib into folate modified albumin microspheres is a new approach to improve water solubility and targeting effect of the drug.
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16
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Zaykov V, Chaqour B. The CCN2/CTGF interactome: an approach to understanding the versatility of CCN2/CTGF molecular activities. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:567-580. [PMID: 34613590 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network 2 (CCN2), also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) regulates diverse cellular processes, some at odds with others, including adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis. Although a cause-and-effect relationship between CCN2/CTGF expression and local fibrotic reactions has initially been established, CCN2/CTGF manifests cell-, tissue-, and context-specific functions and differentially affects developmental and pathological processes ranging from progenitor cell fate decisions and angiogenesis to inflammation and tumorigenesis. CCN2/CTGF multimodular structure, binding to and activation or inhibition of multiple cell surface receptors, growth factors and ECM proteins, and susceptibility for proteolytic cleavage highlight the complexity to CCN2/CTGF biochemical attributes. CCN2/CTGF expression and dosage in the local environment affects a defined community of its interacting partners, and this results in sequestration of growth factors, interference with or potentiation of ligand-receptor binding, cellular internalization of CCN2/CTGF, inhibition or activation of proteases, and generation of CCN2/CTGF degradome products that add molecular diversity and expand the repertoire of functional modules in the cells and their microenvironment. Through these interactions, different intracellular signals and cellular responses are elicited culminating into physiological or pathological reactions. Thus, the CCN2/CTGF interactome is a defining factor of its tissue- and context-specific effects. Mapping of new CCN2/CTGF binding partners might shed light on yet unknown roles of CCN2/CTGF and provide a solid basis for tissue-specific targeting this molecule or its interacting partners in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Zaykov
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Science University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Science University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Science University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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17
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Negative regulators of TGF-β1 signaling in renal fibrosis; pathological mechanisms and novel therapeutic opportunities. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:275-303. [PMID: 33480423 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is causatively linked to kidney fibrosis progression initiated by diabetic, hypertensive, obstructive, ischemic and toxin-induced injury. Therapeutically relevant approaches to directly target the TGF-β1 pathway (e.g., neutralizing antibodies against TGF-β1), however, remain elusive in humans. TGF-β1 signaling is subjected to extensive negative control at the level of TGF-β1 receptor, SMAD2/3 activation, complex assembly and promoter engagement due to its critical role in tissue homeostasis and numerous pathologies. Progressive kidney injury is accompanied by the deregulation (loss or gain of expression) of several negative regulators of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade by mechanisms involving protein and mRNA stability or epigenetic silencing, further amplifying TGF-β1/SMAD3 signaling and fibrosis. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 6 and 7 (BMP6/7), SMAD7, Sloan-Kettering Institute proto-oncogene (Ski) and Ski-related novel gene (SnoN), phosphate tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN), protein phosphatase magnesium/manganese dependent 1A (PPM1A) and Klotho are dramatically decreased in various nephropathies in animals and humans albeit with different kinetics while the expression of Smurf1/2 E3 ligases are increased. Such deregulations frequently initiate maladaptive renal repair including renal epithelial cell dedifferentiation and growth arrest, fibrotic factor (connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), TGF-β1) synthesis/secretion, fibroproliferative responses and inflammation. This review addresses how loss of these negative regulators of TGF-β1 pathway exacerbates renal lesion formation and discusses the therapeutic value in restoring the expression of these molecules in ameliorating fibrosis, thus, presenting novel approaches to suppress TGF-β1 hyperactivation during chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression.
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18
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Kocic G, Gajic M, Tomovic K, Hadzi-Djokic J, Anderluh M, Smelcerovic A. Purine adducts as a presumable missing link for aristolochic acid nephropathy-related cellular energy crisis, potential anti-fibrotic prevention and treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4411-4427. [PMID: 34235731 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid nephropathy is a progressive exposome-induced disease characterized by tubular atrophy and fibrosis culminating in end-stage renal disease and malignancies. The molecular mechanisms of the energy crisis as a putative cause of fibrosis have not yet been elucidated. In light of the fact that aristolochic acid forms DNA and RNA adducts by covalent binding of aristolochic acid metabolites to exocyclic amino groups of (deoxy)adenosine and (deoxy)guanosine, we hypothesize here that similar aristolochic acid adducts may exist with other purine-containing molecules. We also provide new insights into the aristolochic acid-induced energy crisis and presumably a link between already known mechanisms. In addition, an overview of potential targets in fibrosis treatment is provided, which is followed by recommendations on possible preventive measures that could be taken to at least postpone or partially alleviate aristolochic acid nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Kocic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Gajic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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19
