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Abuzerr S, Hadi M, Zinszer K, Nasseri S, Yunesian M, Mahvi AH, Nabizadeh R, Mohammed SH. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for Escherichia Coli O157: H7 via drinking water in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241258071. [PMID: 38846513 PMCID: PMC11155367 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241258071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microbial contamination of drinking water, particularly by pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157: H7, is a significant public health concern worldwide, especially in regions with limited access to clean water like the Gaza Strip. However, few studies have quantified the disease burden associated with E. coli O157: H7 contamination in such challenging water management contexts. Objective This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to estimate the annual infection risk and disease burden attributed to E. coli O157: H7 in Gaza's drinking water. Methods Applying the typical four steps of the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment technique-hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response analysis, and risk characterization-the study assessed the microbial risk associated with E. coli O157: H7 contamination in Gaza's drinking water supply. A total of 1317 water samples from various sources across Gaza were collected and analyzed for the presence of E. coli O157: H7. Using Microsoft ExcelTM and @RISKTM software, a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model was constructed to quantify the risk of infection associated with E. coli O157: H7 contamination. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were employed to assess uncertainty surrounding input variables and generate probabilistic estimates of infection risk and disease burden. Results Analysis of the water samples revealed the presence of E. coli O157: H7 in 6.9% of samples, with mean, standard deviation, and maximum values of 1.97, 9.74, and 112 MPN/100 ml, respectively. The risk model estimated a median infection risk of 3.21 × 10-01 per person per year and a median disease burden of 3.21 × 10-01 Disability-Adjusted Life Years per person per year, significantly exceeding acceptable thresholds set by the WHO. Conclusion These findings emphasize the urgent need for proactive strategies to mitigate public health risks associated with waterborne pathogens in Gaza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Abuzerr
- Department of Medical Sciences, University College of Science and Technology—Khan Younis, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territory
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kate Zinszer
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, TUMS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shimels Hussien Mohammed
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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2
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Yang X, Tran F, Zhang P. Comparative Genomic Analyses of Escherichia coli from a Meat Processing Environment in Relation to Their Biofilm Formation and Persistence. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0018323. [PMID: 37184412 PMCID: PMC10269509 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00183-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the phylogeny of biofilm forming (BF) and nonbiofilm forming (NBF) Escherichia coli (n = 114) from a beef processing environment as well as genetic elements in their BF and persistence via a comparative genomic analysis. Phylogroup B1 made up the largest proportion of both the BF (73.8%) and NBF (50.9%) groups. E. coli from all of the sources that were examined had mixed phylogroups, except for those that were recovered from equipment after cleaning, which were exclusively from phylogroup B1. Both the core genome and gene content trees showed a tree-wide spread of BF strains, with clusters, including both BF and NBF strains. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) via Scoary or Pyseer did not find any genes or mutations that were overrepresented in the BF group. A retrospective analysis of phenotypes found a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between BF ability and curli production, cellulose synthesis, and/or mobility. However, the BF group also included strains that were negative for curli and cellulose and/or missing encoding genes for the two traits. All curli and cellulose encoding genes were present in most genomes, regardless of their BF status. The degree of motility was correlated with both curli and cellulose production, and 80 common genes were overrepresented in all three of the trait-positive groups. A PTS enzyme II, a subsidiary gluconate catabolism pathway, and an iron-dicitrate transport system were more abundant in the persisting E. coli group. These findings suggest gene function redundancy in E. coli for biofilm formation as well as additional substrate utilization and iron acquisition in its persistence. IMPORTANCE The persistence of potentially hazardous bacteria is a major challenge for meat processing environments, which are conducive for biofilm formation. Marker genes/phenotypes are commonly used to differentiate biofilm forming E. coli strains from their nonbiofilm forming