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Zhou H, Ye P, Xiong W, Duan X, Jing S, He Y, Zeng Z, Wei Y, Ye Q. Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening in stem cells: theories, applications and challenges. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:218. [PMID: 39026343 PMCID: PMC11264826 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid development of stem cell technology, there have been tremendous advances in molecular biological and pathological research, cell therapy as well as organoid technologies over the past decades. Advances in genome editing technology, particularly the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-related protein 9 (Cas9), have further facilitated the rapid development of stem cell researches. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology now goes beyond creating single gene editing to enable the inhibition or activation of endogenous gene loci by fusing inhibitory (CRISPRi) or activating (CRISPRa) domains with deactivated Cas9 proteins (dCas9). These tools have been utilized in genome-scale CRISPRi/a screen to recognize hereditary modifiers that are synergistic or opposing to malady mutations in an orderly and fair manner, thereby identifying illness mechanisms and discovering novel restorative targets to accelerate medicinal discovery investigation. However, the application of this technique is still relatively rare in stem cell research. There are numerous specialized challenges in applying large-scale useful genomics approaches to differentiated stem cell populations. Here, we present the first comprehensive review on CRISPR-based functional genomics screening in the field of stem cells, as well as practical considerations implemented in a range of scenarios, and exploration of the insights of CRISPR-based screen into cell fates, disease mechanisms and cell treatments in stem cell models. This review will broadly benefit scientists, engineers and medical practitioners in the areas of stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxiang Duan
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuili Jing
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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Na DH, Cui S, Fang X, Lee H, Eum SH, Shin YJ, Lim SW, Yang CW, Chung BH. Advancements in Research on Genetic Kidney Diseases Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Organoids. Cells 2024; 13:1190. [PMID: 39056771 PMCID: PMC11274677 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic or hereditary kidney disease stands as a pivotal cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The proliferation and widespread utilization of DNA testing in clinical settings have notably eased the diagnosis of genetic kidney diseases, which were once elusive but are now increasingly identified in cases previously deemed CKD of unknown etiology. However, despite these diagnostic strides, research into disease pathogenesis and novel drug development faces significant hurdles, chiefly due to the dearth of appropriate animal models and the challenges posed by limited patient cohorts in clinical studies. Conversely, the advent and utilization of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer a promising avenue for genetic kidney disease research. Particularly, the development of hiPSC-derived kidney organoid systems presents a novel platform for investigating various forms of genetic kidney diseases. Moreover, the integration of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique into this system holds immense potential for efficient research on genetic kidney diseases. This review aims to explore the applications of in vitro kidney organoids generated from hiPSCs in the study of diverse genetic kidney diseases. Additionally, it will delve into the limitations of this research platform and outline future perspectives for advancing research in this crucial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Na
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Cui
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Xianying Fang
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Hanbi Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Eum
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon 21431, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Shin
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Sun Woo Lim
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.H.N.); (S.C.); (X.F.); (H.L.); (S.H.E.); (Y.J.S.); (S.W.L.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Arai Y, Ito H, Shimizu T, Shimoda Y, Song D, Matsuo-Takasaki M, Hayata T, Hayashi Y. Patient-derived and gene-edited pluripotent stem cells lacking NPHP1 recapitulate juvenile nephronophthisis in abnormalities of primary cilia and renal cyst formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1370723. [PMID: 38989059 PMCID: PMC11233770 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1370723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Juvenile nephronophthisis is an inherited renal ciliopathy with cystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, and end-stage renal failure in children and young adults. Mutations in the NPHP1 gene encoding nephrocystin-1 protein have been identified as the most frequently responsible gene and cause the formation of cysts in the renal medulla. The molecular pathogenesis of juvenile nephronophthisis remains elusive, and no effective medicines to prevent end-stage renal failure exist even today. No human cellular models have been available yet. Here, we report a first disease model of juvenile nephronophthisis using patient-derived and gene-edited human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and kidney organoids derived from these hiPSCs. We established NPHP1-overexpressing hiPSCs from patient-derived hiPSCs and NPHP1-deficient hiPSCs from healthy donor hiPSCs. Comparing these series of hiPSCs, we found abnormalities in primary cilia associated with NPHP1 deficiency in hiPSCs. Kidney organoids generated from the hiPSCs lacking NPHP1 formed renal cysts frequently in suspension culture with constant rotation. This cyst formation in patient-derived kidney organoids was rescued by overexpression of NPHP1. Transcriptome analysis on these kidney organoids revealed that loss of NPHP1 caused lower expression of genes related to primary cilia in epithelial cells and higher expression of genes related to the cell cycle. These findings suggested the relationship between abnormality in primary cilia induced by NPHP1 loss and abnormal proliferative characteristics in the formation of renal cysts. These findings demonstrated that hiPSC-based systematic disease modeling of juvenile nephronophthisis contributed to elucidating the molecular pathogenesis and developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Arai
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ito
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Shimizu
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuzuno Shimoda
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dan Song
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuo-Takasaki
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hayata
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Huang B, Zeng Z, Kim S, Fausto CC, Koppitch K, Li H, Li Z, Chen X, Guo J, Zhang CC, Ma T, Medina P, Schreiber ME, Xia MW, Vonk AC, Xiang T, Patel T, Li Y, Parvez RK, Der B, Chen JH, Liu Z, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Diao Y, Dou Y, Gnedeva K, Ying Q, Pastor-Soler NM, Fei T, Hallows KR, Lindström NO, McMahon AP, Li Z. Long-term expandable mouse and human-induced nephron progenitor cells enable kidney organoid maturation and modeling of plasticity and disease. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:921-939.e17. [PMID: 38692273 PMCID: PMC11162329 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) self-renew and differentiate into nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Here, manipulation of p38 and YAP activity allowed for long-term clonal expansion of primary mouse and human NPCs and induced NPCs (iNPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Molecular analyses demonstrated that cultured iNPCs closely resemble primary human NPCs. iNPCs generated nephron organoids with minimal off-target cell types and enhanced maturation of podocytes relative to published human kidney organoid protocols. Surprisingly, the NPC culture medium uncovered plasticity in human podocyte programs, enabling podocyte reprogramming to an NPC-like state. Scalability and ease of genome editing facilitated genome-wide CRISPR screening in NPC culture, uncovering genes associated with kidney development and disease. Further, NPC-directed modeling of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) identified a small-molecule inhibitor of cystogenesis. These findings highlight a broad application for the reported iNPC platform in the study of kidney development, disease, plasticity, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zipeng Zeng
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Connor C Fausto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kari Koppitch
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hui Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zexu Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chennan C Zhang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tianyi Ma
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pedro Medina
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Megan E Schreiber
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mateo W Xia
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ariel C Vonk
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tianyuan Xiang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tadrushi Patel
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yidan Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 3170, Hungary
| | - Jyun Hao Chen
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhenqing Liu
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ksenia Gnedeva
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Qilong Ying
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nuria M Pastor-Soler
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Teng Fei
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth R Hallows
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhongwei Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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5