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Leguit RJ, Raymakers RAP, Hebeda KM, Goldschmeding R. CCN2 (Cellular Communication Network factor 2) in the bone marrow microenvironment, normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:25-56. [PMID: 33428075 PMCID: PMC7798015 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN2, formerly termed Connective Tissue Growth Factor, is a protein belonging to the Cellular Communication Network (CCN)-family of secreted extracellular matrix-associated proteins. As a matricellular protein it is mainly considered to be active as a modifier of signaling activity of several different signaling pathways and as an orchestrator of their cross-talk. Furthermore, CCN2 and its fragments have been implicated in the regulation of a multitude of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, cell survival, apoptosis and the production of extracellular matrix products, as well as in more complex processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, fibrosis, mechanotransduction and inflammation. Its function is complex and context dependent, depending on cell type, state of differentiation and microenvironmental context. CCN2 plays a role in many diseases, especially those associated with fibrosis, but has also been implicated in many different forms of cancer. In the bone marrow (BM), CCN2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). CCN2 is important for MSC function, supporting its proliferation, migration and differentiation. In addition, stromal CCN2 supports the maintenance and longtime survival of hematopoietic stem cells, and in the presence of interleukin 7, stimulates the differentiation of pro-B lymphocytes into pre-B lymphocytes. Overexpression of CCN2 is seen in the majority of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias, especially in certain cytogenetic subgroups associated with poor outcome. In acute myeloid leukemia, CCN2 expression is increased in MSCs, which has been associated with leukemic engraftment in vivo. In this review, the complex function of CCN2 in the BM microenvironment and in normal as well as malignant hematopoiesis is discussed. In addition, an overview is given of data on the remaining CCN family members regarding normal and malignant hematopoiesis, having many similarities and some differences in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos J Leguit
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04-312, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinier A P Raymakers
- Department of Hematology, UMCU Cancer Center, Heidelberglaan 100 B02.226, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konnie M Hebeda
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Fang X, Ni N, Gao Y, Lydon JP, Ivanov I, Rijnkels M, Bayless KJ, Li Q. Transforming growth factor beta signaling and decidual integrity in mice†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1186-1198. [PMID: 32902612 PMCID: PMC7711917 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling regulates multifaceted reproductive processes. It has been shown that the type 1 receptor of TGFβ (TGFBR1) is indispensable for female reproductive tract development, implantation, placental development, and fertility. However, the role of TGFβ signaling in decidual development and function remains poorly defined. Our objective is to determine the impact of uterine-specific deletion of Tgfbr1 on decidual integrity, with a focus on the cellular and molecular properties of the decidua during development. Our results show that the developmental dynamics of the decidua is altered in TGFBR1 conditionally depleted uteri from embryonic day (E) 5.5 to E8.5, substantiated by downregulation of genes associated with inflammatory responses and uterine natural killer cell abundance, reduced presence of nondecidualized fibroblasts in the antimesometrial region, and altered decidual cell development. Notably, conditional ablation of TGFBR1 results in the formation of decidua containing more abundant alpha smooth muscle actin (ACTA2)-positive cells at the peripheral region of the antimesometrial side versus controls at E6.5-E8.5. This finding is corroborated by upregulation of a subset of smooth muscle marker genes in Tgfbr1 conditionally deleted decidua at E6.5 and E8.5. Moreover, increased cell proliferation and enhanced decidual ERK1/2 signaling were found in Tgfbr1 conditional knockout mice upon decidual regression. In summary, conditional ablation of TGFBR1 in the uterus profoundly impacts the cellular and molecular properties of the decidua. Our results suggest that TGFBR1 in uterine epithelial and stromal compartments is important for the integrity of the decidua, a transient but crucial structure that supports embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nan Ni
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Qinglei Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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21
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Feng Y, Jin MY, Liu DW, Wei L. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 expression is regulated by the E3 ligase UBE4A in diabetic nephropathy. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:416-419. [PMID: 30663414 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1551905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesangial cells played a central role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Our goal was to evaluate the molecular mechanism that regulates loss of BMP7 protein expression in DN. The mRNA and protein levels of BMP7 or UBE4A were detected using qRT-PCR and Western blot respectively. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation were used to explore the E3 ligase which regulated BMP7 post-translationally. We initially confirmed that BMP7 protein, but not mRNA, is downregulated when cultured under high glucose mimicking DN conditions, which was rescued by MG-132 treatment. Proteomic analysis of NRK-52E cells ± MG-132 revealed a list of ubiquitin ligases associated with BMP7. Knockdown of the ubiquitin ligase UBE4A stabilized BMP7 expression in NRK-52E cells grown under high glucose conditions. Concurrent overexpression experiments confirmed that UBE4A is the ubiquitin ligase that degrades BMP7. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that BMP7 and UBE4A interact. BMP7 expression in DN is regulated by post-translational mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Yue Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Wei Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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22
