1
|
Nguyen TKL, Oh MM. Growth and Biochemical Responses of Green and Red Perilla Supplementally Subjected to UV-A and Deep-blue LED Lights. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1332-1342. [PMID: 35286711 DOI: 10.1111/php.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of UV-A and UV-A-closed visible light [deep-blue (DB)] on the growth and bioactive compound accumulation of green and red perilla. Four-week-old seedlings were cultivated in an environment control room under visible light with red, blue and white LEDs for 4 weeks and then were continuously grown under supplemental UV-A (365 nm and 385 nm) and DB (415 nm and 430 nm) lights for 7 days. UV-A and DB treatments did not enhance the growth characteristics of green perilla compared to the control; while these treatments enhanced the growth parameters of red perilla, and the values were highest in DB 415 nm. The photosynthesis rate of both cultivars showed similar trends as the growth results of each cultivar. The electron transport rate and maximum quantum yield of both cultivars were reduced under UV-A 365 nm, while these values were maintained in DB treatments. In both cultivars, total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, rosmarinic and caffeic acids, and perillaldehyde levels were enhanced in DB treatments, whereas UV-A 365 nm and DB 415 nm increased the total anthocyanin content. Overall, supplemental DB 415 nm and 430 nm was suitable for improving the growth and biochemical accumulation of both perilla cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Loan Nguyen
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Min Oh
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of Nocturnal UV-B Irradiation on Growth, Flowering, and Phytochemical Concentration in Leaves of Greenhouse-Grown Red Perilla. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061252. [PMID: 34203017 PMCID: PMC8233964 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, red perilla leaves are used in the food and coloring industries, as well as in crude medicine. Perilla leaves contain a high concentration of phytochemicals such as perillaldehyde (PA) and rosmarinic acid (RA). The effects of UV-B radiation intensity (0.05–0.2 W m−2, UV-BBE: 0.041–0.083 W m−2), duration (3 or 6 h), and irradiation method (continuous or intermittent) for artificial nocturnal lighting using UV-B fluorescent lamps were evaluated on growth, flowering, and leaf phytochemical concentration in greenhouse-grown perilla. Under continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.1 W m−2 for 3 or 6 h, leaf color changed from red to green and leaf fresh weight decreased, compared with the control treatment. No leaf color change was observed under the 3-h treatment with UV-B radiation at 0.05 W m−2, wherein leaf fresh weight was similar to that of the control. Furthermore, RA concentration under continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.05 W m−2 for 3 h increased two-fold compared to that under control treatment, while PA concentration was not affected by UV-B irradiation. Thus, our data showed that continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.05 W m−2 for 3 h could effectively produce RA-rich perilla leaves without reducing in phenotypic quality or productivity. However, a 6-h intermittent illumination inhibited flowering without altering phytochemical concentration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tomimori D, Hosokawa M, Aoki S, Osakabe M. Effects of Growth Phase and Ultraviolet-B Pretreatment in Perilla Leaves on the Two-Spotted Spider Mite. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:886-894. [PMID: 32457991 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perilla, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Thunb.) H. Deane, is traditionally cultivated as an edible/medicinal crop in East Asia. Its essential oil contains many bioactive compounds that are expected to have high pharmacological functionality, as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. Spider mites are a major pest group for perilla cultivation. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, possesses divergent detoxification enzymes and has developed resistance against most acaricides. The essential oil content of perilla halves from the pre-flowering phase to the flowering phase, and ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation generally increases defense compounds. To clarify the effects of this change in essential oil content and the effects of UV-B pretreatment, we investigated the developmental success and egg production of T. urticae on leaves from the preflowering and flowering phases cultivated with and without nighttime UV-B irradiation. Both the parameters significantly increased on leaves from the flowering phase in comparison with that from the preflowering phase, suggesting that constitutively produced essential oil provided protection against mite pests in a growth phase-specific manner. The defense system also extended the developmental period of mites on red perilla leaves, but not on green perilla leaves, in preflowering phase. Although egg production was lower on red perilla leaves pretreated with UV-B, no negative effects were caused on the developmental success and duration on red and green perilla and the egg production on green perilla by UV-B pretreatment. Our findings reveal a significant impact of investment allocation of perilla plants and a small contribution of UV-B irradiation to the plant defense system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Tomimori
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Floriculture, Department of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aoki
