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Tiloca G, Brundu G, Ballesteros D. Bryophyte Spores Tolerate High Desiccation Levels and Exposure to Cryogenic Temperatures but Contain Storage Lipids and Chlorophyll: Understanding the Essential Traits Needed for the Creation of Bryophyte Spore Banks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1262. [PMID: 35567263 PMCID: PMC9100633 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the desiccation and freezing tolerance of bryophyte spores is vital to explain how plants conquered land and current species distribution patterns and help to develop efficient ex situ conservation methods. However, knowledge of these traits is scarce. We investigated tolerance to drying (at 15% relative humidity [RH] for two weeks) and freezing (1 h exposure to liquid nitrogen) on the spores of 12 bryophyte species (23 accessions) from the UK. The presence of storage lipids and their thermal fingerprint, and the levels of unfrozen water content, were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The presence of chlorophyll in dry spores was detected by fluorescence microscopy. All species and accessions tested tolerated the drying and freezing levels studied. DSC suggested that 4.1−29.3% of the dry mass is storage lipids, with crystallization and melting temperatures peaking at around −30 °C. Unfrozen water content was determined <0.147 g H2O g−1 dry weight (DW). Most of the spores investigated showed the presence of chlorophyll in the cytoplasm by red autofluorescence. Bryophyte spores can be stored dry at low temperatures, such as orthodox seeds, supporting the creation of bryophyte spore banks. However, the presence of storage lipids and chlorophyll in the cytoplasm may reduce spore longevity during conventional storage at −20 °C. Alternatively, cryogenic spore storage is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tiloca
- Seed and Stress Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK;
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Brundu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Seed and Stress Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK;
- Departamento de Botànica y geología, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Breman E, Ballesteros D, Castillo-Lorenzo E, Cockel C, Dickie J, Faruk A, O’Donnell K, Offord CA, Pironon S, Sharrock S, Ulian T. Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects-The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112371. [PMID: 34834734 PMCID: PMC8623176 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to conserve plant diversity to prevent extinctions and to enable sustainable use of plant material by current and future generations. Here, we review the contribution that living collections and seed banks based in botanic gardens around the world make to wild plant conservation and to tackling global challenges. We focus in particular on the work of Botanic Gardens Conservation International and the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, with its associated global Partnership. The advantages and limitations of conservation of plant diversity as both living material and seed collections are reviewed, and the need for additional research and conservation measures, such as cryopreservation, to enable the long-term conservation of 'exceptional species' is discussed. We highlight the importance of networks and sharing access to data and plant material. The skill sets found within botanic gardens and seed banks complement each other and enable the development of integrated conservation (linking in situ and ex situ efforts). Using a number of case studies we demonstrate how botanic gardens and seed banks support integrated conservation and research for agriculture and food security, restoration and reforestation, as well as supporting local livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Breman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Elena Castillo-Lorenzo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Christopher Cockel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - John Dickie
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Aisyah Faruk
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Katherine O’Donnell
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, London TW9 3BW, UK (S.S.)
| | - Catherine A. Offord
- The Australian Plant Bank, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, Sydney, NSW 2567, Australia;
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK;
| | - Suzanne Sharrock
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, London TW9 3BW, UK (S.S.)
| | - Tiziana Ulian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
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The Cryobiotechnology of Oaks: An Integration of Approaches for the Long-Term Ex Situ Conservation of Quercus Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional dry seed storage is unlikely for about one third of all tree species (and nearly half of evergreen rain forest trees) as they probably produce desiccation sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds. Consequently, international ex situ conservation targets for threatened trees will be difficult to achieve without innovation, especially in cryobiotechnology. We assessed progress in the development of various cryobiotechnology approaches for the preservation of oaks (Quercus), which are keystone species of functioning landscapes, important to the bioeconomy and under increasing threats from the spread of pests and diseases under a changing climate. Various tissues of oaks can be used for banking, from pollen grains to embryo axes. Pollen from five oak species have been shown to be highly desiccation tolerant, making dry pollen storage at low temperatures (including in liquid nitrogen) a valuable technology to support conservation and breeding programs. Somatic embryo (SE) technology and/or shoot tip in vitro technology is available for 39 species, and SE cryopreservation is routinely performed on three commercial species and shoot tips cryopreservation successful in two more species. Seed embryonic axes are the preferred explants for oak ex situ conservation, with tissue survival and regeneration of plants after cryopreservation recorded for 14 and seven species respectively; although differential responses between the shoot and root meristems in the axes are known. Dormant bud preservation seems promising, but is under-researched. Overall, these results indicate the possibility of establishing an integrated platform for the ex situ conservation of oak species based on cryobiotechnology. Challenges of explant choice, optimization of methodologies and large-scale application do remain. However, multiple approaches for the cryopreservation of oak genetic resources are available and implementation programmes should not be delayed, particularly in the centres of species diversity.
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Singh K, Malik S, Gupta S, Chaudhury R. Unlocking genebanks to ensure food and nutrient security and environmental stability. ACTA HORTICULTURAE 2020:1-8. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2020.1297.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Malik SK, Chaudhury R. Cryopreservation Techniques for Conservation of Tropical Horticultural Species Using Various Explants. CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF HORTICULTURAL GENETIC RESOURCES 2019:579-594. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3669-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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