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Chen Z, Zhang N, Chu HY, Yu Y, Zhang ZK, Zhang G, Zhang BT. Connective Tissue Growth Factor: From Molecular Understandings to Drug Discovery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593269. [PMID: 33195264 PMCID: PMC7658337 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key signaling and regulatory molecule involved in different biological processes, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and wound healing, as well as multiple pathologies, such as tumor development and tissue fibrosis. Although the underlying mechanisms of CTGF remain incompletely understood, a commonly accepted theory is that the interactions between different protein domains in CTGF and other various regulatory proteins and ligands contribute to its variety of functions. Here, we highlight the structure of each domain of CTGF and its biology functions in physiological conditions. We further summarized main diseases that are deeply influenced by CTGF domains and the potential targets of these diseases. Finally, we address the advantages and disadvantages of current drugs targeting CTGF and provide the perspective for the drug discovery of the next generation of CTGF inhibitors based on aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Ziller N, Kotolloshi R, Esmaeili M, Liebisch M, Mrowka R, Baniahmad A, Liehr T, Wolf G, Loeffler I. Sex Differences in Diabetes- and TGF-β1-Induced Renal Damage. Cells 2020; 9:E2236. [PMID: 33023010 PMCID: PMC7600610 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While females are less affected by non-diabetic kidney diseases compared to males, available data on sex differences in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are controversial. Although there is evidence for an imbalance of sex hormones in diabetes and hormone-dependent mechanisms in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, causes and consequences are still incompletely understood. Here we investigated the influence of sex hormones and sex-specific gene signatures in diabetes- and TGF-β1-induced renal damage using various complementary approaches (a db/db diabetes mouse model, ex vivo experiments on murine renal tissue, and experiments with a proximal tubular cell line TKPTS). Our results show that: (i) diabetes affects sex hormone concentrations and renal expression of their receptors in a sex-specific manner; (ii) sex, sex hormones and diabetic conditions influence differences in expression of TGF-β1, its receptor and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7); (iii) the sex and sex hormones, in combination with variable TGF-β1 doses, determine the net outcome in TGF-β1-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine. Altogether, these results suggest complex crosstalk between sex hormones, sex-dependent expression pattern and profibrotic signals for the precise course of DN development. Our data may help to better understand previous contradictory findings regarding sex differences in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Ziller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Roland Kotolloshi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Mohsen Esmaeili
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Marita Liebisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Ivonne Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
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24
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Wang B, Ding X, Ding C, Tesch G, Zheng J, Tian P, Ricardo S, Shen HH, Xue W. WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 regulates the development of kidney fibrosis through the TGF-β1 pathway. FASEB J 2020; 34:14507-14520. [PMID: 32896021 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000953r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological feature of chronic kidney disease and its progression correlates with declining renal function. Kidney fibrosis is driven by multiple profibrotic factors. This project examined the regulatory function of WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) in the development of kidney fibrosis. Induction of WISP1 by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and the role of WISP1 in TGF-β1/Smad signaling and fibrotic responses, was examined in multiple kidney cells. Kidney expression of WISP1 was examined in mouse models of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. WISP1 antibody was administered to UUO mice during the induction of kidney injury and the impact on kidney fibrosis was examined. WISP1 expression was upregulated in both mouse models. TGF-β1-induced expression of WISP1 and profibrotic genes in cultured kidney cells via TGF-βR1. Recombinant WISP1-induced expression of TGF-βR1 in kidney cells. Suppression of WISP1 by shRNA or neutralizing antibody reduced TGF-β1-mediated activation of Smad3, fibrotic gene expression, and fibroblast proliferation. Treatment with WISP1 antibody inhibited the development of kidney fibrosis in UUO mice. WISP1 mediates the profibrotic effects of TGF-β1 in kidney cells and in kidney disease. Pharmacological blockade of WISP1 exhibits potential as a novel therapy for inhibiting kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chenguang Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Greg Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - PuXun Tian
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Sharon Ricardo
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hsin-Hui Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Wujun Xue
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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25
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Xing L, Chang X, Shen L, Zhang C, Fan Y, Cho C, Zhang Z, Jiang H. Progress in drug delivery system for fibrosis therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:47-61. [PMID: 33613729 PMCID: PMC7878446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a necessary process in the progression of chronic disease to cirrhosis or even cancer, which is a serious disease threatening human health. Recent studies have shown that the early treatment of fibrosis is turning point and particularly important. Therefore, how to reverse fibrosis has become the focus and research hotspot in recent years. So far, the considerable progress has been made in the development of effective anti-fibrosis drugs and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, the existing research results will lay the foundation for more breakthrough delivery systems to achieve better anti-fibrosis effects. Herein, this review summaries anti-fibrosis delivery systems focused on three major organ fibrotic diseases such as liver, pulmonary, and renal fibrosis accompanied by the elaboration of relevant pathological mechanisms, which will provide inspiration and guidance for the design of fibrosis drugs and therapeutic systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chenglu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yatong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chongsu Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081 China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hulin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors.