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Capelli I, Lerario S, Ciurli F, Berti GM, Aiello V, Provenzano M, La Manna G. Investigational agents for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: preclinical and early phase study insights. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:469-484. [PMID: 38618918 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2342327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney condition caused by a single-gene mutation. It leads patients to kidney failure in more than 50% of cases by the age of 60, and, given the dominant inheritance, this disease is present in the family history in more than 90% of cases. AREAS COVERED This review aims to analyze the set of preclinical and early-phase studies to provide a general view of the current progress on ADPKD therapeutic options. Articles from PubMed and the current status of the trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov were examined for the review. EXPERT OPINION Many potential therapeutic targets are currently under study for the treatment of ADPKD. A few drugs have reached the clinical phase, while many are currently still in the preclinical phase. Organoids could be a novel approach to the study of drugs in this phase. Other than pharmacological options, very important developing approaches are represented by gene therapy and the use of MiRNA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Capelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah Lerario
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciurli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Berti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Aiello
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Tavakolidakhrabadi N, Aulicino F, May CJ, Saleem MA, Berger I, Welsh GI. Genome editing and kidney health. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfae119. [PMID: 38766272 PMCID: PMC11099665 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technologies, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas in particular, have revolutionized the field of genetic engineering, providing promising avenues for treating various genetic diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a significant health concern affecting millions of individuals worldwide, can arise from either monogenic or polygenic mutations. With recent advancements in genomic sequencing, valuable insights into disease-causing mutations can be obtained, allowing for the development of new treatments for these genetic disorders. CRISPR-based treatments have emerged as potential therapies, especially for monogenic diseases, offering the ability to correct mutations and eliminate disease phenotypes. Innovations in genome editing have led to enhanced efficiency, specificity and ease of use, surpassing earlier editing tools such as zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Two prominent advancements in CRISPR-based gene editing are prime editing and base editing. Prime editing allows precise and efficient genome modifications without inducing double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), while base editing enables targeted changes to individual nucleotides in both RNA and DNA, promising disease correction in the absence of DSBs. These technologies have the potential to treat genetic kidney diseases through specific correction of disease-causing mutations, such as somatic mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 for polycystic kidney disease; NPHS1, NPHS2 and TRPC6 for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; COL4A3, COL4A4 and COL4A5 for Alport syndrome; SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 for cystinuria and even VHL for renal cell carcinoma. Apart from editing the DNA sequence, CRISPR-mediated epigenome editing offers a cost-effective method for targeted treatment providing new avenues for therapeutic development, given that epigenetic modifications are associated with the development of various kidney disorders. However, there are challenges to overcome, including developing efficient delivery methods, improving safety and reducing off-target effects. Efforts to improve CRISPR-Cas technologies involve optimizing delivery vectors, employing viral and non-viral approaches and minimizing immunogenicity. With research in animal models providing promising results in rescuing the expression of wild-type podocin in mouse models of nephrotic syndrome and successful clinical trials in the early stages of various disorders, including cancer immunotherapy, there is hope for successful translation of genome editing to kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Aulicino
- BrisSynBio Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre, Biomedical Sciences, School of Biochemistry, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children
| | - Carl J May
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, UK
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, UK
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Imre Berger
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, UK
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7
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Vishy CE, Thomas C, Vincent T, Crawford DK, Goddeeris MM, Freedman BS. Genetics of cystogenesis in base-edited human organoids reveal therapeutic strategies for polycystic kidney disease. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:537-553.e5. [PMID: 38579684 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), microscopic tubules expand into macroscopic cysts. Among the world's most common genetic disorders, PKD is inherited via heterozygous loss-of-function mutations but is theorized to require additional loss of function. To test this, we establish human pluripotent stem cells in allelic series representing four common nonsense mutations, using CRISPR base editing. When differentiated into kidney organoids, homozygous mutants spontaneously form cysts, whereas heterozygous mutants (original or base corrected) express no phenotype. Using these, we identify eukaryotic ribosomal selective glycosides (ERSGs) as PKD therapeutics enabling ribosomal readthrough of these same nonsense mutations. Two different ERSGs not only prevent cyst initiation but also limit growth of pre-formed cysts by partially restoring polycystin expression. Furthermore, glycosides accumulate in cyst epithelia in organoids and mice. Our findings define the human polycystin threshold as a surmountable drug target for pharmacological or gene therapy interventions, with relevance for understanding disease mechanisms and future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Vishy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chardai Thomas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Vincent
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel K Crawford
- Eloxx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 950 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Plurexa, 1209 6th Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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8
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Tabibzadeh N, Morizane R. Advancements in therapeutic development: kidney organoids and organs on a chip. Kidney Int 2024; 105:702-708. [PMID: 38296026 PMCID: PMC10960684 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of animal models in therapeutic development has long been the standard practice. However, ethical concerns and the inherent species differences have prompted a reevaluation of the experimental approach in human disease studies. The urgent need for alternative model systems that better mimic human pathophysiology has led to the emergence of organoids, innovative in vitro models, to simulate human organs in vitro. These organoids have gained widespread acceptance in disease models and drug development research. In this mini review, we explore the recent strides made in kidney organoid differentiation and highlight the synergistic potential of incorporating organ-on-chip systems. The emergent use of microfluidic devices reveals the importance of fluid flow in the maturation of kidney organoids and helps decipher pathomechanisms in kidney diseases. Recent research has uncovered their potential applications across a wide spectrum of kidney research areas, including hemodynamic forces at stake in kidney health and disease, immune cell infiltration, or drug delivery and toxicity. This convergence of cutting-edge technologies not only holds promise for expediting therapeutic development but also reflects an acknowledgment of the need to embrace innovative and more human-centric research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, EMR 8228, Paris, France
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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9
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Yousef Yengej FA, Pou Casellas C, Ammerlaan CME, Olde Hanhof CJA, Dilmen E, Beumer J, Begthel H, Meeder EMG, Hoenderop JG, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC, Clevers H. Tubuloid differentiation to model the human distal nephron and collecting duct in health and disease. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113614. [PMID: 38159278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoid technology is rapidly gaining ground for studies on organ (patho)physiology. Tubuloids are long-term expanding organoids grown from adult kidney tissue or urine. The progenitor state of expanding tubuloids comes at the expense of differentiation. Here, we differentiate tubuloids to model the distal nephron and collecting ducts, essential functional parts of the kidney. Differentiation suppresses progenitor traits and upregulates genes required for function. A single-cell atlas reveals that differentiation predominantly generates thick ascending limb and principal cells. Differentiated human tubuloids express luminal NKCC2 and ENaC capable of diuretic-inhibitable electrolyte uptake and enable disease modeling as demonstrated by a lithium-induced tubulopathy model. Lithium causes hallmark AQP2 loss, induces proliferation, and upregulates inflammatory mediators, as seen in vivo. Lithium also suppresses electrolyte transport in multiple segments. In conclusion, this tubuloid model enables modeling of the human distal nephron and collecting duct in health and disease and provides opportunities to develop improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor A Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Pou Casellas
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carola M E Ammerlaan
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J A Olde Hanhof
