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Kirkgöz K. C-Reactive Protein in Atherosclerosis-More than a Biomarker, but not Just a Culprit. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:297. [PMID: 39077585 PMCID: PMC11262456 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2410297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentraxin that is mainly synthesized in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. It exists in two functionally and structurally distinct isoforms. The first is a highly pro-inflammatory and mostly tissue-bound monomeric isoform (mCRP). The second is circulating pentameric CRP (pCRP), which also serves as a substrate for the formation of mCRP. CRP is elevated during inflammatory conditions and is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to examine the current state of knowledge regarding the role of these two distinct CRP isoforms on atherogenesis. This should allow further evaluation of CRP as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. While it seems clear that CRP should be used as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, questions remain about how this can be achieved. Current data suggests that CRP is more than just a biomarker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, recent evidence shows that mCRP in particular is strongly atherogenic, whereas pCRP may be partially protective against atherogenesis. Thus, further investigation is needed to determine how the two CRP isoforms contribute to atherogenesis and the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kürsat Kirkgöz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione: A Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1007816. [PMID: 36386929 PMCID: PMC9664149 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1007816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many local and systemic diseases especially diseases that are leading causes of death globally like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis with ischemic heart disease and stroke, cancer and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), involve both, (1) oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels, and (2) inflammation. The GSH tripeptide (γ- L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), the most abundant water-soluble non-protein thiol in the cell (1-10 mM) is fundamental for life by (a) sustaining the adequate redox cell signaling needed to maintain physiologic levels of oxidative stress fundamental to control life processes, and (b) limiting excessive oxidative stress that causes cell and tissue damage. GSH activity is facilitated by activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 that regulates expression of genes controlling antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced (>98% of total GSH) and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms, and the concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell. GSH depletion may play a central role in inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue these diseases. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against systemic inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. In this review, we emphasize on (1) GSH depletion as a fundamental risk factor for diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis (ischemic heart disease and stroke), (2) importance of oxidative stress and antioxidants in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease, (3) significance of GSH to counteract persistent damaging inflammation, inflammaging and early (premature) inflammaging associated with cell and tissue damage caused by excessive oxidative stress and lack of adequate antioxidant defenses in younger individuals, and (4) new therapies that include antioxidant defenses restoration.
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Li Q, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Xu Z, Chen X, Cai J, Huang Y, Jian J. CRP Involved in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Bacterial Infection. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081149. [PMID: 36009776 PMCID: PMC9405397 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein that can be used as an early diagnostic marker for inflammation. Few CRPs have been isolated from teleost, and the specific immunological functions and mechanism of fish CRP have not been well-studied. Therefore, in this research, a CRP gene from Nile tilapia was identified, and its roles during bacterial infection were investigated. The current results revealed that CRP participated in anti-bacterial immune response through agglutinating bacterial, regulating phagocytosis and inflammation. Hopefully, our data might be beneficial in further study to understand the protective mechanism of fish CRP against bacterial infection. Abstract C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein that can be used as an early diagnostic marker for inflammation, which is also an evolutionarily conserved protein and has been identified from arthropods to mammals. However, the roles of CRP during the immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) remain unclear. In this study, a CRP gene from Nile tilapia (On-CRP) was identified, and its roles in response to bacterial infection were investigated in vivo or in vitro. On-CRP was found to contain an open reading frame of 675 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 224 amino acids with the conservative pentraxin domain. On-CRP shares more than 50% of its identity with other fish species, and 30% of its identity with mammals. The transcriptional level of On-CRP was most abundant in the liver and its transcripts can be remarkably induced following Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Furthermore, in vitro analysis indicated that the recombinant protein of On-CRP improved phagocytic activity of monocytes/macrophages, and possessed a bacterial agglutination activity in a calcium-dependent manner. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that On-CRP could promote inflammation and activate the complement pathway. However, a direct relationship between CRP and several immune pathways could not be confirmed. The present data lays a theoretical foundation to further explore the mechanism of how CRP protects fish against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Baijian Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Yongxiong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhou Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Xinjin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jia Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen 518116, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (J.J.)
| | - Jichang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524094, China; (Q.L.); (B.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (J.C.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen 518116, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (J.J.)