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26
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Dwivedi N, Tao S, Jamadar A, Sinha S, Howard C, Wallace DP, Fields TA, Leask A, Calvet JP, Rao R. Epithelial Vasopressin Type-2 Receptors Regulate Myofibroblasts by a YAP-CCN2-Dependent Mechanism in Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1697-1710. [PMID: 32554753 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is a major cause of loss of renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In this study, we examined whether vasopressin type-2 receptor (V2R) activity in cystic epithelial cells can stimulate interstitial myofibroblasts and fibrosis in ADPKD kidneys. METHODS We treated Pkd1 gene knockout (Pkd1KO) mice with dDAVP, a V2R agonist, for 3 days and evaluated the effect on myofibroblast deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). We also analyzed the effects of conditioned media from primary cultures of human ADPKD cystic epithelial cells on myofibroblast activation. Because secretion of the profibrotic connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) increased significantly in dDAVP-treated Pkd1KO mouse kidneys, we examined its role in V2R-dependent fibrosis in ADPKD as well as that of yes-associated protein (YAP). RESULTS V2R stimulation using dDAVP increased the renal interstitial myofibroblast population and ECM deposition. Similarly, conditioned media from human ADPKD cystic epithelial cells increased myofibroblast activation in vitro, suggesting a paracrine mechanism. Renal collecting duct-specific gene deletion of CCN2 significantly reduced cyst growth and myofibroblasts in Pkd1KO mouse kidneys. We found that YAP regulates CCN2, and YAP inhibition or gene deletion reduces renal fibrosis in Pkd1KO mouse kidneys. Importantly, YAP inactivation blocks the dDAVP-induced increase in myofibroblasts in Pkd1KO kidneys. Further in vitro studies showed that V2R regulates YAP by an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism in human ADPKD cystic epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which cystic epithelial cells stimulate myofibroblasts in the pericystic microenvironment, leading to fibrosis in ADPKD. The V2R-YAP-CCN2 cell signaling pathway may present a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Dwivedi
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Abeda Jamadar
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sonali Sinha
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Christianna Howard
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Darren P Wallace
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Timothy A Fields
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew Leask
- School of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James P Calvet
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Reena Rao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas .,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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27
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Moon S, Lee S, Caesar JA, Pruchenko S, Leask A, Knowles JA, Sinon J, Chaqour B. A CTGF-YAP Regulatory Pathway Is Essential for Angiogenesis and Barriergenesis in the Retina. iScience 2020; 23:101184. [PMID: 32502964 PMCID: PMC7270711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) or cellular communication network 2 (CCN2) is a matricellular protein essential for normal embryonic development and tissue repair. CTGF exhibits cell- and context-dependent activities, but CTGF function in vascular development and barrier function is unknown. We show that endothelial cells (ECs) are one of the major cellular sources of CTGF in the developing and adult retinal vasculature. Mice lacking CTGF expression either globally or specifically in ECs exhibit impaired vascular cell growth and morphogenesis and blood barrier breakdown. The global molecular signature of CTGF includes cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix protein, growth factor, and transcriptional co-regulator genes such as yes-associated protein (YAP). YAP, itself a transcriptional activator of CTGF, mediates several CTGF-controlled angiogenic and barriergenic transcriptional programs. Re-expression of YAP rescues, at least partially, angiogenesis and barriergenesis in CTGF mutant mouse retinas. Thus, the CTGF-YAP regulatory loop is integral to retinal vascular development and barrier function. CTGF has a strong and persistent expression in the retinal vasculature Mice lacking CTGF exhibit defects in angiogenesis and blood barrier integrity CTGF-targeted genes include matrix, growth, and transcription co-factors like YAP YAP re-expression partly rescues angiogenic and barriergenic defects of CTGF loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Moon
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sangmi Lee
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joy Ann Caesar
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sarah Pruchenko
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Andrew Leask
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Dentistry, E3338 HS - 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - James A Knowles
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Jose Sinon
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; State University of New York, Downstate Health Science University, Department of Ophthalmology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, SUNY Downstate Health Science University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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28
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Falero-Perez J, Sheibani N, Sorenson CM. Bim expression modulates the pro-inflammatory phenotype of retinal astroglial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232779. [PMID: 32365083 PMCID: PMC7197808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of neurovascular cells, including astroglial cells, contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases in which neurovascular disruption plays a central role. Bim is a pro-apoptotic protein that modulates not only apoptosis but also various cellular functions such as migration and extracellular matrix protein expression. Astroglial cells act as an intermediary between neural and vascular cells facilitating retinal vascular development and remodeling while maintaining normal vascular function and neuronal integrity. We previously showed that Bim deficient (Bim -/-) mice were protected from hyperoxia mediated vessel obliteration and ischemia-mediated retinal neovascularization. However, the underlying mechanisms and more specifically the role Bim expression in astroglial cells play remains elusive. Here, using retinal astroglial cells prepared from wild-type and Bim -/- mice, we determined the impact of Bim expression in retinal astroglial cell function. We showed that astroglial cells lacking Bim expression demonstrate increased VEGF expression and altered matricellular protein production including increased expression of thrombospondin-2 (TSP2), osteopontin and SPARC. Bim deficient astroglial cells also exhibited altered proliferation, migration, adhesion to various extracellular matrix proteins and increased expression of inflammatory mediators. Thus, our data emphasizes the importance of Bim expression in retinal astroglia cell autonomous regulatory mechanisms, which could influence neurovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falero-Perez
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
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29
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Epigenetic activation of CTGF transcription by high glucose in renal tubular epithelial cells is mediated by myocardin-related transcription factor A. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:549-559. [PMID: 31773302 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most devastating complications of diabetes. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) levels are up-regulated in patients with DN and in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) exposed to high glucose (HG). The underlying epigenetic mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigate the role of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) in HG-induced CTGF transcription in RTECs. We report that in two different animal models of DN, one induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and the other induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, MRTF-A deficiency attenuated CTGF induction in the kidneys. In cultured RTECs, MRTF-A knockdown similarly ameliorated CTGF induction by HG treatment. Upon CTGF induction, there was an increase in acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) and trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4Me3) on the CTGF promoter region accompanying a decrease in dimethylated H3K9 (H3K9Me2). MRTF-A ablation in vivo or depletion in vitro comparably dampened the accumulation of AcH3 and H3K4Me3 but restored H3K9Me2 on the CTGF promoter. Further analyses revealed that MRTF-A interacted with and recruited histone demethylase KDM3A to the CTGF promoter to activate transcription. KDM3A silencing equivalently weakened HG-induced CTGF induction in RTECs. In conclusion, MRTF-A contributes to HG-induced CTGF transcription via an epigenetic mechanism.
