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Crooks I, Thorne D, West M, Prasad K, Gray A, West C, Wan P, Savory R, Suarez I, Garcia-Canton C. A framework for the systematic evaluation of a novel cigarette filter technology. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114583. [PMID: 38518883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Any functional change in cigarette filter design warrants a rigorous assessment to ensure comparability to existing filter functionality. This study compares the functionality of a standard CA filter with a novel cellulose-based alternative using a combination of emissions, in silico approaches, pre-clinical assessments and behavioural studies. We assess the challenges faced with a significant filtration change, the substantiation of this change and the limitations of such assessments. We explore cigarette emission chemical profiles; assess the potential toxicological impacts (in vitro and statistical modelling) of the differing chemical profiles of cigarette smoke aerosol resulting from the respective filter types; and, finally investigate the behavioural aspects associated with use of the novel filter as compared to the traditional one. The aim of the study was to establish a weight of evidence assessment framework for the comprehensive evaluation of a novel cigarette filter design as part of robust stewardship approach. The data show comparability to a standard CA filter across all assessments and highlight potential areas of investigation for future novel filter product iterations. The approach demonstrates the applicability of a comprehensive step-wise assessment framework to identify any potential increased toxicant emissions and exposures associated with using the novel filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Crooks
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Thorne
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Mark West
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Krishna Prasad
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Adam Gray
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Casandra West
- Reynolds American Inc, 950 Reynolds Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27105, USA
| | - Peter Wan
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Richard Savory
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ignacio Suarez
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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O'Connor R, Watson CH, Swan GE, Nettles DS, Geisler RC, Hendershot TP. PhenX: Agent measures for tobacco regulatory research. Tob Control 2020; 29:s20-s26. [PMID: 31992660 PMCID: PMC8127628 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The current paper describes the PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit Tobacco Regulatory Research Agent specialty area and the Agent Working Group's (WG's) 6-month consensus process to identify high-priority, scientifically supported measures for cross-study comparison and analysis. Eleven measures were selected for inclusion in the Toolkit. Eight of these are interviewer-administered or self-administered protocols: history of switching to lower tar and nicotine cigarettes, passive exposures to tobacco products, tobacco brand and variety (covering cigars, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco separately), tobacco product adulteration (vent-blocking or filter-blocking) and tobacco warning label exposure and recall. The remaining three protocols are either laboratory-based or visual inspection-based: measurement of nicotine content in smoked or smokeless tobacco products and the physical properties of these two classes of products. Supplemental protocols include a biomarker of exposure and smoking topography. The WG identified the lack of standard measurement protocols to assess subjective ratings of tobacco product flavours and their appeal to consumers as a major gap. As the characteristics of tobacco products that influence perception and use are tobacco regulatory research priorities, the reliable assessment of flavours remains an area requiring further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- NCED/DLS/ERAT, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Bitzer Z, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Little Cigars, Filtered Cigars, and their Carbonyl Delivery Relative to Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:S99-S106. [PMID: 30125018 PMCID: PMC6093475 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Little cigars and filtered cigars are currently growing in popularity due to their low cost and wide variety of flavors while retaining an appearance similar to cigarettes. Given the health consequences associated with cigarette use, it is important to understand the potential harm associated with these similar products. This includes the potential harm associated with carbonyls (eg, acetaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, etc.), an important class of toxicants and carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Our objective was to determine the carbonyl levels in mainstream smoke from little and filtered cigars compared to cigarettes. Methods We examined two brands each of little cigars and filtered cigars, as well as two research cigarettes for carbonyl delivery using the International Organization of Standards (ISO) and the Health Canada Intense (HCI) machine-smoking protocols. Results On a per puff basis, the levels of five of the seven carbonyls were higher from little cigars than filtered cigars and