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Dera AA, Ahmad I, Rajagopalan P, Shahrani MA, Saif A, Alshahrani MY, Alraey Y, Alamri AM, Alasmari S, Makkawi M, Alkhathami AG, Zaman G, Hakami A, Alhefzi R, Alfhili MA. Synergistic efficacies of thymoquinone and standard antibiotics against multi-drug resistant isolates. Saudi Med J 2021; 42:196-204. [PMID: 33563739 PMCID: PMC7989283 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.2.25706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To explore the antibacterial activity of thymoquinone (TQ), a quinone extracted from Nigella sativa. Methods: This study was conducted from May 2019 to March 2020 at the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. The antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TQ were determined using an agar well diffusion method and broth microdilution assays, and the synergistic effect was evaluated using antibiotics in parallel. The disruptive effect of TQ on bacterial cell membranes was determined using scanning electron microscopy. The antivirulence properties of TQ, which include adherence and biofilm formation, were also investigated using adherence and biofilm formation assays, respectively. Results: Thymoquinone demonstrated bactericidal efficacy against 4/14 bacterial strains, with MIC range of 1.04-8.3 µg/mL and and MBC range of 10.41–66.66 µg/mL. Thymoquinone showed synergism against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis (American Type Culture Collection 12228), Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis in combination with the tested antibiotics. Thymoquinone inhibited bacterial adhesion by 39%-54%, 48%-68%, and 61%-81% at 0.5 × MIC, 1 × MIC, and 2 × MIC, respectively. The tested bacterial strains significantly inhibited biofilm formation after treatment with various concentrations of TQ for 24 and 48 hours. Conclusion: The combinatory effect of TQ with antimicrobials should be considered when developing new antimicrobial therapy regimens to overcome multidrug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayed A. Dera
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Prasanna Rajagopalan
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mesfer Al Shahrani
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Saif
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yasser Alraey
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad M. Alamri
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sultan Alasmari
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Makkawi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali G. Alkhathami
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gaffar Zaman
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahim Hakami
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Razan Alhefzi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A. Alfhili
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (Dera, Ahmad, Rajagopalan, Al Shahrani, Alshahrani, Alraey, Alamri, Alasmari, Makkawi, Alkhathami, Zaman, Hakami, Alhefzi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory (AlAmri), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha; from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Saif), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran; and the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Alfhili), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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