- Panasonic Corporation Life Solutions Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Zhang X, Guo Q, Liu L, Li C, Cao L, Qin Q, Zhao M, Wang W. Effects of UV-B Radiation on the Content of Bioactive Components and the Antioxidant Activity of Prunella vulgaris L. Spica during Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23050989. [PMID: 29695057 PMCID: PMC6099561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of UV-B radiation on the content of bioactive components and the antioxidant activity of Prunella vulgaris L. spica during development were studied. The experimental design involved two levels of UV-B radiation intensity (0 and 120 μW cm-2 nm-1). The results showed that the contents of total flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and hyperoside, as well as the antioxidant capacities (DPPH● and ABTS•+ scavenging activities), in the spicas significantly decreased during spica development. The content of salviaflaside in the spicas significantly increased during development. The highest contents of total flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid and the highest antioxidant activities were found in spicas in the full-flowering stage, while the highest content of hyperoside was found in spicas in the bud stage. In addition, the highest content of salviaflaside was found in spicas in the mature-fruiting stage. UV-B radiation significantly promoted the synthesis of secondary metabolites, increased the contents of the main bioactive components in the three developmental stages of isolated dried spicas, and significantly increased the DPPH● and ABTS•+ scavenging activities of P. vulgaris spicas in the mature-fruiting stage. Moreover, the total flavonoids content was positively correlated with the DPPH● and ABTS•+ scavenging activities, and the correlation with the DPPH● scavenging activity was very strong. This result shows that the highest contents of the main bioactive components in the spicas were not all found in the same developmental stages of P. vulgaris. Our research revealed that the best stage for harvesting P. vulgaris spica was between the bud stage and the full-flowering stage since harvesting at this point provides a higher content of bioactive components and a higher antioxidant capacity, which is relevant for medicinal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Special Structure Drugs, Sichuan Institution of Higher Education/Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Xuerong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qiaosheng Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chen Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Special Structure Drugs, Sichuan Institution of Higher Education/Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Liping Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Special Structure Drugs, Sichuan Institution of Higher Education/Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Qin Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Special Structure Drugs, Sichuan Institution of Higher Education/Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Miao Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Special Structure Drugs, Sichuan Institution of Higher Education/Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fujiwara Y, Kono M, Ito A, Ito M. Anthocyanins in perilla plants and dried leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 147:158-166. [PMID: 29331904 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High-quality perilla leaves are purple on upper and lower surfaces and have a good aroma. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia specifies the content of essential oils in perilla leaves but not that of anthocyanins. Several reports have described the chemical species of anthocyanins in red perilla, but a complete analysis of anthocyanins in perilla has not been reported. In this study, the anthocyanins in the leaves of cultivated and wild species of perilla and those in commercially available perilla herbs were studied. Red perilla and most P. citriodora strains accumulate cyanidin derivatives that differ in the acyl group on the glucose moiety at the 3-O- and 5-O-positions of the anthocyanins. Several strains of P. citriodora contain cyanidin derivatives that are different from those in red perilla and most P. citriodora species. Green perilla and wild species other than P. citriodora do not contain foliar anthocyanins. The anthocyanins in commercially available perilla herbs and natural dyes made from red perilla were in agreement with those in fresh red perilla leaves and most P. citriodora samples. The amounts and types of anthocyanins were not associated with place of cultivation, although some changes occurred due to degradation during storage. These results provide clues regarding the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in perilla and the evolution of red perilla. The characteristics and stability of anthocyanins are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Ohmori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Miya Kono
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Airi Ito