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Institute for Medical Innovation, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emre Dilmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Institute for Medical Innovation, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Biology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elise M G Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Institute for Medical Innovation, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Liu M, Zhang C, Gong X, Zhang T, Lian MM, Chew EGY, Cardilla A, Suzuki K, Wang H, Yuan Y, Li Y, Naik MY, Wang Y, Zhou B, Soon WZ, Aizawa E, Li P, Low JH, Tandiono M, Montagud E, Moya-Rull D, Rodriguez Esteban C, Luque Y, Fang M, Khor CC, Montserrat N, Campistol JM, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Foo JN, Xia Y. Kidney organoid models reveal cilium-autophagy metabolic axis as a therapeutic target for PKD both in vitro and in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:52-70.e8. [PMID: 38181751 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids offer unprecedented opportunities for studying polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which still has no effective cure. Here, we developed both in vitro and in vivo organoid models of PKD that manifested tubular injury and aberrant upregulation of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. Single-cell analysis revealed that a myriad of metabolic changes occurred during cystogenesis, including defective autophagy. Experimental activation of autophagy via ATG5 overexpression or primary cilia ablation significantly inhibited cystogenesis in PKD kidney organoids. Employing the organoid xenograft model of PKD, which spontaneously developed tubular cysts, we demonstrate that minoxidil, a potent autophagy activator and an FDA-approved drug, effectively attenuated cyst formation in vivo. This in vivo organoid model of PKD will enhance our capability to discover novel disease mechanisms and validate candidate drugs for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Chao Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Ximing Gong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Tian Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Michelle Mulan Lian
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A∗STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Elaine Guo Yan Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A∗STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Angelysia Cardilla
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Huamin Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Mihir Yogesh Naik
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Bingrui Zhou
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Wei Ze Soon
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pin Li
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Jian Hui Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Moses Tandiono
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A∗STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Enrique Montagud
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Career Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Moya-Rull
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yosu Luque
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Career Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A∗STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower, Level 6 The Academia, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Career Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A∗STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Yun Xia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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11
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Mae SI, Hattanda F, Morita H, Nozaki A, Katagiri N, Ogawa H, Teranaka K, Nishimura Y, Kudoh A, Yamanaka S, Matsuse K, Ryosaka M, Watanabe A, Soga T, Nishio S, Osafune K. Human iPSC-derived renal collecting duct organoid model cystogenesis in ADPKD. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113431. [PMID: 38039961 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), renal cyst lesions predominantly arise from collecting ducts (CDs). However, relevant CD cyst models using human cells are lacking. Although previous reports have generated in vitro renal tubule cyst models from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), therapeutic drug candidates for ADPKD have not been identified. Here, by establishing expansion cultures of hiPSC-derived ureteric bud tip cells, an embryonic precursor that gives rise to CDs, we succeed in advancing the developmental stage of CD organoids and show that all CD organoids derived from PKD1-/- hiPSCs spontaneously develop multiple cysts, clarifying the initiation mechanisms of cystogenesis. Moreover, we identify retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists as candidate drugs that suppress in vitro cystogenesis and confirm the therapeutic effects on an ADPKD mouse model in vivo. Therefore, our in vitro CD cyst model contributes to understanding disease mechanisms and drug discovery for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Mae
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattanda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Morita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Aya Nozaki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Katagiri
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hanako Ogawa
- CyberomiX Co., Ltd., 233 Isa-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8407, Japan
| | - Kaori Teranaka
- CyberomiX Co., Ltd., 233 Isa-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8407, Japan
| | - Yu Nishimura
- CyberomiX Co., Ltd., 233 Isa-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8407, Japan
| | - Aoi Kudoh
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sanae Yamanaka
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kyoko Matsuse
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Ryosaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- CyberomiX Co., Ltd., 233 Isa-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8407, Japan; Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Saori Nishio
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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12
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Chuang T, Bejar J, Yue Z, Slavinsky M, Marciano D, Drummond I, Oxburgh L. In Vivo Assessment of Laboratory-Grown Kidney Tissue Grafts. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1261. [PMID: 38002385 PMCID: PMC10669198 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of stem cells is an attractive approach to generate kidney tissue for regenerative therapies. Currently, the most informative platform to test the regenerative potential of this tissue is engraftment into kidneys of immunocompromised rodents. Stem cell-derived kidney tissue is vascularized following engraftment, but the connection between epithelial tubules that is critical for urine to pass from the graft to the host collecting system has not yet been demonstrated. We show that one significant obstacle to tubule fusion is the accumulation of fibrillar collagens at the interface between the graft and the host. As a screening strategy to identify factors that can prevent this collagen accumulation, we propose encapsulating laboratory-grown kidney tissue in fibrin hydrogels supplemented with candidate compounds such as recombinant proteins, small molecules, feeder cells, and gene therapy vectors to condition the local graft environment. We demonstrate that the AAV-DJ serotype is an efficient gene therapy vector for the subcapsular region and that it is specific for interstitial cells in this compartment. In addition to the histological evaluation of epithelial tubule fusion, we demonstrate the specificity of two urine biomarker assays that can be used to detect human-specific markers of the proximal nephron (CD59) and the distal nephron (uromodulin), and we demonstrate the deposition of human graft-derived urine into the mouse collecting system. Using the testing platform described in this report, it will be possible to systematically screen factors for their potential to promote epithelial fusion of graft and host tissue with a functional intravital read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiwei Yue
- The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Denise Marciano
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Iain Drummond
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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13
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Yoshimura Y, Muto Y, Omachi K, Miner JH, Humphreys BD. Elucidating the Proximal Tubule HNF4A Gene Regulatory Network in Human Kidney Organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1672-1686. [PMID: 37488681 PMCID: PMC10561821 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HNF4 genes promote proximal tubule differentiation in mice, but their function in human nephrogenesis is not fully defined. This study uses human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived kidney organoids as a model to investigate HNF4A and HNF4G functions. The loss of HNF4A , but not HNF4G , impaired reabsorption-related molecule expression and microvilli formation in human proximal tubules. Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN) sequencing and CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) further confirm that HNF4A directly regulates its target genes. Human kidney organoids provide a good model for studying transcriptional regulation in human kidney development. BACKGROUND The proximal tubule plays a major role in electrolyte homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that HNF4A regulates reabsorption-related genes and promotes proximal tubule differentiation during murine kidney development. However, the functions and gene regulatory mechanisms of HNF4 family genes in human nephrogenesis have not yet been investigated. METHODS We generated HNF4A -knock out (KO), HNF4G -KO, and HNF4A/4G -double KO human pluripotent stem cell lines, differentiated each into kidney organoids, and used immunofluorescence analysis, electron microscopy, and RNA-seq to analyze them. We probed HNF4A-binding sites genome-wide by cleavage under targets and release using nuclease sequencing in both human adult kidneys and kidney organoid-derived proximal tubular cells. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-mediated transcriptional activation validated HNF4A and HNF4G function in proximal tubules during kidney organoid differentiation. RESULTS Organoids lacking HNF4A , but not HNF4G , showed reduced expression of transport-related, endocytosis-related, and brush border-related genes, as well as disorganized brush border structure in the apical lumen of the organoid proximal tubule. Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease revealed that HNF4A primarily bound promoters and enhancers of genes that were downregulated in HNF4A -KO, suggesting direct regulation. Induced expression of HNF4A or HNF4G by CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation drove increased expression of selected target genes during kidney organoid differentiation. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals regulatory mechanisms of HNF4A and HNF4G during human proximal tubule differentiation. The experimental strategy can be applied more broadly to investigate transcriptional regulation in human kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yoshiharu Muto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kohei Omachi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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14
