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Tolušić Levak M, Mihalj M, Koprivčić I, Lovrić I, Novak S, Bijelić N, Baus-Lončar M, Belovari T, Kralik K, Pauzar B. Differential Expression of TFF Genes and Proteins in Breast Tumors. Acta Clin Croat 2018; 57:264-277. [PMID: 30431719 PMCID: PMC6532012 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2018.57.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY – The objective of this study was to determine differential expression of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 genes and proteins in breast tumor subtypes. In addition, we investigated the correlation between TFF genes within tumor subgroups, and TFF genes with clinical and pathologic characteristics of the tumor. Study group included 122 patients with surgically removed breast tumors. Samples were investigated using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. TFF1 and TFF3 genes and proteins were expressed in breast tumors, while the levels of TFF2 gene and protein expression were very low or undetectable. TFF1 was significantly more expressed in benign tumors, while TFF3 was more expressed in malignant tumors. Gene and protein expression of both TFF1 and TFF3 was greater in lymph node-negative tumors, hormone positive tumors, tumors with moderate levels of Ki67 expression, and in grade II tumors. A strong positive correlation was found between TFF1 and TFF3 genes, and the expression of both negatively correlated with Ki67 and the level of tumor histologic differentiation. Our results suggest that TFF1 and TFF3, but not TFF2, may have a role in breast tumor pathogenesis and could be used in the assessment of tumor differentiation and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Koprivčić
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lovrić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanja Novak
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikola Bijelić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirela Baus-Lončar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Belovari
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kralik
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Biljana Pauzar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Clinical Cytology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia
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2
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Wang Y, Wang ZF, Zhang Z, Su Y. Expression of Clara cell 10-kDa protein and trefoil factor family 1 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2541-2546. [PMID: 29456658 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study measured the expression of Clara cell 10-kDa protein (CC10) and trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) in the sinus mucosa of patients exhibiting chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP). CC10 and TFF1 expression in the sinus mucosa of the control group and patients with CRS and NP was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The correlation between CC10 and TFF1 expression was further analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis. The expression of TFF1 was significantly increased in the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS and NP, whereas CC10 expression was significantly decreased compared with controls. Spearman's correlation analysis identified a negative correlation between CC10 and TFF1 expression in the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS and NP. The results of immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR were consistent with each other. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed notable lesions in the mucous membranes, goblet cells and cilia of sinus mucosa samples from patients with CRS and NP. The negative correlation between CC10 and TFF1 expression during the progression of CRS and NP suggest that CC10 and TFF1 may serve important roles in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Feng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Yi Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
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Bijelić N, Belovari T, Tolušić Levak M, Baus Lončar M. Localization of trefoil factor family peptide 3 (TFF3) in epithelial tissues originating from the three germ layers of developing mouse embryo. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:241-247. [PMID: 28485250 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are involved in the maintenance of epithelial integrity and epithelial restitution. Mature epithelial tissues originate from different embryonic germ layers. The objective of this research was to explore the presence and localization of TFF3 peptide in mouse embryonic epithelia and to examine if the occurrence of TFF3 peptide is germ layer-dependent. Mouse embryos (14-18 days old) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Immunohistochemistry was performed with affinity purified rabbit anti-TFF3 antibody, goat anti-rabbit biotinylated secondary antibody and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, followed by 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. TFF3 peptide was present in the gastric and intestinal mucosa, respiratory mucosa in the upper and lower airways, pancreas, kidney tubules, epidermis, and oral cavity. The presence and localization of TFF3 peptide was associated with the embryonic stage and tissue differentiation. TFF3 peptide distribution specific to the germ layers was not observed. The role of TFF3 peptide in cell migration and differentiation, immune response, and apoptosis might be associated with specific embryonic epithelial cells. TFF3 peptide may also be considered as a marker for mucosal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bijelić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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Bijelić N, Belovari T, Stolnik D, Lovrić I, Baus Lončar M. Histomorphometric Parameters of the Growth Plate and Trabecular Bone in Wild-Type and Trefoil Factor Family 3 (Tff3)-Deficient Mice Analyzed by Free and Open-Source Image Processing Software. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:818-825. [PMID: 28784196 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family 3 (Tff3) peptide is present during intrauterine endochondral ossification in mice, and its deficiency affects cancellous bone quality in secondary ossification centers of mouse tibiae. The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze parameters describing the growth plate and primary ossification centers in tibiae of 1-month-old wild-type and Tff3 knock-out mice (n=5 per genotype) by using free and open-source software. Digital photographs of the growth plates and trabecular bone were processed by open-source computer programs GIMP and FIJI. Histomorphometric parameters were calculated using measurements made with FIJI. Tff3 knock-out mice had significantly smaller trabecular number and significantly larger trabecular separation. Trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone surface, and trabecular thickness showed no significant difference between the two groups. Although such histomorphological differences were found in the cancellous bone structure, no significant differences were found in the epiphyseal plate histomorphology. Tff3 peptide probably has an effect on the formation and quality of the cancellous bone in the primary ossification centers, but not through disrupting the epiphyseal plate morphology. This work emphasizes the benefits of using free and open-source programs for morphological studies in life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bijelić
- 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Osijek,J. Huttlera 4,31000 Osijek,Croatia
| | - Tatjana Belovari
- 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Osijek,J. Huttlera 4,31000 Osijek,Croatia
| | - Dunja Stolnik
- 2Public Health Centre Vinkovci,Kralja Zvonimira 53,32100 Vinkovci,Croatia
| | - Ivana Lovrić
- 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Osijek,J. Huttlera 4,31000 Osijek,Croatia
| | - Mirela Baus Lončar
- 3Department of Molecular Medicine,Institute Ruđer Bošković,Bijenička 54,10000 Zagreb,Croatia
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Cai Y, Yi M, Chen D, Liu J, Guleng B, Ren J, Shi H. Trefoil factor family 2 expression inhibits gastric cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro via interactions with the transcription factor Sp3. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1474-1480. [PMID: 27668303 PMCID: PMC5065293 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The trefoil factor family (TFF) is a group of short secretory peptides of gastric mucous neck cells. The loss of TFF2 protein expression enhances gastric inflammation and occurs in gastric cancer. In this study, we examined the effect of TFF2 on gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and characterized the interaction between TFF2 and Sp3, including the mechanisms that mediate this interaction, using genomics and proteomics approaches, as well as genetics techniques, such as RNA interference and gene knockdown. Assays were performed to examine the role of TFF2 and Sp3 in cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration. We found that TFF2 expression inhibited the proliferation and invasion capacity of gastric cancer cells, and induced apoptosis. TFF2 interacted with the Sp3 protein, as shown by immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation with western blot analysis. Sp3 knockdown in gastric cancer cells antagonized TFF2 anti-tumor activity. Additionally, TFF2 upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bid, but downregulated the expression of NF-κB and the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. By contrast, Sp3 knockdown significantly blocked TFF2 activity, affecting the expression of these proteins. The data from our study demonstrate that the antitumor activity of TFF2 is mediated by an interaction with the Sp3 protein in gastric cancer cells. Additional in vivo and ex vivo warrned in order to fully characterize this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Dajun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Bayasi Guleng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Huaxiu Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
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6
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Große-Kreul J, Busch M, Winter C, Pikos S, Stephan H, Dünker N. Forced Trefoil Factor Family Peptide 3 (TFF3) Expression Reduces Growth, Viability, and Tumorigenicity of Human Retinoblastoma Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163025. [PMID: 27626280 PMCID: PMC5023179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides have been shown to effect cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of normal cells and various cancer cell lines. In the literature TFF peptides are controversially discussed as tumor suppressors and potential tumor progression factors. In the study presented, we investigated the effect of TFF3 overexpression on growth, viability, migration and tumorigenicity of the human retinoblastoma cell lines Y-79, WERI-Rb1, RBL-13 and RBL-15. As revealed by WST-1 and TUNEL assays as well as DAPI and BrdU cell counts, recombinant human TFF3 significantly lowers retinoblastoma cell viability and increases apoptosis levels. Transient TFF3 overexpression likewise significantly increases RB cell apoptosis. Stable, lentiviral TFF3 overexpression lowers retinoblastoma cell viability, proliferation and growth and significantly increases cell death in retinoblastoma cells. Blockage experiments using a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor and capase-3 immunocytochemistry revealed the involvement of caspases in general and of caspase-3 in particular in TFF3 induced apoptosis in retinoblastoma cell lines. Soft agarose and in ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays revealed that TFF3 overexpression influences anchorage independent growth and significantly decreases the size of tumors forming from retinoblastoma cells. Our study demonstrates that forced TFF3 expression exerts a significant pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, and tumor suppressive effect in retinoblastoma cells, setting a starting point for new additive chemotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Große-Kreul
