1
|
Abqari U, van 't Noordende AT, Richardus JH, Isfandiari MA, Korfage IJ. Strategies to promote the use of online health applications for early detection and raising awareness of chronic diseases among members of the general public: A systematic literature review. Int J Med Inform 2022; 162:104737. [PMID: 35358894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Engagement is essential to achieve intended outcomes of online interventions, but achieving such engagement is a key challenge for many researchers and practitioners. This systematic literature review aims to identify strategies and tools to promote the use of online health interventions for early detection and raising awareness of chronic diseases among the public, and to investigate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of such strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a systematic search of seven electronic databases: Embase, Medline All Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Google Scholar. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020200471). RESULTS The database search identified 8,526 articles, 47 were included in the review. Thirty-two studies reported strategies to promote the use of their online intervention, including online advertisements on social media (n = 17), a dating application (n = 10), and a website (n = 3). Social media were not only used for promotion of the intervention, but also as main intervention platform (n = 18). Seven studies reported traditional promotion methods such as printed advertisement and (offline) campaigns. Twenty-seven studies reported strategies to keep users engaged, including reminders (n = 12), sharing of posts on social media (n = 4), rewards (n = 3), weekly group discussions (n = 2), follow-up phone calls (n = 2), interactive games (n = 1), monthly quizzes (n = 1), links to provision of a test kit (n = 1), and a deposit-return system (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS No study conducted a formal evaluation of the effectiveness of the engagement strategies. Examining the effectiveness of engagement strategies is an important area for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulfah Abqari
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; NLR Indonesia, JL Guntur No.22, RT.8/RW.1, Guntur, Kecamatan Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Selatan, Daerah Khusus Ibukota, Jakarta 12980, Indonesia
| | - Anna Tiny van 't Noordende
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; NLR, Wibautstraat 137k, 1097DN Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Hendrik Richardus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Atoillah Isfandiari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyosari Surabaya, 60186 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ida J Korfage
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MacKinnon KR, Mykhalovskiy E, Worthington C, Gómez-Ramírez O, Gilbert M, Grace D. Pay to skip the line: The political economy of digital testing services for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Soc Sci Med 2020; 268:113571. [PMID: 33310396 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The value of digital healthcare has been lauded in Canada at local, provincial, and national levels. Digital medicine is purported to enhance patient access to care while promising cost savings. Using institutional ethnography, we examined the potential for publicly funded digital testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Ontario, Canada. Our analyses draw from 23 stakeholder interviews with healthcare professionals conducted between 2019 and 2020, and textual analyses of government documents and private, for-profit digital healthcare websites. We uncovered a "two-tiered" system whereby private digital STI testing services enable people with economic resources to "pay to skip the line" queuing at public clinics and proceed directly to provide samples for diagnostics at local private medical labs. In Ontario, private lab corporations compete for fee-for-service contracts with government, which in turn organises opportunities for market growth when more patient samples are collected vis-à-vis digital testing. However, we also found that some infectious disease specimens (e.g., HIV) are re-routed for analysis at government public health laboratories, who may be unable to manage the increase in testing volume associated with digital STI testing due to state budget constraints. Our findings on public-private laboratory funding disparities thus discredit the claims that digital healthcare necessarily generates cost savings, or that it enhances patients' access to care. We conclude that divergent state funding relations together with the creeping privatisation of healthcare within this "universal" system coordinate the conditions through which private corporations capitalise from digital STI testing, compounding patient access inequities. We also stress that our findings bring forth large scale implications given the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid diffusion of digital healthcare, together with significant novel coronavirus testing activities initiated by private industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinnon R MacKinnon
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada; School of Social Work, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Eric Mykhalovskiy
- Department of Sociology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Catherine Worthington
- School of Public Health & Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Oralia Gómez-Ramírez
- BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 112nd Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark Gilbert
- BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 112nd Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burchell AN, Lisk R, Yeung A, Rana J, Bacon J, Brunetta J, Gilbert M, Gesink D, Grewal R, Guiang CB, Kwag M, Logie CH, Mitterni L, Shahin R, Tan DH. Community-Directed Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Interventions Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for an E-Delphi Study in Toronto, Canada. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e13801. [PMID: 31274111 PMCID: PMC6637728 DOI: 10.2196/13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-positive and HIV-negative (gay, bisexual, and other) men who have sex with men (MSM) have experienced a dramatic increase in bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. STI testing and treatment mitigate adverse health outcomes and substantially reduce transmission; yet, testing rates remain below recommended levels. Innovation is needed to produce the required increases in testing levels, frequency, and the use of appropriate testing technologies in ways that are engaging, nonstigmatizing, and acceptable to men. Objective The aim of this study is to build consensus with regard to interventions with the greatest potential for improving local STI testing services for MSM communities in Toronto, Canada. Methods Following a literature review of evidence regarding the effectiveness of novel testing interventions, and focus groups, and surveys to describe local barriers and facilitators of testing among MSM, we will conduct a Web-based, modified Delphi study (e-Delphi). We will form expert panels of community members and STI test providers. Panelists will rate potential interventions in terms of their priority, using a 7-point Likert scale from definitely not a priority to definitely a priority. They will also rank their preferences by selecting their top 3 preferred interventions. Surveys will be distributed in 3 rounds, with feedback on the distribution of responses from preceding rounds provided in rounds 2 and 3. We will define consensus as having ≥60% (18/30) members indicate a preference within 2 adjacent response points. Qualitative data on disagreements will be obtained using open-ended text responses to explain for ratings and rankings that are different from the majority. Results On the basis of a literature review and identification of barriers and facilitators to STI testing among community members and test providers in Toronto, we have selected 8 potential interventions for inclusion in the e-Delphi panel surveys. These include 4 interventions that streamline STI testing for asymptomatic individuals, 2 interventions that are targeted at clients and 2 interventions that are targeted at providers. Conclusions Findings will provide community direction for informed decision making regarding the implementation of STI testing interventions in this setting. They will characterize the intervention climate for innovation to STI testing services, including perceived needs for changes to test delivery, relative priorities for change, and readiness for implementation. These methods may be transferable to other urban jurisdictions experiencing similar epidemics and for other contexts where stakeholder input is needed to manage sensitive areas of concern. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/13801
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann N Burchell
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anna Yeung
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jayoti Rana
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Bacon
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mark Gilbert
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dionne Gesink
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramandip Grewal
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charlie B Guiang
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hassle Free Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Kwag
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carmen H Logie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Darrell Hs Tan
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zadeh MN, Jahani Y, Mirzaee M, Sharifi H, Karamouzian M. Correlates of HIV Testing Among Young Adults in Iran: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Survey in 2013. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2018. [PMID: 29534855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among Iranian young adults. Demographic and behavioral data were collected cross-sectionally. A convenience sample of 19- to 29-year-old young adults (N = 3,246) were recruited from 13 major provinces. Generalized estimating equations models were constructed to identify the correlates of HIV testing. Only 13.6% (n = 443) of the participants had ever tested for HIV. In the multivariable analysis, male sex, married marital status, having extramarital sex, knowing a person living with HIV or who had died of HIV-related diseases, older age, higher education, and higher HIV-related knowledge were positively and significantly associated with HIV testing. Our finding that only about 1 in 7 Iranian young adults had ever tested for HIV was alarming. Interventions aimed at increasing HIV-related knowledge, HIV testing promotion, and identifying the barriers to HIV testing among Iranian young adults remain a public health priority.