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Nishinakamura R. Advances and challenges toward developing kidney organoids for clinical applications. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1017-1027. [PMID: 37541208 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids have enabled modeling of human development and disease. While methods of generating the nephron lineage are well established, new protocols to induce another lineage, the ureteric bud/collecting duct, have been reported in the past 5 years. Many reports have described modeling of various hereditary kidney diseases, with polycystic kidney disease serving as the archetypal disease, by using patient-derived or genome-edited kidney organoids. The generation of more organotypic kidneys is also becoming feasible. In this review, I also discuss the significant challenges for more sophisticated disease modeling and for realizing the ambitious goal of generating transplantable synthetic kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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15
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Kang HM. Kidney Organoid Derived from Human Pluripotent and Adult Stem Cells for Disease Modeling. Dev Reprod 2023; 27:57-65. [PMID: 37529017 PMCID: PMC10390101 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2023.27.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Kidney disease affects a significant portion of the global population, yet effective therapies are lacking despite advancements in identifying genetic causes. This limitation can be attributed to the absence of adequate in vitro models that accurately mimic human kidney disease, hindering targeted therapeutic development. However, the emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and the development of organoids using them have opened up a way to model kidney development and disease in humans, as well as validate the effects of new drugs. To fully leverage their capabilities in these fields, it is crucial for kidney organoids to closely resemble the structure and functionality of adult human kidneys. In this review, we aim to discuss the potential of using human PSCs or adult kidney stem cell-derived kidney organoids to model genetic kidney disease and renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience
and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea
University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon
34113, Korea
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16
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Huang B, Zeng Z, Li H, Li Z, Chen X, Guo J, Zhang CC, Schreiber ME, Vonk AC, Xiang T, Patel T, Li Y, Parvez RK, Der B, Chen JH, Liu Z, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Diao Y, Dou Y, Gnedeva K, Lindström NO, Ying Q, Pastor-Soler NM, Fei T, Hallows KR, McMahon AP, Li Z. Modeling kidney development, disease, and plasticity with clonal expandable nephron progenitor cells and nephron organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.25.542343. [PMID: 37293038 PMCID: PMC10245960 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.542343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) self-renew and differentiate into nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Here we report manipulation of p38 and YAP activity creates a synthetic niche that allows the long-term clonal expansion of primary mouse and human NPCs, and induced NPCs (iNPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells. Cultured iNPCs resemble closely primary human NPCs, generating nephron organoids with abundant distal convoluted tubule cells, which are not observed in published kidney organoids. The synthetic niche reprograms differentiated nephron cells into NPC state, recapitulating the plasticity of developing nephron in vivo. Scalability and ease of genome-editing in the cultured NPCs allow for genome-wide CRISPR screening, identifying novel genes associated with kidney development and disease. A rapid, efficient, and scalable organoid model for polycystic kidney disease was derived directly from genome-edited NPCs, and validated in drug screen. These technological platforms have broad applications to kidney development, disease, plasticity, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Zipeng Zeng
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Hui Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zexu Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chennan C. Zhang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Megan E. Schreiber
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ariel C. Vonk
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tianyuan Xiang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tadrushi Patel
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yidan Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Riana K. Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jyun Hao Chen
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhenqing Liu
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ksenia Gnedeva
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nils O. Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Qilong Ying
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nuria M. Pastor-Soler
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Teng Fei
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth R. Hallows
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhongwei Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Lead contact
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17
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Devlin L, Dhondurao Sudhindar P, Sayer JA. Renal ciliopathies: promising drug targets and prospects for clinical trials. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:325-346. [PMID: 37243567 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2218616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal ciliopathies represent a collection of genetic disorders characterized by deficiencies in the biogenesis, maintenance, or functioning of the ciliary complex. These disorders, which encompass autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and nephronophthisis (NPHP), typically result in cystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, and a gradual deterioration of kidney function, culminating in kidney failure. AREAS COVERED Here we review the advances in basic science and clinical research into renal ciliopathies which have yielded promising small compounds and drug targets, within both preclinical studies and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Tolvaptan is currently the sole approved treatment option available for ADPKD patients, while no approved treatment alternatives exist for ARPKD or NPHP patients. Clinical trials are presently underway to evaluate additional medications in ADPKD and ARPKD patients. Based on preclinical models, other potential therapeutic targets for ADPKD, ARPKD, and NPHP look promising. These include molecules targeting fluid transport, cellular metabolism, ciliary signaling and cell-cycle regulation. There is a real and urgent clinical need for translational research to bring novel treatments to clinical use for all forms of renal ciliopathies to reduce kidney disease progression and prevent kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Devlin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Praveen Dhondurao Sudhindar
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Renal Services, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Zhou JX, Torres VE. Drug repurposing in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2023; 103:859-871. [PMID: 36870435 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is characterized by progressive kidney cyst formation that leads to kidney failure. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist, is the only drug approved to treat patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who have rapid disease progression. The use of tolvaptan is limited by reduced tolerability from aquaretic effects and potential hepatotoxicity. Thus, the search for more effective drugs to slow down the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is urgent and challenging. Drug repurposing is a strategy for identifying new clinical indications for approved or investigational medications. Drug repurposing is increasingly becoming an attractive proposition because of its cost-efficiency and time-efficiency and known pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. In this review, we focus on the repurposing approaches to identify suitable drug candidates to treat autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and prioritization and implementation of candidates with high probability of success. Identification of drug candidates through understanding of disease pathogenesis and signaling pathways is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Xia Zhou
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Mayo Clinic Robert M. and Billie Kelley Pirnie Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Mayo Clinic Robert M. and Billie Kelley Pirnie Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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19
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Tubuloid culture enables long-term expansion of functional human kidney tubule epithelium from iPSC-derived organoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216836120. [PMID: 36724260 PMCID: PMC9963523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216836120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have proven valuable for studies of kidney development, disease, and therapeutic screening. However, specific applications have been hampered by limited expansion capacity, immaturity, off-target cells, and inability to access the apical side. Here, we apply recently developed tubuloid protocols to purify and propagate kidney epithelium from d7+18 (post nephrogenesis) iPSC-derived organoids. The resulting 'iPSC organoid-derived (iPSCod)' tubuloids can be exponentially expanded for at least 2.5 mo, while retaining expression of important tubular transporters and segment-specific markers. This approach allows for selective propagation of the mature tubular epithelium, as immature cells, stroma, and undesirable off-target cells rapidly disappeared. iPSCod tubuloids provide easy apical access, which enabled functional evaluation and demonstration of essential secretion and electrolyte reabsorption processes. In conclusion, iPSCod tubuloids provide a different, complementary human kidney model that unlocks opportunities for functional characterization, disease modeling, and regenerative nephrology.