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30
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Perera N, Ritchie RH, Tate M. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Diabetic Complications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 3:11-20. [PMID: 32259084 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is placing a significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Diabetes has a detrimental impact on many organs in the human body, including accelerating the development of micro- and macrovascular complications. Current therapeutic options to treat diabetic complications have their limitations. Importantly, many slow but fail to reverse the progression of diabetic complications. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved subgroup of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, signaling via serine/threonine kinase receptors, that have recently been implicated in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the setting of diabetes. Downstream of the receptors, the signal can be transduced via the canonical Smad-dependent pathway or the noncanonical Smad-independent pathways. BMPs are essential in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and, as expected, disease pathogenesis. In fact, deletion of BMPs can be embryonically lethal or result in severe organ abnormalities. This review outlines the BMP signaling pathway and its relevance to diabetic complications, namely, diabetic nephropathy, diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. Understanding the complexities of BMP signaling and particularly its tissue-, cellular-, and time-dependent actions will help delineate the underlying pathogenesis of the disease and may ultimately be harnessed in the treatment of diabetes-induced complications. This would replicate progress made in numerous other diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimna Perera
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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31
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Mao L, Liu L, Zhang T, Wu X, Zhang T, Xu Y. MKL1 mediates TGF-β-induced CTGF transcription to promote renal fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4790-4803. [PMID: 31637729 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant fibrogenesis impairs the architectural and functional homeostasis of the kidneys. It also predicts poor diagnosis in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) can trans-differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix proteins and contribute to renal fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a cytokine upregulated in RTECs during renal fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of CTGF transcription by megakaryocytic leukemia 1 (MKL1). Genetic deletion or pharmaceutical inhibition of MKL1 in mice mitigated renal fibrosis following the unilateral ureteral obstruction procedure. Notably, MKL1 deficiency in mice downregulated CTGF expression in the kidneys. Likewise, MKL1 knockdown or inhibition in RTEs blunted TGF-β induced CTGF expression. Further, it was discovered that MKL1 bound directly to the CTGF promoter by interacting with SMAD3 to activate CTGF transcription. In addition, MKL1 mediated the interplay between p300 and WDR5 to regulate CTGF transcription. CTGF knockdown dampened TGF-β induced pro-fibrogenic response in RTEs. MKL1 activity was reciprocally regulated by CTGF. In conclusion, we propose that targeting the MKL1-CTGF axis may generate novel therapeutic solutions against aberrant renal fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Ning J, Zhao Y, Ye Y, Yu J. Opposing roles and potential antagonistic mechanism between TGF-β and BMP pathways: Implications for cancer progression. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:702-710. [PMID: 30808576 PMCID: PMC6442991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily participates in tumour proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, invasion, immune evasion and extracellular matrix remodelling. Genetic deficiency in distinct components of TGF-β and BMP-induced signalling pathways or their excessive activation has been reported to regulate the development and progression of some cancers. As more in-depth studies about this superfamily have been conducted, more evidence suggests that the TGF-β and BMP pathways play an opposing role. The cross-talk of these 2 pathways has been widely studied in kidney disease and bone formation, and the opposing effects have also been observed in some cancers. However, the antagonistic mechanisms are still insufficiently investigated in cancer. In this review, we aim to display more evidences and possible mechanisms accounting for the antagonism between these 2 pathways, which might provide some clues for further study in cancer. Describe the basics of TGF-β and BMP signalling Summarize the potential mechanisms accounting for the antagonism between TGF-β and BMP pathways Provide some evidence about the antagonistic effects between pathways observed in some cancers
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ning
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yingnan Ye
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinpu Yu
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China.
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A Glimpse of the Mechanisms Related to Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:49-79. [PMID: 31399961 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common kidney disease in people with diabetes, which is also a serious microvascular complication of diabetes and the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed and developing countries. Renal fibrosis is a finally pathological change in DN. Nevertheless, the relevant mechanism of cause to renal fibrosis in DN is still complex. In this review, we summarized that the role of cell growth factors, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the renal fibrosis of DN, we also highlighted the miRNA and inflammatory cells, such as macrophage, T lymphocyte, and mastocyte modulate the progression of DN. In addition, there are certain other mechanisms that may yet be conclusively defined. Recent studies demonstrated that some of the new signaling pathways or molecules, such as Notch, Wnt, mTOR, Epac-Rap-1 pathway, may play a pivotal role in the modulation of ECM accumulation and renal fibrosis in DN. This review aims to elucidate the mechanism of renal fibrosis in DN and has provided new insights into possible therapeutic interventions to inhibit renal fibrosis and delay the development of DN.