counterparts. We took a comparative genomic analysis approach to analyze E. coli strains that were from the same environment but were differentiated by their biofilm forming ability. A diversification of the genes involved in the biofilm formation of E. coli was observed. Even though there is a correlation on the population level between biofilm formation and the expression of curli and cellulose, uncertainties exist on the individual strain level. Novel substrate utilization and iron acquisition could contribute to the persistence of E. coli. These findings not only advance our understanding of the ecology of E. coli with respect to its persistence but also show that a marker gene/phenotype driven approach for the biofilm control of E. coli may not be prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frances Tran
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Fang Y, Stanford K, Yang X. Lactic Acid Resistance and Population Structure of Escherichia coli from Meat Processing Environment. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0135222. [PMID: 36194136 PMCID: PMC9602453 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01352-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the effect of beef processing on Escherichia coli populations in relation to lactic acid resistance, this study investigated the links among acid response, phylogenetic structure, genome diversity, and genotypes associated with acid resistance of meat plant E. coli. Generic E. coli isolates (n = 700) were from carcasses, fabrication equipment, and beef products. Acid treatment was carried out in Luria-Bertani broth containing 5.5% lactic acid (pH 2.9). Log reductions of E. coli ranged from <0.5 to >5 log CFU/mL (median: 1.37 log). No difference in lactic acid resistance was observed between E. coli populations recovered before and after a processing step or antimicrobial interventions. E. coli from the preintervention carcasses were slightly more resistant than E. coli isolated from equipment, differing by <0.5 log unit. Acid-resistant E. coli (log reduction <1, n = 45) had a higher prevalence of genes related to energy metabolism (ydj, xap, ato) and oxidative stress (fec, ymjC) than the less resistant E. coli (log reduction >1, n = 133). The ydj and ato operons were abundant in E. coli from preintervention carcasses. In contrast, fec genes were abundant in E. coli from equipment surfaces. The preintervention E. coli contained phylogroups A and B1 in relatively equal proportions. Phylogroup B1 predominated (95%) in the population from equipment. Of note, E. coli collected after sanitation shared either the antigens of O8 or H21. Additionally, genome diversity decreased after chilling and equipment sanitation. Overall, beef processing did not select for E. coli resistant to lactic acid but shaped the population structure. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial interventions have significantly reduced the microbial loads on carcasses/meat products; however, the wide use of chemical and physical biocides has raised concerns over their potential for selecting resistant populations in the beef processing environment. Phenotyping of acid resistance and whole-genome analysis described in this study demonstrated beef processing practices led to differences in acid resistance, genotype, and population structure between carcass- and equipment-associated E. coli but did not select for the acid-resistant population. Results indicate that genes coding for the metabolism of long-chain sugar acids (ydj) and short-chain fatty acids (ato) were more prevalent in carcass-associated than equipment-associated E. coli. These results suggest E. coli from carcasses and equipment surfaces have been exposed to different selective pressures. The findings improve our understanding of the microbial ecology of E. coli in food processing environments and in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Zadoks RN, Barker GC, Benschop J, Allan KJ, Chaters G, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, Davis MA, Mmbaga BT, Prinsen G, Thomas KM, Waldman L, French NP. Spread of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in the Beef Supply Chain in Northern Tanzania: Sensitivity in a Probabilistic Model Integrating Microbiological Data and Data from Stakeholder Interviews. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:989-1006. [PMID: 34590330 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
East Africa is a hotspot for foodborne diseases, including infection by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), a zoonotic pathogen that may originate from livestock. Urbanization and increased demand for animal protein drive intensification of livestock production and food processing, creating risks and opportunities for food safety. We built a probabilistic mathematical model, informed by prior beliefs and dedicated stakeholder interviews and microbiological research, to describe sources and prevalence of NTS along the beef supply chain in Moshi, Tanzania. The supply chain was conceptualized using a bow tie model, with terminal livestock markets as pinch point, and a forked pathway postmarket to compare traditional and emerging supply chains. NTS was detected in 36 (7.7%) of 467 samples throughout the supply chain. After combining prior belief and observational data, marginal estimates of true