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Askari S, Javadpour P, Rashidi FS, Dargahi L, Kashfi K, Ghasemi R. Behavioral and Molecular Effects of Thapsigargin-Induced Brain ER- Stress: Encompassing Inflammation, MAPK, and Insulin Signaling Pathway. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091374. [PMID: 36143409 PMCID: PMC9500646 DOI: 10.3390/life12091374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins, known as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is known to participate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is also correlated with impaired central insulin signaling. However, few studies have probed the relationship between memory, central ER stress, inflammation, hippocampal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and insulin resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the causative role and underlying mechanisms of brain ER stress in memory impairment and develop a reliable animal model for ER-mediated memory loss. Thapsigargin (TG), a known ER stress activator, was centrally administered. The cognitive function of animals was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze (MWM). To verify the induction of central ER stress, we investigated the mRNA expression of UPR markers in the hippocampus. In addition, the activation of ER stress markers, including Bip, CHOP, and some related apoptosis and pro-inflammatory proteins, such as caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α, MAPK, and insulin signaling markers, were assessed by Western-blots. The results demonstrated that TG impairs spatial cognition and hippocampal insulin signaling. Meanwhile, molecular results showed a concurrent increment of hippocampal UPR markers, apoptosis, P38 activity, and TNF-α. This study introduced TG-induced ER stress as a pharmacological model for memory impairment in rats and revealed some underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Pegah Javadpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Rashidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-21-22439971
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Reich N, Hölscher C. The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: An in-depth review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:970925. [PMID: 36117625 PMCID: PMC9475012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.970925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting antibody aducanumab for the treatment of AD. Hence, there is still an unmet need for a neuroprotective drug treatment in both AD and PD. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for both AD and PD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and growth factor that has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and the success of GLP-1 mimetics in phase II clinical trials in AD and PD has raised new hope. GLP-1 mimetics are currently on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 analogs are safe, well tolerated, resistant to desensitization and well characterized in the clinic. Herein, we review the existing evidence and illustrate the neuroprotective pathways that are induced following GLP-1R activation in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (Aβ, Tau, and α-synuclein), the suppression of Ca2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis. The many beneficial features of GLP-1R and GLP-1/GIPR dual agonists encourage the development of novel drug treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niklas Reich,
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, Second Associated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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Iloun P, Hooshmandi E, Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi R, Ahmadiani A. Roles and Interaction of the MAPK Signaling Cascade in Aβ25-35-Induced Neurotoxicity Using an Isolated Primary Hippocampal Cell Culture System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1497-1507. [PMID: 32601776 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized with increased formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ peptide toxicity is associated with disturbances of several intracellular signaling pathways such as mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MAPKs and their interactions in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity using isolated hippocampal neurons from the rat. Primary hippocampal cells were cultured in neurobasal medium for 4 days. Cells were treated with Aβ25-35 and/or MAPKs inhibitors for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by an MTT assay and phosphorylated levels of P38, JNK, and ERK were measured by Western blots. Aβ treatment (10-40 µM) significantly decreased hippocampal cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of P38 and ERK did not restore cell viability, while JNK inhibition potentiated the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Compared to the controls, Aβ treatment increased levels of phosphorylated JNK, ERK, and c-Jun, while it had no effect on levels of phosphorylated P38. In addition, P38 inhibition led to decreased expression levels of phosphorylated ERK; inhibition of JNK resulted in decreased expression of c-Jun; and inhibition of ERK, decreased phosphorylated levels of JNK. These results strongly suggest that P38, ERK, and JNK are not independently involved in Aβ-induced toxicity in the hippocampal cells. In AD, which is a multifactorial disease, inhibiting a single member of the MAPK signaling pathway, does not seem to be sufficient to mitigate Aβ-induced toxicity and thus their interactions with each other or potentially with different signaling pathways should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Iloun
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Chamran Exp. Way, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevda Gheibi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Chamran Exp. Way, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Hölscher C. Insulin Signaling Impairment in the Brain as a Risk Factor in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:88. [PMID: 31068799 PMCID: PMC6491455 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The underlying mechanism that links up the two conditions seems to be the de-sensitization of insulin signaling. In patients with AD, insulin signaling was found to be de-sensitized in the brain, even if they did not have diabetes. Insulin is an important growth factor that regulates cell growth, energy utilization, mitochondrial function and replacement, autophagy, oxidative stress management, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. Insulin desensitization, therefore, can enhance the risk of developing neurological disorders in later life. Other risk factors, such as high blood pressure or brain injury, also enhance the likelihood of developing AD. All these risk factors have one thing in common – they induce a chronic inflammation response in the brain. Pro-inflammatory cytokines block growth factor signaling and enhance oxidative stress. The underlying molecular processes for this are described in the review. Treatments to re-sensitize insulin signaling in the brain are also described, such as nasal insulin tests in AD patients, or treatments with re-sensitizing hormones, such as leptin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1),and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). The first clinical trials show promising results and are a proof of concept that utilizing such treatments is valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Gong X, Hu H, Qiao Y, Xu P, Yang M, Dang R, Han W, Guo Y, Chen D, Jiang P. The Involvement of Renin-Angiotensin System in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Behavioral Changes, Neuroinflammation, and Disturbed Insulin Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:318. [PMID: 31001119 PMCID: PMC6454872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain insulin signaling is accounted for the development of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, whereas both inflammation and the activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are two major contributors to insulin resistance. Intriguingly, inflammation and RAS can activate each other, forming a positive feedback loop that would result in exacerbated unwanted tissue damage. To further examine the interrelationship among insulin signaling, neuroinflammation and RAS in the brain, the effect of repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and co-treatment with the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor type 1 (AT1) blocker, candesartan (Cand), on anxiety and depression-like behaviors, RAS, neuroinflammation and insulin signaling was explored. Our results demonstrated that prolonged LPS challenge successfully induced the rats into anxiety and depression-like state, accompanied with significant neural apoptosis and neuroinflammation. LPS also activated RAS as evidenced by the enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) expression, Ang II generation and AT1 expression. However, blocking the activated RAS with Cand co-treatment conferred neurobehavioral protective properties. The AT1 blocker markedly ameliorated the microglial activation, the enhanced gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and the overactivated NF-κB signaling. In addition, Cand also mitigated the LPS-induced disturbance of insulin signaling with the normalized phosphorylation of serine 307 and tyrosine 896 of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Collectively, the present study, for the first time, provided the direct evidence indicating that the inflammatory condition may interact with RAS to impede brain insulin pathway, resulting in neurobehavioral damage, and inhibiting RAS seems to be a promising strategy to block the cross-talk and cut off the vicious cycle between RAS and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Gong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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