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García-Lara E, Aguirre S, Clotet N, Sawkulycz X, Bartra C, Almenara-Fuentes L, Suñol C, Corpas R, Olah P, Tripon F, Crauciuc A, Slevin M, Sanfeliu C. Antibody Protection against Long-Term Memory Loss Induced by Monomeric C-Reactive Protein in a Mouse Model of Dementia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:828. [PMID: 34356892 PMCID: PMC8301488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomeric C-reactive protein (mCRP), the activated isoform of CRP, induces tissue damage in a range of inflammatory pathologies. Its detection in infarcted human brain tissue and its experimentally proven ability to promote dementia with Alzheimer's disease (AD) traits at 4 weeks after intrahippocampal injection in mice have suggested that it may contribute to the development of AD after cerebrovascular injury. Here, we showed that a single hippocampal administration of mCRP in mice induced memory loss, lasting at least 6 months, along with neurodegenerative changes detected by increased levels of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and a decrease of the neuroplasticity marker Egr1. Furthermore, co-treatment with the monoclonal antibody 8C10 specific for mCRP showed that long-term memory loss and tau pathology were entirely avoided by early blockade of mCRP. Notably, 8C10 mitigated Egr1 decrease in the mouse hippocampus. 8C10 also protected against mCRP-induced inflammatory pathways in a microglial cell line, as shown by the prevention of increased generation of nitric oxide. Additional in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective testing with the anti-inflammatory agent TPPU, an inhibitor of the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme, confirmed the predominant involvement of neuroinflammatory processes in the dementia induced by mCRP. Therefore, locally deposited mCRP in the infarcted brain may be a novel biomarker for AD prognosis, and its antibody blockade opens up therapeutic opportunities for reducing post-stroke AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa García-Lara
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Samuel Aguirre
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Núria Clotet
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Xenia Sawkulycz
- School of Life Sciences, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK;
| | - Clara Bartra
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Lidia Almenara-Fuentes
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Cristina Suñol
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Rubén Corpas
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Peter Olah
- Genetics Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.O.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Florin Tripon
- Genetics Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.O.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrei Crauciuc
- Genetics Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.O.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Life Sciences, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK;
- Genetics Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.O.); (F.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-L.); (S.A.); (N.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.-F.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
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Zhu Z, Ling X, Zhou H, Zhang C, Yan W. Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Cellular Injury and Apoptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes by Regulating p-38MAPK and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4231-4243. [PMID: 33116411 PMCID: PMC7568428 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s265970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been confirmed to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) when myocardial cell function continues to deteriorate to a certain degree. The clinical applications of effective tested strategies are sometimes inconsistent with the applications evaluated in experiments, although reasonable mechanisms and diverse signalling pathways have been broadly explored. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been shown to attenuate IRI of the heart in animal studies. This study aimed to determine whether DEX can protect injured cardiomyocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) at the cellular level and whether the mechanism is related to ERS and the p38 MAPK pathway. Methods H9c2 cells were subjected to H/R or thapsigargin (TG) to build a model. DEX or 4-PBA was added to the medium either 1 h or 24 h before modelling, respectively. Model parameters were determined by assessing cell viability and injury, which were measured by assessing cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and flow cytometry results, and the expression of GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12. In addition, the protein expression of p38MAPK and p-p38MAPK was examined, and SB202190, a negative regulator, was also preincubated in medium. Results Compared to that of cells in the control group, the activity of cells in the H/R and TG groups was decreased dramatically, and the LDH concentration and proportion of apoptotic cells were increased. DEX could correspondingly reverse the changes induced by H/R or TG. Additionally, DEX effectively attenuated ERS defined as increased expression of GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12. Additionally, DEX could obviously depress the P38 MAPK phosphorylation and high p-p38 MAPK expression in the TG group, indicating DEX has a function similar to that of SB202190. Conclusion H/R injury in H9c2 cells can lead to abnormal ERS and apoptosis, as well as activation of the p38MAPK signalling pathway. DEX can protect cardiomyocytes by intervening in ERS, regulating p38MAPK and the downstream apoptotic signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Ling
- The Outpatient Nursing Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caijun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province 314000, People's Republic of China
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