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20
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Shi M, McCracken KW, Patel AB, Zhang W, Ester L, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV. Human ureteric bud organoids recapitulate branching morphogenesis and differentiate into functional collecting duct cell types. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:252-261. [PMID: 36038632 PMCID: PMC9957856 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional ureteric and collecting duct (CD) epithelia is essential to kidney regenerative medicine. Here we describe highly efficient, serum-free differentiation of hPSCs into ureteric bud (UB) organoids and functional CD cells. The hPSCs are first induced into pronephric progenitor cells at 90% efficiency and then aggregated into spheres with a molecular signature similar to the nephric duct. In a three-dimensional matrix, the spheres form UB organoids that exhibit branching morphogenesis similar to the fetal UB and correct distal tip localization of RET expression. Organoid-derived cells incorporate into the UB tips of the progenitor niche in chimeric fetal kidney explant culture. At later stages, the UB organoids differentiate into CD organoids, which contain >95% CD cell types as estimated by single-cell RNA sequencing. The CD epithelia demonstrate renal electrophysiologic functions, with ENaC-mediated vectorial sodium transport by principal cells and V-type ATPase proton pump activity by FOXI1-induced intercalated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Nephrology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA.
| | - Ankit B Patel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weitao Zhang
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lioba Ester
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge and Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge and Boston, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Kuo TC, Cabrera-Barragan DN, Lopez-Marfil M, Lopez-Cantu DO, Lemos DR. Can Kidney Organoid Xenografts Accelerate Therapeutic Development for Genetic Kidney Disorders? J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:184-190. [PMID: 36344066 PMCID: PMC10103095 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022080862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genetic kidney diseases can now be replicated experimentally, using kidney organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells. This methodology holds great potential for drug discovery. Under in vitro conditions, however, kidney organoids remain developmentally immature, develop scarce vasculature, and may contain undesired off-target cell types. Those critical deficiencies limit their potential as disease-modeling tools. Orthotopic transplantation under the kidney capsule improves the anatomic maturity and vascularization of kidney organoids, while reducing off-target cell content. The improvements can translate into more accurate representations of disease phenotypes and mechanisms in vivo . Recent studies using kidney organoid xenografts highlighted the unique potential of this novel methodology for elucidating molecular mechanisms driving monogenic kidney disorders and for the development ofnovel pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Kuo
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dalia N. Cabrera-Barragan
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marta Lopez-Marfil
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana O. Lopez-Cantu
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dario R. Lemos
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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22
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Novelli G, Spitalieri P, Murdocca M, Centanini E, Sangiuolo F. Organoid factory: The recent role of the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in precision medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1059579. [PMID: 36699015 PMCID: PMC9869172 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1059579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, hiPSC-derived organoids have been extensively studied and used as in vitro models for several applications among which research studies. They can be considered as organ and tissue prototypes, especially for those difficult to obtain. Moreover, several diseases can be accurately modeled and studied. Hence, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) can be used to predict individual drug responses, thus paving the way toward personalized medicine. Lastly, by applying tissue engineering and 3D printing techniques, organoids could be used in the future to replace or regenerate damaged tissue. In this review, we will focus on hiPSC-derived 3D cultures and their ability to model human diseases with an in-depth analysis of gene editing applications, as well as tumor models. Furthermore, we will highlight the state-of-the-art of organoid facilities that around the world offer know-how and services. This is an increasing trend that shed the light on the need of bridging the publicand the private sector. Hence, in the context of drug discovery, Organoid Factories can offer biobanks of validated 3D organoid models that can be used in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies to speed up the drug screening process. Finally, we will discuss the limitations and the future development that will lead hiPSC-derived technology from bench to bedside, toward personalized medicine, such as maturity, organoid interconnections, costs, reproducibility and standardization, and ethics. hiPSC-derived organoid technology is now passing from a proof-of-principle to real applications in the clinic, also thanks to the applicability of techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system, material engineering for the scaffolds, or microfluidic systems. The benefits will have a crucial role in the advance of both basic biological and translational research, particularly in the pharmacological field and drug development. In fact, in the near future, 3D organoids will guide the clinical decision-making process, having validated patient-specific drug screening platforms. This is particularly important in the context of rare genetic diseases or when testing cancer treatments that could in principle have severe side effects. Therefore, this technology has enabled the advancement of personalized medicine in a way never seen before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Paola Spitalieri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Centanini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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23
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Glucose absorption drives cystogenesis in a human organoid-on-chip model of polycystic kidney disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7918. [PMID: 36564419 PMCID: PMC9789147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), fluid-filled cysts arise from tubules in kidneys and other organs. Human kidney organoids can reconstitute PKD cystogenesis in a genetically specific way, but the mechanisms underlying cystogenesis remain elusive. Here we show that subjecting organoids to fluid shear stress in a PKD-on-a-chip microphysiological system promotes cyst expansion via an absorptive rather than a secretory pathway. A diffusive static condition partially substitutes for fluid flow, implicating volume and solute concentration as key mediators of this effect. Surprisingly, cyst-lining epithelia in organoids polarize outwards towards the media, arguing against a secretory mechanism. Rather, cyst formation is driven by glucose transport into lumens of outwards-facing epithelia, which can be blocked pharmacologically. In PKD mice, glucose is imported through cysts into the renal interstitium, which detaches from tubules to license expansion. Thus, absorption can mediate PKD cyst growth in human organoids, with implications for disease mechanism and potential for therapy development.
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24
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Opportunities and Challenges of Human IPSC Technology in Kidney Disease Research. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123232. [PMID: 36551987 PMCID: PMC9775669 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), since their discovery in 2007, open a broad array of opportunities for research and potential therapeutic uses. The substantial progress in iPSC reprogramming, maintenance, differentiation, and characterization technologies since then has supported their applications from disease modeling and preclinical experimental platforms to the initiation of cell therapies. In this review, we started with a background introduction about stem cells and the discovery of iPSCs, examined the developing technologies in reprogramming and characterization, and provided the updated list of stem cell biobanks. We highlighted several important iPSC-based research including that on autosomal dominant kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 kidney involvement and discussed challenges and future perspectives.