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gilbert M, Thomson K, Salway T, Haag D, Grennan T, Fairley CK, Buchner C, Krajden M, Kendall P, Shoveller J, Ogilvie G. Differences in experiences of barriers to STI testing between clients of the internet-based diagnostic testing service GetCheckedOnline.com and an STI clinic in Vancouver, Canada. Sex Transm Infect 2018; 95:151-156. [PMID: 29437984 PMCID: PMC6580770 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2017-053325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Internet-based STI testing programmes may overcome barriers posed by in-clinic testing, though uptake could reflect social gradients. The role these services play in comparison to clinical testing services is unknown. We compared experiences of testing barriers between STI clinic clients to clients of GetCheckedOnline.com (GCO; where clients take a printed lab form to a lab). METHODS Our 10-month cross-sectional study was conducted after GCO was promoted to STI clinic clients and men who have sex with men (MSM). Clinic and GCO clients completed an online survey assessing testing barriers and facilitators; responses were compared using bivariate analysis (level of significance P<0.01; significant results below). RESULTS Compared with 321 clinic clients, the 73 GCO clients were more likely to be older (median 35 vs 30 years), MSM (45% vs 16%), be testing routinely (67% vs 39%), have delayed testing for any reason (76% vs 54%) and due to clinic distance (28% vs 9%), report delays due to wait times (50% vs 17%), embarrassment with testing (16% vs 6%), discomfort discussing sexual health where they usually go for testing (39% vs 22%), as well as discomfort discussing sexual history with (19% vs 5%) and fearing judgement from (30% vs 15%) any healthcare provider. GCO clients were less likely to have found clinic hours convenient (59% vs 77%) and clinic appointments easy to make (49% vs 66%), and more likely to report long wait times (50% vs 17%). We found no differences in technology skills/use. CONCLUSIONS In this urban setting, an internet-based testing service effectively engaged individuals experiencing testing barriers, with few social gradients in uptake. While some testing barriers could be addressed through increasing access to clinical services, others require social and structural changes, highlighting the importance of internet-based STI testing services to increasing test uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gilbert
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberly Thomson
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Travis Salway
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Devon Haag
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Troy Grennan
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Buchner
- Clinical Operations Communicable Disease & Harm Reduction, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Perry Kendall
- Ministry of Health, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean Shoveller
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's and BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gilbert M, Haag D, Hottes TS, Bondyra M, Elliot E, Chabot C, Farrell J, Bonnell A, Kopp S, Andruschak J, Shoveller J, Ogilvie G. Get Checked… Where? The Development of a Comprehensive, Integrated Internet-Based Testing Program for Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections in British Columbia, Canada. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e186. [PMID: 27649716 PMCID: PMC5050385 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testing for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) is an effective public health strategy that can promote personal control of one’s health and prevent the spread of these infections. Multiple barriers deter access to testing including fear of stigmatization, inaccurate health care provider perceptions of risk, and reduced availability of clinic services and infrastructure. Concurrent increases in sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates and demands on existing clinical services make this an even more pressing concern. Web-based testing offers several advantages that may alleviate existing clinical pressures and facilitate appropriate testing access. Objective This paper describes the planning, development, and usability testing of a novel Web-based testing service, GetCheckedOnline (GCO), as a complementary testing option integrated within existing sexual health services within British Columbia (BC). Methods From 2009 to 2014, we engaged a multidisciplinary team in the design and development of GCO. We conducted 3 initial research studies to ascertain the opinions of youth, men who have sex with men (MSM), and STI clinic clients regarding Web-based testing and elicited perspectives of sexual health care providers through focus groups. We developed an informed consent process, risk assessment questions, and test recommendations based on provincial and national guidelines and evaluated these through consultations with clinical and community stakeholders. We also conducted a preliminary health equity impact assessment whose findings also informed the GCO program mode. Finally, from April 2011 to December 2012 we gathered qualitative data from 25 participants on the functionality and usability of a GCO prototype and incorporated their recommendations into a final model. Results GCO launched in the fall of 2014 across 6 pilot sites in Vancouver, BC. The service involves 3 main steps: (1) create an account, complete an assessment, and print a laboratory requisition, (2) provide blood and urine specimens at participating laboratory locations, and (3) receive test results on the Internet or by phone. During this pilot phase, we promoted GCO to existing STI clinic clients and MSM in the Greater Vancouver region. A rigorous mixed-method evaluation of GCO’s uptake, acceptability, and health system impacts is currently underway. Conclusions GCO is the first comprehensive Web-based STBBI testing program in Canada that is integrated with existing sexual health services, with the potential to reduce pressures on existing clinical services and reach populations facing the greatest barriers to testing. Our experience highlights the facilitators and challenges of developing and implementing novel complex eHealth interventions within the health care system, and underscores the importance of considering broader implementation contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gilbert