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu N, Bernardo EL, Tippayadarapanich C, Takagaki M, Kagawa N, Yamori W. Growth and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Perilla as Affected by Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density and Electrical Conductivity of the Nutrient Solution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:708. [PMID: 28523012 PMCID: PMC5416839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for medicinal plants is increasing. The quality of plants grown outdoors, however, is difficult to control. Myriad environmental factors influence plant growth and directly impact biosynthetic pathways, thus affecting the secondary metabolism of bioactive compounds. Plant factories use artificial lighting to increase the quality of medicinal plants and stabilize production. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solutions are two important factors that substantially influence perilla (Perilla frutescens, Labiatae) plant growth and quality. To identify suitable levels of PPFD and EC for perilla plants grown in a plant factory, the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of secondary metabolites in red and green perilla plants were measured at PPFD values of 100, 200, and 300 μmol m-2 s-1 in nutrient solutions with EC values of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 dS m-1. The results showed significant interactive effects between PPFD and EC for both the fresh and dry weights of green perilla, but not for red perilla. The fresh and dry weights of shoots and leafy areas were affected more by EC than by PPFD in green perilla, whereas they were affected more by PPFD than by EC in red perilla. Leaf net photosynthetic rates were increased as PPFD increased in both perilla varieties, regardless of EC. The perillaldehyde concentration (mg g-1) in red perilla was unaffected by the treatments, but accumulation in plants (mg per plant) was significantly enhanced as the weight of dry leaves increased. Perillaldehyde concentrations in green perilla showed significant differences between combinations of the highest PPFD with the highest EC and the lowest PPFD with the lowest EC. Rosmarinic acid concentration (mg g-1) was increased in a combination of low EC and high PPFD conditions. Optimal cultivation conditions of red and green perilla in plant factory will be discussed in terms of plant growth and contents of medicinal ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
| | - Emmanuel L. Bernardo
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- Masikhay MicroPlants NurseryLos Baños, Philippines
| | - Chayanit Tippayadarapanich
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - Michiko Takagaki
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kagawa
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Wataru Yamori, Natsuko Kagawa,
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Wataru Yamori, Natsuko Kagawa,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma CH, Chu JZ, Shi XF, Liu CQ, Yao XQ. Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:228-34. [PMID: 26985737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper mainly studied the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum. The experiment included two levels of UV-B radiation (0 and 400μWcm(-2)). The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanin, UV-B absorbing compounds, total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme (PAL) and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase enzyme (C4H) in flowers significantly decreased with the floral development. However, the contents of soluble sugar, amino acid and total vitamin C in flowers significantly increased with the floral development. The contents of flavonoid and chlorogenic acid were significantly different in the four stages of floral development, and their highest contents were found in the bud stage (stage 2). In the four stages of floral development, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly increased the contents of H2O2, UV-B absorbing compounds, chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugar, amino acid, vitamin C, flavonoid and chlorogenic acid, and the activities of PLA and C4H in flowers. The results indicated that the highest contents of active and nutrient ingredients in flowers were found not to be in the same developmental stages of flowers. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the best harvest stage of chrysanthemum flowers was between the bud stage and the young flower stage (stage 2 and stage 3), which could simultaneously gain the higher contents of active and nutritional ingredients in flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hui Ma
- The College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jian Zhou Chu
- The College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao Fei Shi
- The College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Cun Qi Liu
- The College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao Qin Yao
- The College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biochemical traits and proteomic changes in postharvest flowers of medicinal chrysanthemum exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 149:272-9. [PMID: 26114222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The article studied UV-B effects on biochemical traits and proteomic changes in postharvest flowers of medicinal chrysanthemum. The experiment about UV-B effects on biochemical traits in flowers included six levels of UV-B treatments (0 (UV0), 50 (UV50), 200 (UV200), 400 (UV400), 600 (UV600) and 800 (UV800) μWcm(-2)). UV400, UV600 and UV800 treatments significantly increased the contents of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and UV-B absorbing compounds, and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme over the control. The contents of chlorogenic acid and flavone in flowers were significantly increased by UV-B treatments (except for UV50 and UV800). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was utilized to analyze proteomic changes in flowers with or without UV-B radiation. Results indicated that 43 protein spots (>1.5-fold difference in volume) were detected, including 19 spots with a decreasing trend and 24 spots with an increasing trend, and 19 differentially expressed protein spots were successfully indentified by MALDI-TOF MS. The indentified proteins were classified based on functions, the most of which were involved in photosynthesis, respiration, protein biosynthesis and degradation and defence. An overall assessment using biochemical and differential proteomic data revealed that UV-B radiation could affect biochemical reaction and promote secondary metabolism processes in postharvest flowers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao XQ, Chu JZ, He XL, Si C. The Effects of UV-B Radiation Intensity on Biochemical Parameters and Active Ingredients in Flowers of Qi Chrysanthemum and Huai Chrysanthemum. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1308-13. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Yao