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25
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Tanigawa S, Nishinakamura R. Functional renal collecting ducts from human PSCs. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1510-1512. [PMID: 36332567 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Collecting ducts in the kidney control the balance of water and electrolytes, as well as pH of the urine to maintain body homeostasis. Shi et al.1 recently reported in Nature Biotechnology a protocol to generate functional collecting duct cells from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tanigawa
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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26
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Dorison A, Forbes TA, Little MH. What can we learn from kidney organoids? Kidney Int 2022; 102:1013-1029. [PMID: 35970244 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate 3-dimensional models of the developing human kidney via the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells-termed kidney organoids-has been hailed as a major advance in experimental nephrology. Although these provide an opportunity to interrogate human development, model-specific kidney diseases facilitate drug screening and even deliver bioengineered tissue; most of these prophetic end points remain to be realized. Indeed, at present we are still finding out what we can learn and what we cannot learn from this approach. In this review, we will summarize the approaches available to generate models of the human kidney from stem cells, the existing successful applications of kidney organoids, their limitations, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Li Z, Lindström NO. Building a kidney tree: Functional collecting duct from human pluripotent stem cells. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2251-2253. [PMID: 36220079 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human developmental studies and regenerative therapies need in vitro systems that generate cell types recapitulating mature cell physiologies. In a recent issue of Nature Biotechnology, Shi et al. (2022) show how pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into ureteric bud organoids that mature into functional kidney collecting duct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Li
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Nils O Lindström
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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28
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Safi W, Marco A, Moya D, Prado P, Garreta E, Montserrat N. Assessing kidney development and disease using kidney organoids and CRISPR engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948395. [PMID: 36120564 PMCID: PMC9479189 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) towards organoids is one of the biggest scientific advances in regenerative medicine. Kidney organoids have not only laid the groundwork for various organ-like tissue systems but also provided insights into kidney embryonic development. Thus, several protocols for the differentiation of renal progenitors or mature cell types have been established. Insights into the interplay of developmental pathways in nephrogenesis and determination of different cell fates have enabled the in vitro recapitulation of nephrogenesis. Here we first provide an overview of kidney morphogenesis and patterning in the mouse model in order to dissect signalling pathways that are key to define culture conditions sustaining renal differentiation from hPSCs. Secondly, we also highlight how genome editing approaches have provided insights on the specific role of different genes and molecular pathways during renal differentiation from hPSCs. Based on this knowledge we further review how CRISPR/Cas9 technology has enabled the recapitulation and correction of cellular phenotypes associated with human renal disease. Last, we also revise how the field has positively benefited from emerging technologies as single cell RNA sequencing and discuss current limitations on kidney organoid technology that will take advantage from bioengineering solutions to help standardizing the use of this model systems to study kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajima Safi
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Wajima Safi, ; Elena Garreta, ; Nuria Montserrat,
| | - Andrés Marco
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Prado
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Wajima Safi, ; Elena Garreta, ; Nuria Montserrat,
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Wajima Safi, ; Elena Garreta, ; Nuria Montserrat,
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29
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Huang B, Zeng Z, Zhang CC, Schreiber ME, Li Z. Approaches to kidney replacement therapies—opportunities and challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:953408. [PMID: 35982852 PMCID: PMC9380013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.953408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One out of seven people develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). When kidney function continues to decline, CKD patients may develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD, or kidney failure). More than 2 out of 1,000 adults develop ESRD and these patients must live on dialysis or get a kidney transplant to survive. Each year, more than $51 billion is spent to treat patients with ESRD in the United States. In addition, ESRD greatly reduces longevity and quality of life for patients. Compared to dialysis, kidney transplant offers the best chance of survival, but few donor organs are available. Thus, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions that address the shortage of kidneys available for transplantation. Here we summarize the status of current approaches that are being developed to solve the shortage of donor kidneys. These include the bioartificial kidney approach which aims to make a portable dialysis device, the recellularization approach which utilizes native kidney scaffold to make an engineered kidney, the stem cell-based approach which aims to generate a kidney de novo by recapitulating normal kidney organogenesis, the xenotransplantation approach which has the goal to make immunocompatible pig kidneys for transplantation, and the interspecies chimera approach which has potential to generate a human kidney in a host animal. We also discuss the interconnections among the different approaches, and the remaining challenges of translating these approaches into novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zipeng Zeng
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chennan C. Zhang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Megan E. Schreiber
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhongwei Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhongwei Li,
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30
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Tran T, Song CJ, Nguyen T, Cheng SY, McMahon JA, Yang R, Guo Q, Der B, Lindström NO, Lin DCH, McMahon AP. A scalable organoid model of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease for disease mechanism and drug discovery. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1083-1101.e7. [PMID: 35803227 PMCID: PMC11088748 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem-cell-derived organoids are models for human development and disease. We report a modified human kidney organoid system that generates thousands of similar organoids, each consisting of 1-2 nephron-like structures. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling and immunofluorescence validation highlighted patterned nephron-like structures utilizing similar pathways, with distinct morphogenesis, to human nephrogenesis. To examine this platform for therapeutic screening, the polycystic kidney disease genes PKD1 and PKD2 were inactivated by gene editing. PKD1 and PKD2 mutant models exhibited efficient and reproducible cyst formation. Cystic outgrowths could be propagated for months to centimeter-sized cysts. To shed new light on cystogenesis, 247 protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) were screened in a live imaging assay identifying compounds blocking cyst formation but not overall organoid growth. Scaling and further development of the organoid platform will enable a broader capability for kidney disease modeling and high-throughput drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Cheng Jack Song
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shun-Yang Cheng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daniel C-H Lin
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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31
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Kobayashi A, Nishinakamura R. Building kidney organoids from pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:367-373. [PMID: 35727170 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During embryogenesis, the kidney is mainly generated from three progenitor cells; nephron progenitors, ureteric bud progenitors and stromal progenitors. Mutual interactions of the all three progenitor populations are essential to form a functional kidney with the higher-order structure. Pluripotent stem cells have potential to differentiate into all cell types of the animal body, including the kidney. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in reconstructing kidney organoids from pluripotent stem cells. RECENT FINDINGS In the past years, major advances were reported to induce nephron and ureteric bud progenitors from pluripotent stem cells in mice and humans, and to create kidney organoids of nephron and/or ureteric bud-derived collecting duct tissues in vitro. These kidney organoid technologies were applied to high-throughput genetic screenings and small chemical screenings to identify key factors for kidney development and disease. Furthermore, a novel method was established to induce stromal progenitors from pluripotent stem cells, leading to creation of kidney organoids with the higher-order structures completely derived from pluripotent stem cells. SUMMARY These advances in kidney organoids from pluripotent stem cells should lay a foundation to establish a novel therapy for kidney disease, which ultimately eliminate the need of dialysis and kidney transplantation for patients with kidney disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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32
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Trush O, Takasato M. Kidney organoid research: current status and applications. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101944. [PMID: 35785592 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are being widely introduced as novel research models in multiple research fields. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived kidney organoids became an indispensable tool to study human kidney development, model various diseases and infections leading to kidney damage, and offer a new route towards better drug development and validation, personalized drug screening, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we provide an update of the most recent developments in kidney organoid induction: their main goals, advantages, and shortcomings. We further discuss their current applications in providing modeling and treatment avenues to various kidney injuries, their use in genome-wide screening of kidney diseases, and the cell interactions occurring in these kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Trush
- Laboratory for Human Organogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- Laboratory for Human Organogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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33
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Freedman BS. Physiology assays in human kidney organoids. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F625-F638. [PMID: 35379001 PMCID: PMC9076410 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00400.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells constitute a novel model of disease, development, and regenerative therapy. Organoids are human, experimentally accessible, high throughput, and enable reconstitution of tissue-scale biology in a petri dish. Although gene expression patterns in organoid cells have been analyzed extensively, less is known about the functionality of these structures. Here, we review assays of physiological function in human kidney organoids, including best practices for quality control, and future applications. Tubular structures in organoids accumulate specific molecules through active transport, including dextran and organic anions, and swell with fluid in response to cAMP stimulation. When engrafted into animal models in vivo, organoids form vascularized glomerulus-like structures capable of size-selective filtration. Organoids exhibit metabolic, endocrine, injury, and infection phenotypes, although their specificity is not yet fully clear. To properly interpret organoid physiology assays, it is important to incorporate appropriate negative and positive controls, statistical methods, data presentation, molecular mechanisms, and clinical data sets. Improvements in organoid perfusion, patterning, and maturation are needed to enable branching morphogenesis, urine production, and renal replacement. Reconstituting renal physiology with kidney organoids is a new field with potential to provide fresh insights into classical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Physiology (adjunct), and Department of Bioengineering (adjunct), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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34
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Genetic Kidney Diseases (GKDs) Modeling Using Genome Editing Technologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091571. [PMID: 35563876 PMCID: PMC9105797 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic kidney diseases (GKDs) are a group of rare diseases, affecting approximately about 60 to 80 per 100,000 individuals, for which there is currently no treatment that can cure them (in many cases). GKDs usually leads to early-onset chronic kidney disease, which results in patients having to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant. Here, we briefly describe genetic causes and phenotypic effects of six GKDs representative of different ranges of prevalence and renal involvement (ciliopathy, glomerulopathy, and tubulopathy). One of the shared characteristics of GKDs is that most of them are monogenic. This characteristic makes it possible to use site-specific nuclease systems to edit the genes that cause GKDs and generate in vitro and in vivo models that reflect the genetic abnormalities of GKDs. We describe and compare these site-specific nuclease systems (zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effect nucleases (TALENs) and regularly clustered short palindromic repeat-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas9)) and review how these systems have allowed the generation of cellular and animal GKDs models and how they have contributed to shed light on many still unknown fields in GKDs. We also indicate the main obstacles limiting the application of these systems in a more efficient way. The information provided here will be useful to gain an accurate understanding of the technological advances in the field of genome editing for GKDs, as well as to serve as a guide for the selection of both the genome editing tool and the gene delivery method most suitable for the successful development of GKDs models.