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, Essen, Germany
| | - Maike Busch
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Winter
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pikos
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, Essen, Germany
| | - Harald Stephan
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nicole Dünker
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, Essen, Germany
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7
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Mariani E, Frabetti F, Tarozzi A, Pelleri MC, Pizzetti F, Casadei R. Meta-Analysis of Parkinson's Disease Transcriptome Data Using TRAM Software: Whole Substantia Nigra Tissue and Single Dopamine Neuron Differential Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161567. [PMID: 27611585 PMCID: PMC5017670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the genetic basis of the Parkinson's disease (PD) and the correlation between genotype and phenotype has revolutionized our knowledge about the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration, opening up exciting new therapeutic and neuroprotective perspectives. Genomic knowledge of PD is still in its early stages and can provide a good start for studies of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the gene expression variations and the epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to the complex and characteristic phenotype of PD. In this study we used the software TRAM (Transcriptome Mapper) to analyse publicly available microarray data of a total of 151 PD patients and 130 healthy controls substantia nigra (SN) samples, to identify chromosomal segments and gene loci differential expression. In particular, we separately analyzed PD patients and controls data from post-mortem snap-frozen SN whole tissue and from laser microdissected midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, to better characterize the specific DA neuronal expression profile associated with the late-stage Parkinson's condition. The default "Map" mode analysis resulted in 10 significantly over/under-expressed segments, mapping on 8 different chromosomes for SN whole tissue and in 4 segments mapping on 4 different chromosomes for DA neurons. In conclusion, TRAM software allowed us to confirm the deregulation of some genomic regions and loci involved in key molecular pathways related to neurodegeneration, as well as to provide new insights about genes and non-coding RNA transcripts not yet associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mariani
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Flavia Frabetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pizzetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Casadei
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Eastlake K, Banerjee PJ, Angbohang A, Charteris DG, Khaw PT, Limb GA. Müller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Glia 2016; 64:495-506. [PMID: 26556395 PMCID: PMC4981913 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal gliosis is characterized by biochemical and physiological changes that often lead to Müller glia proliferation and hypertrophy and is a feature of many neuro-degenerative and inflammatory diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Although Müller glia are known to release inflammatory factors and cytokines, it is not clear whether cytokine production by these cells mirrors the pattern of factors present in the gliotic retina. Lysates from normal cadaveric retina and gliotic retinal specimens from patients undergoing retinectomy for treatment of PVR, the Müller cell line MIO-M1 and four human Müller glial cell preparations isolated from normal retina were examined for their expression of cytokines and inflammatory factors using semi-quantitative dot blot antibody arrays and quantitative arrays. Comparative analysis of the expression of inflammatory factors showed that in comparison with normal retina, gliotic retina exhibited greater than twofold increase in 24/102 factors examined by semiquantitative arrays, and a significant increase in 19 out of 27 factors assessed by quantitative methods (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). It was observed that with the exception of some chemotactic factors, the majority of cytokines and inflammatory factors were produced by Müller glia in vitro and included G-CSF, MCP-1, PDGF-bb, RANTES, VEGF, and TGFβ2. These results showed that a large number of inflammatory factors expressed by Müller glia in vitro are upregulated in the gliotic retina, suggesting that targeting the production of inflammatory factors by Müller glia may constitute a valid approach to prevent neural damage during retinal gliosis and this merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eastlake
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - P J Banerjee
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Angbohang
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - D G Charteris
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - P T Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - G A Limb
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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