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Yin Q, Liu H. Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:365-380. [PMID: 31399974 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is one of important members of the CCN family. Generally, CTGF expresses at low levels in normal adult kidney, while increases significantly in various kidney diseases, playing an important role in the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in progressive kidney diseases. CTGF is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and can promote the progression of fibrosis directly or act as a downstream factor of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). CTGF also regulates the expression and activity of TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), thereby playing an important role in the process of kidney repair. In patients with chronic kidney disease, elevated plasma CTGF is an independent risk factor for progression to end-stage renal disease and is closely related to glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, CTGF may be a potential biological marker of kidney fibrosis, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm this view. This section briefly describes the role and molecular mechanisms of CTGF in renal fibrosis and also discusses the potential value of targeting CCN2 for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Toda N, Mukoyama M, Yanagita M, Yokoi H. CTGF in kidney fibrosis and glomerulonephritis. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:14. [PMID: 30123390 PMCID: PMC6091167 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glomerulonephritis, which causes inflammation in glomeruli, is a common cause of end-stage renal failure. Severe and prolonged inflammation can damage glomeruli and lead to kidney fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a member of the CCN matricellular protein family, consisting of four domains, that regulates the signaling of other growth factors and promotes kidney fibrosis. Main body of the abstract CTGF can simultaneously interact with several factors with its four domains. The microenvironment differs depending on the types of cells and tissues and differentiation stages of these cells. The diverse biological actions of CTGF on various types of cells and tissues depend on this difference in microenvironment. In the kidney, CTGF is expressed at low levels in normal condition and its expression is upregulated by kidney fibrosis. CTGF expression is known to be upregulated in the extra-capillary and mesangial lesions of glomerulonephritis in human kidney biopsy samples. In addition to involvement in fibrosis, CTGF modulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, through distinct signaling pathways, in various cell systems. In anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis, systemic CTGF knockout (Rosa-CTGF cKO) mice exhibit 50% reduction of proteinuria and decreased crescent formation and mesangial expansion compared with control mice. In addition to fibrotic markers, the glomerular mRNA expression of Ccl2 is increased in the control mice with anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, and this increase is reduced in Rosa-CTGF cKO mice with nephritis. Accumulation of MAC2-positive cells in glomeruli is also reduced in Rosa-CTGF cKO mice. These results suggest that CTGF may be required for the upregulation of Ccl2 expression not only in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis but also in other types of glomerulonephritis, such as IgA nephropathy; CTGF expression and accumulation of macrophages in the mesangial area have been documented in these glomerular diseases. CTGF induces the expression of inflammatory mediators and promotes cell adhesion. Short conclusion CTGF plays an important role in the development of glomerulonephritis by inducing the inflammatory process. CTGF is a potentiate target for the treatment of glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Toda
- 1Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- 2Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- 1Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- 1Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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Lv W, Booz GW, Wang Y, Fan F, Roman RJ. Inflammation and renal fibrosis: Recent developments on key signaling molecules as potential therapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:65-76. [PMID: 29229532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue. At the histological level, renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of progressive kidney disease irrespective of the initial injury. Considerable evidence now indicates that renal inflammation plays a central role in the initiation and progression of CKD. Some of the inflammatory signaling molecules involved in CKD include: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Multiple antifibrotic factors, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are also downregulated in CKD. Therefore, restoration of the proper balance between pro- and antifibrotic signaling pathways could serve as a guiding principle for the design of new antifibrotic strategies that simultaneously target many pathways. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing body of knowledge regarding activation of cytokine pathways and infiltration of inflammatory cells as a starting point for developing novel antifibrotic therapies to prevent progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 26003, China
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 26003, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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37
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Hudnall AM, Arthur JW, Lowery JW. Clinical Relevance and Mechanisms of Antagonism Between the BMP and Activin/TGF-β Signaling Pathways. J Osteopath Med 2017; 116:452-61. [PMID: 27367950 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2016.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of signaling molecules that participate in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. These molecules are present in all animal genomes. Dysfunction in the regulation or activity of this superfamily's components underlies numerous human diseases and developmental defects. There are 2 distinct arms downstream of the TGF-β superfamily ligands-the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin/TGF-β signaling pathways-and these 2 responses can oppose one another's effects, most notably in disease states. However, studies have commonly focused on a single arm of the TGF-β superfamily, and the antagonism between these pathways is unknown in most physiologic and pathologic contexts. In this review, the authors summarize the clinically relevant scenarios in which the BMP and activin/TGF-β pathways reportedly oppose one another and identify several molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate this interaction. Particular attention is paid to experimental findings that may be informative to human pathology to highlight potential therapeutic approaches for future investigation.