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35
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Liu M, Cardilla A, Ngeow J, Gong X, Xia Y. Studying Kidney Diseases Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845401. [PMID: 35309912 PMCID: PMC8927804 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing over the last few decades, owing to the global increase in diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Dialysis greatly compromises the life quality of patients, while demand for transplantable kidney cannot be met, underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to stop or reverse CKD progression. Our understanding of kidney disease is primarily derived from studies using animal models and cell culture. While cross-species differences made it challenging to fully translate findings from animal models into clinical practice, primary patient cells quickly lose the original phenotypes during in vitro culture. Over the last decade, remarkable achievements have been made for generating 3-dimensional (3D) miniature organs (organoids) by exposing stem cells to culture conditions that mimic the signaling cues required for the development of a particular organ or tissue. 3D kidney organoids have been successfully generated from different types of source cells, including human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), adult/fetal renal tissues, and kidney cancer biopsy. Alongside gene editing tools, hPSC-derived kidney organoids are being harnessed to model genetic kidney diseases. In comparison, adult kidney-derived tubuloids and kidney cancer-derived tumoroids are still in their infancy. Herein, we first summarize the currently available kidney organoid models. Next, we discuss recent advances in kidney disease modelling using organoid models. Finally, we consider the major challenges that have hindered the application of kidney organoids in disease modelling and drug evaluation and propose prospective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelysia Cardilla
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ximing Gong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
| | - Yun Xia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
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36
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Khan K, Ahram DF, Liu YP, Westland R, Sampogna RV, Katsanis N, Davis EE, Sanna-Cherchi S. Multidisciplinary approaches for elucidating genetics and molecular pathogenesis of urinary tract malformations. Kidney Int 2022; 101:473-484. [PMID: 34780871 PMCID: PMC8934530 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in clinical diagnostics and molecular tools have improved our understanding of the genetically heterogeneous causes underlying congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). However, despite a sharp incline of CAKUT reports in the literature within the past 2 decades, there remains a plateau in the genetic diagnostic yield that is disproportionate to the accelerated ability to generate robust genome-wide data. Explanations for this observation include (i) diverse inheritance patterns with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, (ii) rarity of single-gene drivers such that large sample sizes are required to meet the burden of proof, and (iii) multigene interactions that might produce either intra- (e.g., copy number variants) or inter- (e.g., effects in trans) locus effects. These challenges present an opportunity for the community to implement innovative genetic and molecular avenues to explain the missing heritability and to better elucidate the mechanisms that underscore CAKUT. Here, we review recent multidisciplinary approaches at the intersection of genetics, genomics, in vivo modeling, and in vitro systems toward refining a blueprint for overcoming the diagnostic hurdles that are pervasive in urinary tract malformation cohorts. These approaches will not only benefit clinical management by reducing age at molecular diagnosis and prompting early evaluation for comorbid features but will also serve as a springboard for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Khan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (current address)
| | - Dina F. Ahram
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Yangfan P. Liu
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rik Westland
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, NL
| | | | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (current address); Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (current address).,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: Simone Sanna-Cherchi, MD, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Phone: 212-851-4925; Fax: 212-851-5461; . Erica E. Davis, PhD, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Phone: 312-503-7662; Fax: 312-503-7343; , Nicholas Katsanis, PhD, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Phone: 312-503-7339; Fax: 312-503-7343;
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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37
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Generation of the organotypic kidney structure by integrating pluripotent stem cell-derived renal stroma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35105870 PMCID: PMC8807595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Organs consist of the parenchyma and stroma, the latter of which coordinates the generation of organotypic structures. Despite recent advances in organoid technology, induction of organ-specific stroma and recapitulation of complex organ configurations from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have remained challenging. By elucidating the in vivo molecular features of the renal stromal lineage at a single-cell resolution level, we herein establish an in vitro induction protocol for stromal progenitors (SPs) from mouse PSCs. When the induced SPs are assembled with two differentially induced parenchymal progenitors (nephron progenitors and ureteric buds), the completely PSC-derived organoids reproduce the complex kidney structure, with multiple types of stromal cells distributed along differentiating nephrons and branching ureteric buds. Thus, integration of PSC-derived lineage-specific stroma into parenchymal organoids will pave the way toward recapitulation of the organotypic architecture and functions.
