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Yuan WJ, He ZY, Zhang SP, Zheng YP, Zhang XQ, He SQ, He YX, Li Y. Comparative transcriptomics provides insights into the pathogenic immune response of brown leaf spots in weeping forsythia. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:1641-1652. [PMID: 37171622 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Weeping forsythia is an important ornamental, ecological and medicinal plant. Brown leaf spots limit the large-scale production of weeping forsythia as a medicinal crop. Alternaria alternata is a pathogen causing brown leaf spots in weeping forsythia; however, its pathogenesis and the immune response mechanisms of weeping forsythia remain unclear. In this study, we identified two mechanisms based on morphological anatomy, physiological indexes and gene expression analyses. Our results showed that A. alternata induced leaf stomata to open, invaded the mesophyll, dissolved the cell wall, destroyed the cell membrane and decreased the number of chloroplasts by up-regulating the expression of auxin-activated signaling pathway genes. Alternaria alternata also down-regulated iron-ion homeostasis and binding-related genes, which caused an increase in the levels of iron ions and reactive oxygen species in leaves. These processes eventually led to programmed cell death, destroying palisade and spongy tissues and causing the formation of iron rust spots. Alternaria alternata also caused defense and hypersensitive responses in weeping forsythia through signaling pathways mediated by flg22-like and elf18-like polypeptides, ethylene, H2O2 and bacterial secretion systems. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the control of brown leaf spots in weeping forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jun Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - Zhi-Yin He
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - Su-Ping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - She-Qi He
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yan-Xia He
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, North street of Jinming Road, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote, Zhaowuda Road No. 81, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, Dongxiaofu Road No. 1, China
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Kim SH, Park JH, Kim EJ, Lee JM, Park JW, Kim YS, Kim GR, Lee JS, Lee EP, You YH. White LED Lighting Increases the Root Productivity of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in a Hydroponic Cultivation System of a Plant Factory. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1052. [PMID: 37626938 PMCID: PMC10452227 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
To identify effective light spectra for increasing the productivity of Panax ginseng, we conducted experiments in a controlled environment using a hydroponic cultivation system in a plant factory. We investigated the effect of single LEDs (red, blue, and yellow) and mixed LEDs (red + blue and red + blue + white). The relationships between four light spectra (red, blue, yellow, and white) and physiological responses (net photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2 partial pressure), as well as growth responses (shoot and root biomass), were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. Among the four physiological response variables, shoot biomass was not increased by any pathway, and root biomass was increased only by the intercellular CO2 partial pressure. Red and yellow light increased shoot biomass, whereas white light promoted an increase in the net photosynthetic rate and enhanced root biomass. In contrast, blue light was less effective than the other light spectra in increasing both shoot and root biomass. Therefore, red and yellow light are the most effective light spectra for increasing shoot biomass and white light is effective for increasing root biomass in a plant factory that uses artificial LED lighting. Furthermore, the intercellular CO2 partial pressure is an important physiological variable for increasing the root biomass of P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Eui-Joo Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Yoon-Seo Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Gyu-Ri Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Ju-Seon Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Eung-Pill Lee
- National Ecosystem Survey Team, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Han You
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.); (E.-J.K.); (J.-M.L.); (J.-W.P.); (Y.-S.K.); (G.-R.K.); (J.-S.L.)