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38
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Sakai N, Nakamura M, Lipson KE, Miyake T, Kamikawa Y, Sagara A, Shinozaki Y, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Hara A, Iwata Y, Shimizu M, Furuichi K, Kaneko S, Tager AM, Wada T. Inhibition of CTGF ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis through suppression of fibroblast and myofibroblast accumulation and angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5392. [PMID: 28710437 PMCID: PMC5511333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is a serious complication in various clinical settings, but the mechanisms driving it remain to be fully determined. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is known to regulate fibroblast activities. We therefore examined if CTGF inhibition has anti-fibrotic effects in PF. PF was induced by repetitive intraperitoneal injections of chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) in mice with type I pro-collagen promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression to identify fibroblasts. FG-3019, an anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody, was used to inhibit CTGF. CG-induced PF was significantly attenuated in FG-3019-treated mice. CG challenges induced marked accumulations of proliferating fibroblasts and of myofibroblasts, which were both reduced by FG-3019. Levels of peritoneal CTGF expression were increased by CG challenges, and suppressed in FG-3019-treated mice. FG-3019 treatment also reduced the number of CD31+ vessels and VEGF-A-positive cells in fibrotic peritoneum. In vitro studies using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) showed that CTGF blockade suppressed TGF-β1-induced fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation, PMC mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and VEGF-A production. These findings suggest that the inhibition of CTGF by FG-3019 might be a novel treatment for PF through the regulation of fibroblast and myofibroblast accumulation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sakai
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan. .,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Miki Nakamura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | | | - Taito Miyake
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kamikawa
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sagara
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shinozaki
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitajima
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Akinori Hara
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Takashi Wada
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
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39
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Xu ER, Blythe EE, Fischer G, Hyvönen M. Structural analyses of von Willebrand factor C domains of collagen 2A and CCN3 reveal an alternative mode of binding to bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12516-12527. [PMID: 28584056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted growth factors that promote differentiation processes in embryogenesis and tissue development. Regulation of BMP signaling involves binding to a variety of extracellular proteins, among which are many von Willebrand factor C (vWC) domain-containing proteins. Although the crystal structure of the complex of crossveinless-2 (CV-2) vWC1 and BMP-2 previously revealed one mode of the vWC/BMP-binding mechanism, other vWC domains may bind to BMP differently. Here, using X-ray crystallography, we present for the first time structures of the vWC domains of two proteins thought to interact with BMP-2: collagen IIA and matricellular protein CCN3. We found that these two vWC domains share a similar N-terminal fold that differs greatly from that in CV-2 vWC, which comprises its BMP-2-binding site. We analyzed the ability of these vWC domains to directly bind to BMP-2 and detected an interaction only between the collagen IIa vWC and BMP-2. Guided by the collagen IIa vWC domain crystal structure and conservation of surface residues among orthologous domains, we mapped the BMP-binding epitope on the subdomain 1 of the vWC domain. This binding site is different from that previously observed in the complex between CV-2 vWC and BMP-2, revealing an alternative mode of interaction between vWC domains and BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Ruoqi Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Emily E Blythe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
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40
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Toda N, Mori K, Kasahara M, Ishii A, Koga K, Ohno S, Mori KP, Kato Y, Osaki K, Kuwabara T, Kojima K, Taura D, Sone M, Matsusaka T, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, Yanagita M, Yokoi H. Crucial Role of Mesangial Cell-derived Connective Tissue Growth Factor in a Mouse Model of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42114. [PMID: 28191821 PMCID: PMC5304211 DOI: 10.1038/srep42114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) coordinates the signaling of growth factors and promotes fibrosis. Neonatal death of systemic CTGF knockout (KO) mice has hampered analysis of CTGF in adult renal diseases. We established 3 types of CTGF conditional KO (cKO) mice to investigate a role and source of CTGF in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis. Tamoxifen-inducible systemic CTGF (Rosa-CTGF) cKO mice exhibited reduced proteinuria with ameliorated crescent formation and mesangial expansion in anti-GBM nephritis after induction. Although CTGF is expressed by podocytes at basal levels, podocyte-specific CTGF (pod-CTGF) cKO mice showed no improvement in renal injury. In contrast, PDGFRα promoter-driven CTGF (Pdgfra-CTGF) cKO mice, which predominantly lack CTGF expression by mesangial cells, exhibited reduced proteinuria with ameliorated histological changes. Glomerular macrophage accumulation, expression of Adgre1 and Ccl2, and ratio of M1/M2 macrophages were all reduced both in Rosa-CTGF cKO and Pdgfra-CTGF cKO mice, but not in pod-CTGF cKO mice. TGF-β1-stimulated Ccl2 upregulation in mesangial cells and macrophage adhesion to activated mesangial cells were decreased by reduction of CTGF. These results reveal a novel mechanism of macrophage migration into glomeruli with nephritis mediated by CTGF derived from mesangial cells, implicating the therapeutic potential of CTGF inhibition in glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Toda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Research, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Kasahara
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University Hospital, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Shoko Ohno
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Keita P Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Yukiko Kato
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Keisuke Osaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Kojima
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japa
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japa
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japa
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
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41
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Yokoi H, Mukoyama M. Analysis of Pathological Activities of CCN Proteins in Fibrotic Diseases: Kidney Fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1489:431-443. [PMID: 27734395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is postulated to play a central role in the development of both fibrotic processes. Extracellular matrix proteins, particularly type I collagen and fibronectin, accumulate in the tissue during renal fibrogenesis. CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is increased in the setting of fibrosis and modulates a number of downstream signaling pathways involved in the fibrogenic properties of TGF-β. Unilateral ureteral obstruction is one of the most widely used models of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Herein, we describe unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice as an animal model of renal fibrosis and methods for immunohistochemical analyses of extracellular matrix proteins and CCN2. In addition, we describe the construction of podocyte-specific CCN2-transgenic mice for analyzing mesangial matrix expansion and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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42
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Design and Analysis of CCN Gene Activity Using CCN Knockout Mice Containing LacZ Reporters. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1489:325-345. [PMID: 27734387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two developments have greatly facilitated the construction of CCN mutant mouse strains. The first is the availability of modified embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice developed through several large-scale government-sponsored research programs. The second is the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In this chapter, we describe the available mouse strains generated by gene targeting techniques and the CCN targeting vectors and genetically modified ES cells that are available for the generation of CCN mutant mice. Many of these mutant mouse lines and ES cells carry a β-galactosidase reporter that can be used to track CCN expression, facilitating phenotypic analysis and revealing new sites of CCN action. Therefore, we also describe a method for β-galactosidase staining.