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38
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Yamada Y, Fujiki H, Mizuguchi H, Takeshita Y, Hattori K, Ohmoto K, Aihara M, Nagano K, Isakari Y, Yamamoto M, Yamamura Y. [Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V 2 receptor antagonist, is the world's first approved drug for treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2022; 157:254-260. [PMID: 35781456 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic kidney disease. Fluid-filled cysts develop and enlarge in both kidneys, eventually leading to kidney failure. Tolvaptan is a selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist and the first and only drug approved for treatment of ADPKD. It blocks binding of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to V2 receptors in the collecting duct of kidney, thereby inducing water diuresis (aquaresis) without losing electrolytes. Therefore, tolvaptan was originally developed and approved as the first oral aquaretic agent for treatment of hyponatremia and fluid volume overload in heart failure and cirrhosis. During the development of tolvaptan as aquaretics, efficacy of V2 antagonist in polycystic kidney animal model was reported and then the development of tolvaptan for ADPKD was also initiated. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in cyst growth by promoting cell proliferation and fluid secretion. Tolvaptan showed suppression of cyst growth through inhibiting AVP-induced cAMP production and delayed the onset of end-stage renal disease in an animal model. In the phase 3 clinical trial in ADPKD patients (TEMPO 3:4 trial), 3-year treatment with tolvaptan slowed the disease progression including increase of kidney volume and decline in renal function. Efficacy of tolvaptan in patients with late-stage ADPKD was confirmed in another 1-year phase 3 REPRISE trial. Tolvaptan is approved for treatment of ADPKD in more than 40 countries and we expect it can contribute to more ADPKD patients worldwide. We also expect that drugs with new mechanisms will be available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamada
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroyuki Fujiki
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yukinobu Takeshita
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Katsuji Hattori
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Koji Ohmoto
- Department of Medical Innovation, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Miki Aihara
- Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Miho Yamamoto
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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39
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Little MH, Humphreys BD. Regrow or Repair: An Update on Potential Regenerative Therapies for the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:15-32. [PMID: 34789545 PMCID: PMC8763179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, this journal published a review outlining future options for regenerating the kidney. At that time, stem cell populations were being identified in multiple tissues, the concept of stem cell recruitment to a site of injury was of great interest, and the possibility of postnatal renal stem cells was growing in momentum. Since that time, we have seen the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells, substantial advances in our capacity to both sequence and edit the genome, global and spatial transcriptional analysis down to the single-cell level, and a pandemic that has challenged our delivery of health care to all. This article will look back over this period of time to see how our view of kidney development, disease, repair, and regeneration has changed and envision a future for kidney regeneration and repair over the next 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
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Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids toward clinical implementations. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stokman MF, Saunier S, Benmerah A. Renal Ciliopathies: Sorting Out Therapeutic Approaches for Nephronophthisis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653138. [PMID: 34055783 PMCID: PMC8155538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy and a major cause of end-stage renal disease in children. The main forms, juvenile and adult NPH, are characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis whereas the infantile form is more severe and characterized by cysts. NPH is caused by mutations in over 20 different genes, most of which encode components of the primary cilium, an organelle in which important cellular signaling pathways converge. Ciliary signal transduction plays a critical role in kidney development and tissue homeostasis, and disruption of ciliary signaling has been associated with cyst formation, epithelial cell dedifferentiation and kidney function decline. Drugs have been identified that target specific signaling pathways (for example cAMP/PKA, Hedgehog, and mTOR pathways) and rescue NPH phenotypes in in vitro and/or in vivo models. Despite identification of numerous candidate drugs in rodent models, there has been a lack of clinical trials and there is currently no therapy that halts disease progression in NPH patients. This review covers the most important findings of therapeutic approaches in NPH model systems to date, including hypothesis-driven therapies and untargeted drug screens, approached from the pathophysiology of NPH. Importantly, most animal models used in these studies represent the cystic infantile form of NPH, which is less prevalent than the juvenile form. It appears therefore important to develop new models relevant for juvenile/adult NPH. Alternative non-orthologous animal models and developments in patient-based in vitro model systems are discussed, as well as future directions in personalized therapy for NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn F Stokman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
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Rizki-Safitri A, Traitteur T, Morizane R. Bioengineered Kidney Models: Methods and Functional Assessments. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab026. [PMID: 35330622 PMCID: PMC8788738 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into bioengineering kidneys have been extensively conducted owing to their potential for preclinical assays and regenerative medicine. Various approaches and methods have been developed to improve the structure and function of bioengineered kidneys. Assessments of functional properties confirm the adequacy of bioengineered kidneys for multipurpose translational applications. This review is to summarize the studies performed in kidney bioengineering in the past decade. We identified 84 original articles from PubMed and Mendeley with keywords of kidney organoid or kidney tissue engineering. Those were categorized into 5 groups based on their approach: de-/recellularization of kidney, reaggregation of kidney cells, kidney organoids, kidney in scaffolds, and kidney-on-a-chip. These models were physiologically assessed by filtration, tubular reabsorption/secretion, hormone production, and nephrotoxicity. We found that bioengineered kidney models have been developed from simple cell cultures to multicellular systems to recapitulate kidney function and diseases. Meanwhile, only about 50% of these studies conducted functional assessments on their kidney models. Factors including cell composition and organization are likely to alter the applicability of physiological assessments in bioengineered kidneys. Combined with recent technologies, physiological assessments importantly contribute to the improvement of the bioengineered kidney model toward repairing and refunctioning the damaged kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamara Traitteur
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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Shimizu T, Yamagata K, Osafune K. Kidney organoids: Research in developmental biology and emerging applications. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:166-177. [PMID: 33569792 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have drastically changed the field of stem cell research on human kidneys within a few years. They are self-organizing multicellular structures that contain nephron components such as glomeruli and renal tubules in most cases, but hPSC-derived ureteric buds, the progenitors of collecting ducts and ureters, can also form three-dimensional organoids. Today's challenges facing human kidney organoids are further maturation and anatomical integrity in order to achieve a complete model of the developing kidneys and ultimately a complete adult organ. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and impaired kidney function are an increasing burden on public health worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatments for various renal conditions. In this regard, hPSC-derived kidney organoids may impact medicine by providing new translational approaches. The unique ability of kidney organoids derived from disease-specific hPSCs to reproduce human diseases caused by genetic alterations may help provide the next generation of kidney disease models. Recent advances in the field of kidney organoid research have been generally accompanied by progress in developmental biology and other technological breakthroughs. In this review, we consider the current trends in kidney organoid technology, especially focusing on the relationship to the study of human kidney development, and discuss the remaining hurdles and prospects in regenerating human kidney structures beyond organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Shimizu
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rooney KM, Woolf AS, Kimber SJ. Towards Modelling Genetic Kidney Diseases with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:285-296. [PMID: 33774632 DOI: 10.1159/000514018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney disease causes major suffering and premature mortality worldwide. With no cure for kidney failure currently available, and with limited options for treatment, there is an urgent need to develop effective pharmaceutical interventions to slow or prevent kidney disease progression. SUMMARY In this review, we consider the feasibility of using human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney tissues, or organoids, to model genetic kidney disease. Notable successes have been made in modelling genetic tubular diseases (e.g., cystinosis), polycystic kidney disease, and medullary cystic kidney disease. Organoid models have also been used to test novel therapies that ameliorate aberrant cell biology. Some progress has been made in modelling congenital glomerular disease, even though glomeruli within organoids are developmentally immature. Less progress has been made in modelling structural kidney malformations, perhaps because sufficiently mature metanephric mesenchyme-derived nephrons, ureteric bud-derived branching collecting ducts, and a prominent stromal cell population are not generated together within a single protocol. Key Messages: We predict that the field will advance significantly if organoids can be generated with a full complement of cell lineages and with kidney components displaying key physiological functions, such as glomerular filtration. The future economic upscaling of reproducible organoid generation will facilitate more widespread research applications, including the potential therapeutic application of these stem cell-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Rooney
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Little MH. Returning to kidney development to deliver synthetic kidneys. Dev Biol 2020; 474:22-36. [PMID: 33333068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the development of transplantable synthetic kidneys could improve the outcome for the many millions of people worldwide suffering from chronic kidney disease. Substantial progress has been made in the last 6 years in the generation of kidney tissue from stem cells. However, the limited scale, incomplete cellular complexity and functional immaturity of such structures suggests we are some way from this goal. While developmental biology has successfully guided advances to date, these human kidney models are limited in their capacity for ongoing nephrogenesis and lack corticomedullary definition, a unified vasculature and a coordinated exit path for urinary filtrate. This review will reassess our developmental understanding of how the mammalian embryo manages to create kidneys, how this has informed our progress to date and how both engineering and developmental biology can continue to guide us towards a synthetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Higashijima Y, Nangaku M. The Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2020: genome editing tools and their immeasurable applications for humankind. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1367-1369. [PMID: 33276860 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Higashijima
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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