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Xu MR, Sun FC, Yang BC, Chen HJ, Lin CH, Cheng JH, Lee MS. Genetic Authentication of the Medicinal Plant Portulaca oleracea Using a Quick, Precise, and Sensitive Isothermal DNA Amplification Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10730. [PMID: 37445904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Portulaca oleracea (PO) is a commonly known medicinal crop that is an important ingredient for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its use as a vegetable in the diet. PO has been recorded to be frequently adulterated by other related species in the market of herbal plants, distorting the PO plant identity. Thus, identification of the botanical origin of PO is a crucial step before pharmaceutical or functional food application. In this research, a quick assay named "loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)" was built for the specific and sensitive authentication of PO DNA. On the basis of the divergences in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence between PO and its adulterant species, the LAMP primers were designed and verified their specificity, sensitivity, and application for the PO DNA authentication. The detection limit of the LAMP assay for PO DNA identification specifically was 100 fg under isothermal conditions at 63 °C for 30 min. In addition, different heat-processed PO samples can be applied for use in PO authentication in the LAMP assay. These samples of PO were more susceptible to the effect of steaming in authentication by PCR than boiling and drying treatment. Furthermore, commercial PO samples pursued from herbal markets were used to display their applicability of the developed LAMP analysis for PO postharvest authentication, and the investigation found that approximately 68.4% of PO specimens in the marketplace of herbal remedies were adulterated. In summary, the specific, sensitive, and rapid LAMP assay for PO authentication was first successfully developed herein, and its practical application for the inspection of adulteration in PO samples from the herbal market was shown. This LAMP assay created in this study will be useful to authenticate the botanical origin of PO and its commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Rong Xu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chun Sun
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Jien Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Tomimori D, Hosokawa M, Aoki S, Osakabe M. Effects of Growth Phase and Ultraviolet-B Pretreatment in Perilla Leaves on the Two-Spotted Spider Mite. Environ Entomol 2020; 49:886-894. [PMID: 32457991 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perilla, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Thunb.) H. Deane, is traditionally cultivated as an edible/medicinal crop in East Asia. Its essential oil contains many bioactive compounds that are expected to have high pharmacological functionality, as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. Spider mites are a major pest group for perilla cultivation. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, possesses divergent detoxification enzymes and has developed resistance against most acaricides. The essential oil content of perilla halves from the pre-flowering phase to the flowering phase, and ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation generally increases defense compounds. To clarify the effects of this change in essential oil content and the effects of UV-B pretreatment, we investigated the developmental success and egg production of T. urticae on leaves from the preflowering and flowering phases cultivated with and without nighttime UV-B irradiation. Both the parameters significantly increased on leaves from the flowering phase in comparison with that from the preflowering phase, suggesting that constitutively produced essential oil provided protection against mite pests in a growth phase-specific manner. The defense system also extended the developmental period of mites on red perilla leaves, but not on green perilla leaves, in preflowering phase. Although egg production was lower on red perilla leaves pretreated with UV-B, no negative effects were caused on the developmental success and duration on red and green perilla and the egg production on green perilla by UV-B pretreatment. Our findings reveal a significant impact of investment allocation of perilla plants and a small contribution of UV-B irradiation to the plant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Tomimori
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Floriculture, Department of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aoki
- Panasonic Corporation Life Solutions Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Strong seed dormancy has been an obstacle for field production of Echinacea species. Previous research on overcoming Echinacea seed dormancy has been extensive and focused on treatment methods, which involve time and expense, and are incompatible with organic production if synthetic chemicals are used. We have attempted to genetically reduce seed dormancy through selection and breeding in Echinacea, by using E. pallida as a model species. Three accessions were used in this study. Nine parent plants of each accession selected from early, in-dark germinated seeds (in-dark plants) or from late, in-light seeds (in-light plants) were planted and grouped by accession and germination treatment method for seed production through a polycross method. Germination tests indicated that these in-dark plants produced seed (in-dark seed) with significantly reduced seed dormancy when tested under light or dark conditions in comparison to the seed of the in-light plants (in-light seed). Among the three accessions, the in-dark seed germinated at much higher rates than did the in-light seed, more than 2× at 25°C under light and up to an 83× increase in darkness, and up to an 8× increase over the corresponding parental seed lots under comparable germination conditions. In addition to these increases in germination, the in-dark seed showed early and synchronized germination as compared to the in-light seed. Since these results were achieved through only one cycle of selection and breeding, they strongly suggest that we have developed a very effective method for modifying seed dormancy in Echinacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Qu
- USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1170
| | - Mark P. Widrlechner
- USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1170
- Author for correspondence: , Telephone: 515-294-3511, Fax: 515-294-1903
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