- The College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Jian-Zhou Chu
- The College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Xue-Li He
- The College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Chao Si
- The College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu BH, Cao YG, Guan L, Xin HP, Li JH, Li SH. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of the berry skin of two red grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera) in which anthocyanin synthesis is sunlight-dependent or -independent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105959. [PMID: 25158067 PMCID: PMC4144973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression was analyzed in the berry skin of two red grape cultivars, which can ('Jingyan') or cannot ('Jingxiu') synthesize anthocyanins after sunlight exclusion from fruit set until maturity. Gene transcripts responding to sunlight exclusion in 'Jingyan' were less complex than in 'Jingxiu'; 528 genes were induced and 383 repressed in the former, whereas 2655 genes were induced and 205 suppressed in 'Jingxiu'. They were regulated either in the same or opposing manner in the two cultivars, or in only one cultivar. In addition to VvUFGT and VvMYBA1, some candidate genes (e.g. AOMT, GST, and ANP) were identified which are probably involved in the differential responses of 'Jingxiu' and 'Jingyan' to sunlight exclusion. In addition, 26 MYB, 14 bHLH and 23 WD40 genes responded differently to sunlight exclusion in the two cultivars. Interestingly, all of the 189 genes classified as being relevant to ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation were down-regulated by sunlight exclusion in 'Jingxiu', but the majority (162) remained unchanged in 'Jingyan' berry skin. It would be of interest to determine the precise role of the ubiquitin pathway following sunlight exclusion, particularly the role of COP9 signalosome, cullins, RING-Box 1, and COP1-interacting proteins. Only a few genes in the light signal system were found to be regulated by sunlight exclusion in either or both cultivars. This study provides a valuable overview of the transcriptome changes and gives insight into the genetic background that may be responsible for sunlight-dependent versus -independent anthocyanin biosynthesis in berry skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Hong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Gang Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Le Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Ping Xin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a part of the sunlight reaching Earth surface. The UV spectrum of solar radiation is by convention divided into three parts: UV-A: 310–400 nm, UV-B: 280–310 nm and UV-C: less than 280 nm. UV-B is the most energetic component reaching Earth surface because the stratospheric ozone layer effectively absorbs completely wavelengths below 290 nm. UV-B is an increasing threat due to increasing UV-B levels on Earth surface as a consequence of depletion of stratospheric O3. In general, the effects of atmospheric UV-B radiation are negative for biological life. Enhanced levels of UV-B radiation can indeed negatively change plant physiological processes, growth and productivity. However, while studying UV-B effects on medicinal plants, some interesting phenomena have been discovered. For example, basil plants respond positively to UV-B radiation by increasing oil yield (Chang et al. J Horticult For 1:27–31, 2009). In other studies medicinal plants show beneficial aspects in term of increase in volatile oil yield and secondary metabolite production (Kumari et al. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 72:2013–2019, 2009c, 2010). Medicinal herbs have great market value in India and worldwide. The medicinal value of plants depends upon phenolics, antioxidants and volatile yield. Therefore further UV-B experiments increasing the levels of these compounds are needed. Here we review the effect of UV-B exposure on metabolites, volatiles, and antioxidants potential in medicinal plants. This chapter reports: (1) aspects of the global market for medicinal and aromatic plants in India in order to assist the medicinal plant industry to make informed decisions. (2) The biodiversity loss due to wild harvesting of plants, and as an alternative the cultivation strategy of medicinal plants. (3) Main medicinal plant species having rich antioxidant potential. (4) Main secondary metabolites of plant origin such as phenylpropanoids, terpenes, alkaloids, and volatile oil, and other important metabolites containing high antioxidant level used in human diet and health. (5) UV-B factors that enhance the quality of medicinal plant by increasing the content of secondary bioactive products. (6) Secondary metabolic pathways involving regulation of key enzymes, chalcone synthase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Understanding of UV-B responses on secondary plant metabolites expand new opportunities for plant enriched in medicinal active compounds.
Collapse
|