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The cellular and signalling alterations conducted by TGF-β contributing to renal fibrosis. Cytokine 2016; 88:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Emerging regulators of BMP bioavailability. Bone 2016; 93:220-221. [PMID: 26825814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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CCN2 reduction mediates protective effects of BMP7 treatment in obstructive nephropathy. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 11:39-48. [PMID: 27766493 PMCID: PMC5362571 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with rhBMP7 exerts profound protective effects in a wide variety of experimental models of renal disease. However, little is known about how these protective effects are mediated, and which cells in the kidney are targeted by exogenous rhBMP7 treatment. To determine if rhBMP7 increases glomerular and tubulointerstitial canonical BMP signaling, we performed Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO, a widely used obstructive nephropathy model) in mice reporting transcriptional activity downstream of canonical BMP signaling by the expression of GFP under the BMP Responsive Element of the Id1 promoter (BRE:gfp mice). We also analysed the impact of rhBMP7 treatment on severity of the UUO phenotype, on TGFβ signaling, and on expression of CCN2 (CTGF). Despite profound protective effects with respect to morphological damage, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis, no significant difference in GFP-expression was observed upon rhBMP7 administration. Also TGFβ signalling was similar in rhBMP7 and vehicle treated mice, but CCN2 expression in obstructed kidneys was significantly reduced by rhBMP7 treatment. Of note, in heterozygous CCN2 mice (CCN2+/−) treatment with rhBMP7 did not (further) reduce the severity of kidney damage in the UUO-model. These data suggest that protection against obstructive nephropathy by exogenous rhBMP7 treatment relies primarily on non-canonical BMP signaling, and may be mediated in large part by downregulation of CCN2 expression.
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Falke LL, Kinashi H, Dendooven A, Broekhuizen R, Stoop R, Joles JA, Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R. Age-dependent shifts in renal response to injury relate to altered BMP6/CTGF expression and signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F926-F934. [PMID: 27558559 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00324.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which, through progressive tissue damage and fibrosis, ultimately leads to loss of kidney function. Although much effort is put into studying CKD development experimentally, age has rarely been taken into account. Therefore, we investigated the effect of age on the development of renal tissue damage and fibrosis in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy (i.e., unilateral ureter obstruction; UUO). We observed that after 14 days, obstructed kidneys of old mice had more tubulointerstitial atrophic damage but less fibrosis than those of young mice. This was associated with reduced connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and higher bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) expression and pSMAD1/5/8 signaling, while transforming growth factor-β expression and transcriptional activity were no different in obstructed kidneys of old and young mice. In vitro, CTGF bound to and inhibited BMP6 activity. In summary, our data suggest that in obstructive nephropathy atrophy increases and fibrosis decreases with age and that this relates to increased BMP signaling, most likely due to higher BMP6 and lower CTGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Falke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Amelie Dendooven
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roel Broekhuizen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Stoop
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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48
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Peritoneal EMT and Fibrosis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3543678. [PMID: 26941801 PMCID: PMC4752998 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3543678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis is a form of renal replacement alternative to the hemodialysis. During this treatment, the peritoneal membrane acts as a permeable barrier for exchange of solutes and water. Continual exposure to dialysis solutions, as well as episodes of peritonitis and hemoperitoneum, can cause acute/chronic inflammation and injury to the peritoneal membrane, which undergoes progressive fibrosis, angiogenesis, and vasculopathy, eventually leading to discontinuation of the peritoneal dialysis. Among the different events controlling this pathological process, epithelial to mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells plays a main role in the induction of fibrosis and in subsequent functional deterioration of the peritoneal membrane. Here, the main extracellular inducers and cellular players are described. Moreover, signaling pathways acting during this process are elucidated, with emphasis on signals delivered by TGF-β family members and by Toll-like/IL-1β receptors. The understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis of the peritoneal membrane has both a basic and a translational relevance, since it may be useful for setup of therapies aimed at counteracting the deterioration as well as restoring the homeostasis of the peritoneal membrane.
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Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) as a Novel Condition of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 170:1-35. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Mechanisms Underlying Testicular Damage and Dysfunction in Mice With Partial IGF-1 Deficiency and the Effectiveness of IGF-1 Replacement Therapy. Urology 2015; 86:1241.e1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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