NTS prevalence were 4% in feces of cattle entering the beef supply and 20% in raw meat at butcheries. Based on our model and sensitivity analyses, true NTS prevalence was not significantly different between supply chains. Environmental contamination, associated with butchers and vendors, was estimated to be the most likely source of NTS in meat for human consumption. The model provides a framework for assessing the origin and propagation of NTS along meat supply chains. It can be used to inform decision making when economic factors cause changes in beef production and consumption, such as where to target interventions to reduce risks to consumers. Through sensitivity and value of information analyses, the model also helps to prioritize investment in additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jackie Benschop
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gemma Chaters
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Davis
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College and Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Gerard Prinsen
- School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Linda Waldman
- Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Nigel P French
- The New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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5
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Zhang H, Yamamoto E, Murphy J, Carrillo C, Locas A. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and STEC-Associated Virulence Genes in Raw Ground Pork in Canada. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1956-1964. [PMID: 34197587 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7/nonmotile and some non-O157 STEC strains are foodborne pathogens. In response to pork-associated O157 STEC outbreaks in Canada, we investigated the occurrence of STEC in Canadian retail raw ground pork during the period of 1 November 2014 to 31 March 2016. Isolated STEC strains were characterized to determine the Shiga toxin gene (stx) subtype and the presence of virulence genes encoding intimin (eae) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli hemolysin (hlyA). O157 STEC and non-O157 STEC strains were isolated from 1 (0.11%) of 879 and 13 (2.24%) of 580 pork samples, respectively. STEC virulence gene profiles containing both eae and hlyA were found only in the O157 STEC (stx2a, eae, hlyA) isolate. The eae gene was absent from all non-O157 STEC isolates. Of the 13 non-O157 STEC isolates, two virulence genes of stx1a and hlyA were found in four (30.8%) O91:H14 STEC isolates, whereas one virulence gene of stx2e, stx1a, and stx2a was identified in five (38.5%), two (15.4%), and one (7.7%) STEC isolates, respectively, of various serotypes. The remaining non-O157 STEC isolate carried stx2, but the subtype is unknown because this isolate could not be recovered for sequencing. O91:H14 STEC (stx1a, hlyA) was previously reported in association with diarrheal illnesses, whereas the other non-O157 STEC isolates identified in this study are not known to be associated with severe human illnesses. Virulence gene profiles identified in this study indicate that the occurrence of non-O157 STEC capable of causing severe human illness is rare in Canadian retail pork. However, O157 STEC in ground pork can occasionally occur; therefore, education regarding the potential risks associated with STEC contamination of pork would be beneficial for the public and those in the food industry to help reduce foodborne illnesses. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Zhang
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Etsuko Yamamoto
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Johanna Murphy
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Catherine Carrillo
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Building 22, CEF 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Annie Locas
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
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6
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Varga C, John P, Cooke M, Majowicz SE. Area-Level Clustering of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections and Their Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors in Ontario, Canada: An Ecological Study. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:438-447. [PMID: 33978473 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are an important health burden for human populations in Ontario and worldwide. We assessed 452 STEC cases that were reported to Ontario's reportable disease surveillance system between 2015 and 2017. A retrospective scan statistic using a Poisson model was used to detect high-rate STEC clusters at the forward sortation area (FSA; the first three digits of a postal code) level. A significant spatial cluster in the southwest region of Ontario was identified. A case-case logistic regression analysis was applied to compare FSA-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics among STEC cases included inside the spatial cluster with cases outside of the cluster. Cases included in the spatial cluster had higher odds of living in FSAs with a low median family income, low proportion of lone-parent families, and low proportion of the visible minority population. In addition, STEC cases inside the cluster had higher odds of coming from rural FSAs. Our study demonstrated that STEC cases were spatially clustered in Ontario and their clustering was associated with FSA-level socioeconomic and demographic determinants of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Patience John
