[Pleiomorphism of the cytokine profile in nasal polyp tissue depending on the phenotype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps]

[Morphogenesis and molecular regulation of polyposis rhinosinusitis]

Polyposis rhinosinusitis (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous proliferative disease characterized by inflammatory hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa with dysregulation of apoptosis and cell differentiation. The review summarizes data on the molecular cellular mechanisms of CRSwNP and presents the concept of intercellular signaling during polyposis growth. Various factors that form a specific endotype are involved in the development of a polyp. Features of morphogenesis make it possible to distinguish edematous, eosinophilic and fibrous NP. In all cases, markers of neurogenic inflammation, impaired expression of proinflammatory cytokines, NO synthase, BMP-2 and other morphogenetic molecules arerecorded. The growing polyp and the inflammatory reaction damage the epithelium of the mucous membrane and bone wall of the nasal cavity. Interleukin-1β and BMP-2 are an integrative link in the pathogenesis of these events.

[Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis age characteristics]

Children's and adults' rhinosinusitis are two diseases that have both similarities and differences in anatomy, epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. At the same rhinosinusitis is one of the most common in otorhinolaryngology's practice, both in children and adults. The of adults paranasal sinuses (PNS) anatomy differs from children's PNS anatomy. Although ostiomeatal complex occlusion is recognized as a major cause of poor ventilation and drainage of the adult paranasal sinuses, it does not have a strong effect on pediatric rhinosinusitis, but adenoids play a key role. Adenoids are bacteria and biofilms reservoirs that cause chronic refractory rhinosinusitis regardless of pharyngeal tonsil size. The prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is lower in children than in adults. Diagnosis of children's rhinosinusitis is more difficult because nasal cavity endoscopic examination is performed rarely due to the occasional need of general anesthesia during the procedure. Moreover, it's necessary to take into account prevailing etiological role of viruses in ARS at children's age and chronic adenoiditis often accompanies pediatric CRS, which requires attention prescribing medical therapy as the basis of rhinosinusitis treatment. The DysheLORz based on Pelargonium sidoides roots is highly effective and safe for children's and adults ARS and CRS treatment, both as monotherapy and in combination with topical steroids and antibiotics. This herbal medicine immunomodulatory effect is mediated mainly by stimulating the production of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12 and IFN-γ. It activates macrophages and improves their phagocytic activity. IL-12, together with TNF-α, enhances NK and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes' activity against infected cells. IL-12 effect on Th1 lymphocytes maturation provides a link between innate and adaptive immunity. This is also increasing MCP-1, IP-10 and MIP-1β chemokines synthesis and decreasing MIP-1α, ENA-78, GROα and IL-8 production in PNS and nasal mucosa. This leads to decrease of neutrophils chemotaxis to the inflammation site, and decline of serine proteases concentration (neutrophils main enzymes), that increases mucous membrane epithelial barrier permeability, reducing bacterial infections risk. Additionally, Pelargonium sidoides increases epithelial cells beating cilia frequency and inhibits hemagglutinin and neuraminidase present on influenza virus surface. The drug increases antimicrobial peptides production as defensins, human neutrophil peptides (HNP) and bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), which is also important for rapid inflammation regression in rhinosinusitis. It causes bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells inhibition, phagocytosis stimulation, nitric oxide (NO) release and oxidative burst. The medicine had a direct effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza. Based on these data, it is possible to explain the high effectiveness and safety of the drugs based on Pelargonium sidoides in ENT organs inflammation treatment, for both adults and children over 1 year old.

[Shaping approaches to standardization of oropharynx mucous membrane assessment of immunological parameters]

Basis of acute pharyngitis pathogenesis is an inflammatory process at the entrance gate of the infection. Therefore, local immunity study proves to be the most informative. Difficulty in making that type of assessment is lack of generally accepted reference values and biological sampling techniques.

OBJECTIVE

Validation of biological sampling techniques to study the parameters of local mucosal immunity in oropharynx acute inflammatory diseases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

30 people with acute catarrhal pharyngitis with intoxication syndrome were examined. The sampling was carried out in 7 different ways. 1. Collect saliva samples using the passive drool collection method. 2. Collect saliva, using cotton swabs placed into the mouth for 3 minutes. 3. Cotton swabs wrapped around a metal probe was placed on palatine tonsils and lateral walls of the oropharynx. 4. Instead of a cotton swab, a disc of laboratory filter paper with a diameter of 0.7 cm was used. 5. Scrape by the mucous membrane of the palatine tonsils and lateral walls of the oropharynx were made with a cytobrush. 6. Using a cytobrush, scrapings were made from the mucous membrane of only the posterior pharyngeal wall, excluding the region of the palatine tonsils. 7. Using a cytobrush to make scrapings from the only palatine tonsils mucous membrane. RT-PCR was used to determine IL-1β mRNA.

RESULTS

Minimal IL-1β mRNA values were detected in saliva collected by passive flow (0.095 [0; 3.45] units) and on a cotton swab (0.21 [0.1; 3.82] units). IL-1β mRNA in the material collected by methods No. 3 and No. 4 on a cotton swab and a paper disk did not differ significantly from each other. Its level was higher than in saliva and lower than in scrapings. The maximum result was revealed with method No. 5 when simultaneously taking scrapings from the palatine tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall mucous membrane (4.76 [0.92; 8.13] units). The expression of IL-1β mRNA in the material obtained by methods No. 6 and No. 7 did not differ significantly from each other.

CONCLUSION

Separated scrapings collecting from the palatine tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall mucous membrane will allow assessing the inflammatory response autonomously in the lymphoid tissue and separately on the mucosa of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The mucosal scraping technique was the most effective for assessing cytokines in the oropharyngeal mucosal membrane.