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Ahmad S, Chandrasekaran M, Ahmad HW. Investigation of the Persistence, Toxicological Effects, and Ecological Issues of S-Triazine Herbicides and Their Biodegradation Using Emerging Technologies: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37894216 PMCID: PMC10609637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S-triazines are a group of herbicides that are extensively applied to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in agricultural production. They are mainly taken up through plant roots and are transformed by xylem tissues throughout the plant system. They are highly persistent and have a long half-life in the environment. Due to imprudent use, their toxic residues have enormously increased in the last few years and are frequently detected in food commodities, which causes chronic diseases in humans and mammals. However, for the safety of the environment and the diversity of living organisms, the removal of s-triazine herbicides has received widespread attention. In this review, the degradation of s-triazine herbicides and their intermediates by indigenous microbial species, genes, enzymes, plants, and nanoparticles are systematically investigated. The hydrolytic degradation of substituents on the s-triazine ring is catalyzed by enzymes from the amidohydrolase superfamily and yields cyanuric acid as an intermediate. Cyanuric acid is further metabolized into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Microbial-free cells efficiently degrade s-triazine herbicides in laboratory as well as field trials. Additionally, the combinatorial approach of nanomaterials with indigenous microbes has vast potential and considered sustainable for removing toxic residues in the agroecosystem. Due to their smaller size and unique properties, they are equally distributed in sediments, soil, water bodies, and even small crevices. Finally, this paper highlights the implementation of bioinformatics and molecular tools, which provide a myriad of new methods to monitor the biodegradation of s-triazine herbicides and help to identify the diverse number of microbial communities that actively participate in the biodegradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Environmental Sustainability & Health Institute (ESHI), City Campus, School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Murugesan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Neungdong-ro 209, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hafiz Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
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de Oliveira DM, Cavalcante RP, da Silva LDM, Sans C, Esplugas S, de Oliveira SC, Junior AM. Identification of intermediates, acute toxicity removal, and kinetics investigation to the Ametryn treatment by direct photolysis (UV 254), UV 254/H 2O 2, Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:4348-4366. [PMID: 29427279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the degradation of 10 mg L-1 Ametryn solution with different advanced oxidation processes and by ultraviolet (UV254) irradiation alone with the main objective of reducing acute toxicity and increase biodegradability. The investigated factors included Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations. The effectiveness of the UV254 and UV254/H2O2 processes were investigated using a low-pressure mercury UV lamp (254 nm). Photo-Fenton process was explored using a blacklight blue lamp (BLB, λ = 365 nm). The UV254 irradiation process achieved complete degradation of Ametryn solution after 60 min. The degradation time of Ametryn was greatly improved by the addition of H2O2. It is worth pointing out that a high rate of Ametryn removal was attained even at low concentrations of H2O2. The kinetic constant of the reaction between Ametryn and HO● for UV254/H2O2 was 3.53 × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The complete Ametryn degradation by the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes was observed following 10 min of reaction for various combinations of Fe2+ and H2O2 under investigation. Working with the highest concentration (150 mg L-1 H2O2 and 10 mg L-1 Fe2+), around 30 and 70% of TOC removal were reached within 120 min of treatment by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, respectively. Although it did not obtain complete mineralization, the intermediates formed in the degradation processes were hydroxylated and did not promote acute toxicity of Vibrio fischeri. Furthermore, a substantial improvement of biodegradability was obtained for all studied processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirce Martins de Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pereira Cavalcante
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Melo da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Carme Sans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Esplugas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvio Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Machulek Junior
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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