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Martin Cooke
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Sociology and Legal Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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7
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Aik J, Turner RM, Kirk MD, Heywood AE, Newall AT. Evaluating food safety management systems in Singapore: A controlled interrupted time-series analysis of foodborne disease outbreak reports. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Are Antimicrobial Interventions Associated with Heat-Resistant Escherichia coli on Meat? Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00512-20. [PMID: 32303544 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00512-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decontamination practices, which often involve thermal treatments, are routinely performed in beef packing plants and have generally improved the safety of meat in North America. We investigated whether Escherichia coli in the beef production chain is becoming more heat resistant due to those treatments. Cattle isolates (n = 750) included seven serogroups (O157, O103, O111, O121, O145, O26, and O45) which were collected between 2002 and 2017. Beef plant isolates (n = 700) from carcasses, fabrication equipment, and beef products were included. Heat resistance was determined in Luria-Bertani broth at 60°C and by PCR screening for the locus of heat resistance (LHR). The decimal reduction for E. coli at 60°C (D 60ºC values) ranged from 0 to 7.54 min, with 97.2% of the values being <2 min. The prevalence of E. coli with D 60ºC values of >2 min was not significantly different (P > 0.05) among cattle and meat plant isolates. E. coli from equipment before sanitation (median, 1.03 min) was more heat resistant than that after sanitation (median, 0.9 min). No significant difference in D 60ºC values was observed among E. coli isolates from different years, from carcasses before and after antimicrobial interventions, or from before and during carcass chilling. Of all isolates, 1.97% harbored LHR, and the LHR-positive isolates had greater median D 60ºC values than the LHR-negative isolates (3.25 versus 0.96 min). No increase in heat resistance in E. coli was observed along the beef production chain or with time.IMPORTANCE The implementation of multiple hurdles in the beef production chain has resulted in substantial improvement in the microbial safety of beef in Canada. In this study, we characterized a large number of Escherichia coli isolates (n = 1,450) from various sources/stages of beef processing to determine whether the commonly used antimicrobial interventions would give rise to heat-resistant E. coli on meat, which in turn may require alternatives to the current control of pathogens and/or modifications to the current cooking recommendations for meat. The findings show that the degree and rate of heat resistance in E. coli did not increase along the production chain or with time. This furthers our understanding of man-made ecological niches that are required for the development of heat resistance in E. coli.
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Prinsen G, Benschop J, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, French NP, Hrynick TA, Mariki B, Mmbaga BT, Sharp JP, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Zadoks RN, Waldman L. Meat Safety in Tanzania's Value Chain: Experiences, Explanations and Expectations in Butcheries and Eateries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2833. [PMID: 32326067 PMCID: PMC7216110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Urbanisation is associated with changes in consumption patterns and food production processes. These patterns and processes can increase or decrease the risks of outbreaks of foodborne diseases and are generally accompanied by changes in food safety policies and regulations about food handling. This affects consumers, as well as people economically engaged in the food value chain. This study looks at Tanzania's red meat value chain-which in its totality involves about one third of the population-and focuses on the knowledge, attitudes and reported practices of operators of butcheries and eateries with regards to meat safety in an urban and in a rural environment. We interviewed 64 operators about their experiences with foodborne diseases and their explanations and expectations around meat safety, with a particular emphasis on how they understood their own actions regarding food safety risks vis-à-vis regulations. We found operators of eateries emphasising their own agency in keeping meat safe, whereas operators of butcheries-whose products are more closely inspected-relied more on official inspections. Looking towards meat safety in the future, interviewees in rural areas were, relative to their urban counterparts, more optimistic, which we attribute to rural operators' shorter and relatively unmediated value chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Prinsen
- School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.B.); (N.P.F.)