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thornton L, Batterham PJ, Fassnacht DB, Kay-Lambkin F, Calear AL, Hunt S. Recruiting for health, medical or psychosocial research using Facebook: Systematic review. Internet Interv 2016; 4:72-81. [PMID: 30135792 PMCID: PMC6096238 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruiting participants is a challenge for many health, medical and psychosocial research projects. One tool more frequently being used to improve recruitment is the social networking website Facebook. A systematic review was conducted to identify studies that have used Facebook to recruit participants of all ages, to any psychosocial, health or medical research. 110 unique studies that used Facebook as a recruitment source were included in the review. The majority of studies used a cross-sectional design (80%) and addressed a physical health or disease issue (57%). Half (49%) of the included studies reported specific details of the Facebook recruitment process. Researchers paid between $1.36 and $110 per completing participants (Mean = $17.48, SD = $23.06). Among studies that examined the representativeness of their sample, the majority concluded (86%) their Facebook-recruited samples were similarly representative of samples recruited via traditional methods. These results indicate that Facebook is an effective and cost-efficient recruitment method. Researchers should consider their target group, advertisement wording, offering incentives and no-cost methods of recruitment when considering Facebook as a recruitment source. It is hoped this review will assist researchers to make decisions regarding the use of Facebook as a recruitment tool in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Thornton
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip J. Batterham
- National Institute for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel B. Fassnacht
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Frances Kay-Lambkin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Corresponding author at: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alison L. Calear
- National Institute for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sally Hunt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MacLaughlin KL, Faubion SS, Long ME, Pruthi S, Casey PM. Should the annual pelvic examination go the way of annual cervical cytology? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:373-84. [PMID: 25259899 DOI: 10.2217/whe.14.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The value of pelvic examination for healthy asymptomatic women has been called into question given the lack of benefit for ovarian and endometrial cancer screening, the ability to screen for sexually transmitted infections without a pelvic examination, and the uncoupling of the procurement of contraception with a pelvic examination. Still, there are indications for performing pelvic examinations in symptomatic women and in some high risk women. How do we as clinicians apply current evidence and expert opinion to our medical practice? Our recommendation to consider a pelvic examination at 3-5-year intervals with cervical cancer screening to elicit gynecologic and sexual health concerns offers a compromise between continuation of unnecessary annual pelvic examinations and complete elimination of these examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L MacLaughlin
- Department of Family Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Byrne P, Phillips JC, Campbell B, Reynolds A, Metz G. "Express testing" in STI clinics: extant literature and preliminary implementation data. Appl Nurs Res 2015; 29:177-87. [PMID: 26856511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In an era of stagnant resources for sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV testing clinics, and at a time of ongoing-and in some cases increasing-STI and HIV transmission, it is important to trial and evaluate novel STI/HIV testing strategies. Based on the extant literature, one such approach is express testing, which includes full STI/HIV testing (as per clinical indication and client request), altered pretest counseling, and no physical examination for both men and women. In this paper, we overview the available research about express testing, including the literature on less-invasive testing, the effects of risk reduction counseling HIV testin/HIV testing, available research on various HIV testing modalities, and the reasons people undergo such testing. Thereafter, we overview our express testing program, which includes a detailed review of our clinical processes (which are unique within the published literature). Lastly, we provide some preliminary pre-implementation data to support the proposed efficacy of express testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gila Metz
- Ottawa Public Health, Ottawa, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|