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.Z.)
| | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.A.C.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Nigel P. French
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.B.); (N.P.F.)
| | - Tabitha A. Hrynick
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK; (T.A.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Boniface Mariki
- Tanzania Chamber of Commerce Kilimanjaro, Old Moshi Road, Moshi 9713, Tanzania;
| | | | - Joanne P. Sharp
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK;
| | - Emmanuel S. Swai
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, PO Box 2870, Tanzania;
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.A.C.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.Z.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, JL Shute Building, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Linda Waldman
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK; (T.A.H.); (L.W.)
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10
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Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7, Six non-O157 STECs, and Salmonella on beef carcasses in Provincially Licensed Abattoirs in Alberta, Canada. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Pissuwan D, Gazzana C, Mongkolsuk S, Cortie MB. Single and multiple detections of foodborne pathogens by gold nanoparticle assays. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1584. [PMID: 31532914 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A late detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food and drinking water has a high potential to cause adverse health impacts in those who have ingested the pathogens. For this reason there is intense interest in developing precise, rapid and sensitive assays that can detect multiple foodborne pathogens. Such assays would be valuable components in the campaign to minimize foodborne illness. Here, we discuss the emerging types of assays based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for rapidly diagnosing single or multiple foodborne pathogen infections. Colorimetric and lateral flow assays based on GNPs may be read by the human eye. Refractometric sensors based on a shift in the position of a plasmon resonance absorption peak can be read by the new generation of inexpensive optical spectrometers. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and the quartz microbalance require slightly more sophisticated equipment but can be very sensitive. A wide range of electrochemical techniques are also under development. Given the range of options provided by GNPs, we confidently expect that some, or all, of these technologies will eventually enter routine use for detecting pathogens in food. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakrong Pissuwan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nanobiotechnology and Nanobiomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Camilla Gazzana
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael B Cortie
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in British Columbia, 2011-2017: Analysis to inform exclusion guidelines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 45:238-243. [PMID: 31556405 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v45i09a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe illness including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) through the production of Shiga toxins 1 (Stx1) and 2 (Stx2). E. coli O157:H7 was the most common serotype detected in the 1980s to 1990s, but improvements in laboratory methods have led to increased detection of non-O157 STEC. Non-O157 STEC producing only Stx1 tend to cause milder clinical illness. Exclusion guidelines restrict return to high-risk work or settings for STEC cases, but most do not differentiate between STEC serogroups and Stx type. Objective To analyze British Columbia (BC) laboratory and surveillance data to inform the BC STEC exclusion guideline. Methods For all STEC cases reported in BC in 2011-2017, laboratory and epidemiological data were obtained through provincial laboratory and reportable disease electronic systems, respectively. Incidence was measured for all STEC combined as well as by serogroup. Associations were measured between serogroups, Stx types and clinical outcomes. Results Over the seven year period, 984 cases of STEC were reported. A decrease in O157 incidence was observed, while non-O157 rates increased. The O157 serogroup was significantly associated with Stx2. Significant associations were observed between Stx2 and bloody diarrhea, hospitalization and HUS. Conclusion The epidemiology of STEC has changed in BC as laboratories increasingly distinguish between O157 and non-O157 cases and identify Stx type. It appears that non-O157 cases with Stx1 are less severe than O157 cases with Stx2. The BC STEC exclusion guidelines were updated as a result of this analysis.
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Currie A, Honish L, Cutler J, Locas A, Lavoie MC, Gaulin C, Galanis E, Tschetter L, Chui L, Taylor M, Jamieson F, Gilmour M, Ng C, Mutti S, Mah V, Hamel M, Martinez A, Buenaventura E, Hoang L, Pacagnella A, Ramsay D, Bekal S, Coetzee K, Berry C, Farber J, Team OBOTNI. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Mechanically Tenderized Beef and the Largest Beef Recall in Canada, 2012. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1532-1538. [PMID: 31414901 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated beef is a known vehicle of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, although more attention is given to the control of E. coli O157:H7 in ground, rather than whole-cut, beef products. In September 2012, an investigation was initiated at an Alberta, Canada, beef plant after the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in two samples of trim cut from beef originating from this plant. Later in September 2012, Alberta Health Services identified five laboratory-confirmed infections of E. coli O157:H7, and case patients reported eating needle-tenderized beef steaks purchased at a store in Edmonton, Alberta, produced with beef from the Alberta plant. In total, 18 laboratory-confirmed illnesses in Canada in September and October 2012 were linked to beef from the Alberta plant, including the five individuals who ate needle-tenderized steaks purchased at the Edmonton store. A unique strain of E. coli O157:H7, defined by molecular subtyping and whole genome sequencing, was detected in clinical isolates, four samples of leftover beef from case patient homes, and eight samples of Alberta plant beef tested by industry and food safety partners. Investigators identified several deficiencies in the control of E. coli O157:H7 at the plant; in particular, the evaluation of, and response to, the detection of E. coli O157 in beef samples during routine testing were inadequate. To control the outbreak, 4,000 tons of beef products were recalled, making it the largest beef recall in Canadian history. This outbreak, in combination with similar outbreaks in the United States and research demonstrating that mechanical tenderization can transfer foodborne pathogens present on the surface into the interior of beef cuts, prompted amendments to Canada's Food and Drug Regulations requiring mechanically tenderized beef to be labeled as such and to provide safe cooking instructions to consumers. A detailed review of this event also led to recommendations and action to improve the safety of Canada's beef supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Currie
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J1
| | - Lance Honish
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 2Y2
| | - Jennifer Cutler
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J1
| | - Annie Locas
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | | | - Colette Gaulin
- Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 2M1
| | - Eleni Galanis
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Lorelee Tschetter
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2
| | - Linda Chui
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health: Alberta Public Laboratories, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J2
| | - Marsha Taylor
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Fred Jamieson
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Matthew Gilmour
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2
| | - Constance Ng
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Sarbjit Mutti
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Victor Mah
- Alberta Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 1S6
| | - Meghan Hamel
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J1
| | - Amalia Martinez
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | | | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Ana Pacagnella
- British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Danielle Ramsay
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, 200 Chemin Ste-Foy, 11ème étage, Québec, Québec, Canada G1R 4X6
| | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3Y3
| | - Kelly Coetzee
- Department of Health and Community Services, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 4J6
| | - Chrystal Berry
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2
| | - Jeff Farber
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Distribution of Virulence Factors in the Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Recovered from Hospital Food. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.82659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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15
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
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- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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Newell DG, La Ragione RM. Enterohaemorrhagic and other Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC): Where are we now regarding diagnostics and control strategies? Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:49-71. [PMID: 29369531 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli comprises a highly diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria and is a common member of the intestinal microflora of humans and animals. Generally, such colonization is asymptomatic; however, some E. coli strains have evolved to become pathogenic and thus cause clinical disease in susceptible hosts. One pathotype, the Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) comprising strains expressing a Shiga-like toxin is an important foodborne pathogen. A subset of STEC are the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which can cause serious human disease, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). The diagnosis of EHEC infections and the surveillance of STEC in the food chain and the environment require accurate, cost-effective and timely tests. In this review, we describe and evaluate tests now in routine use, as well as upcoming test technologies for pathogen detection, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We have considered the need for improved diagnostic tools in current strategies for the control and prevention of these pathogens in humans, the food chain and the environment. We conclude that although significant progress has been made, STEC still remains an important zoonotic issue worldwide. Substantial reductions in the public health burden due to this infection will require a multipronged approach, including ongoing surveillance with high-resolution diagnostic techniques currently being developed and integrated into the routine investigations of public health laboratories. However, additional research requirements may be needed before such high-resolution diagnostic tools can be used to enable the development of appropriate interventions, such as vaccines and decontamination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - R M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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