cigarettes (ISO: 56-116%; HCI: 39-85%; p < .05). On a per unit basis, most carbonyl levels were higher from both cigar types than cigarettes using the ISO method (ISO: 51-313%; p < .05) whereas only filtered cigars were higher using the HCI method (HCI: 53-99%; p < .05). Conclusion These findings suggest that cigar smokers can be exposed to higher levels of carbonyls per cigar than cigarette smokers per cigarette. Implications These data will increase our understanding of the relative harm from carbonyl exposure from little and filtered cigars both for cigar-only smokers and the cumulative harm among the growing population of cigarette-cigar multi-product smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Trushin N, Bitzer ZT, Elias RJ, Muscat J, Richie JP. Effects of Charcoal on Carbonyl Delivery from Commercial, Research, and Make-Your-Own Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1339-1347. [PMID: 30426738 PMCID: PMC8323621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous literature has shown that adding charcoal to cigarette filters can have varying effects on the delivery of toxic carbonyls depending on filter design, amount of charcoal, and puffing profiles. However, these studies have relied on either comparisons between commercially available charcoal and noncharcoal filtered cigarettes or experimental modification of filters to insert a charcoal plug into existing cellulose acetate filters. Make-your-own (MYO) cigarettes can help obviate many of the potential pitfalls of previous studies; thus, we conducted studies using commercial charcoal cigarettes and MYO cigarettes to determine the effects of charcoal on carbonyl delivery. To do this, we analyzed carbonyls in mainstream smoke by HPLC-UV after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Charcoal was added in-line after the cigarettes or through the use of MYO charcoal cigarette tubes. MYO cigarettes had carbonyl deliveries similar to that of 3R4F research cigarette, regardless of tobacco type. The greatest effect on carbonyl delivery was observed with 200 mg of charcoal, significantly reducing all carbonyls under both methods tested. However, "on-tow" design charcoal filters, available on many commercially available charcoal brands, appeared to have a minimal effect on carbonyl delivery under intense smoking methods. Overall, we found that charcoal, when added in sufficient quantity (200 mg) as a plug, can substantially reduce carbonyl delivery for both MYO and conventional cigarettes. As carbonyls are related to negative health outcomes, such reductions may be associated with reductions in carbonyl-related harm in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T. Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Belushkin M, Esposito M, Jaccard G, Jeannet C, Korneliou A, Tafin Djoko D. Role of testing standards in smoke-free product assessments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Bitzer Z, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Effects of Topography-Related Puff Parameters on Carbonyl Delivery in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1463-1469. [PMID: 28648066 PMCID: PMC5556925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smoking topography parameters differ substantially between individual smokers and may lead to significant variation in tobacco smoke exposure and risk for tobacco-caused diseases. However, to date, little is known regarding the impact of individual puff parameters on the delivery of many harmful smoke constituents including carbonyls. To examine this, we determined the effect of altering individual puff parameters on mainstream smoke carbonyl levels in machine-smoked reference cigarettes. Carbonyls including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, propionaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acrolein, and acetone were determined in cigarette smoke by HPLC after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Deliveries of all carbonyls were nearly two-fold greater when cigarettes were smoked according to the more intense Health Canada Intense (HCI) protocol compared to the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) method, consistent with the two-fold difference in total puff volume between methods (ISO: 280-315 mL; CI: 495-605 mL). When individual topography parameters were assessed, changes in puff volume alone had the greatest effect on carbonyl delivery as predicted with total carbonyls being strongly correlated with overall puff volume (r2: 0.52-0.99) regardless of how the differences in volume were achieved. All seven of the carbonyls examined showed a similar relationship with puff volume. Minor effects on carbonyl levels were observed from vent blocking and changing the interpuff interval, while effects of changing puff duration and peak flow rate were minimal. Overall, these results highlight the importance of considering topography, especially puff volume, when the toxicant delivery and potential exposure smokers receive are assessed. The lack of an impact of other behaviors, including puff intensity and duration independent of volume, indicate that factors such as temperature and peak flow rate may have minimal overall effects on carbonyl production and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Azzopardi D, Patel K, Jaunky T, Santopietro S, Camacho OM, McAughey J, Gaça M. Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:477-491. [PMID: 27690199 PMCID: PMC5309870 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are a potential means of addressing the harm to public health caused by tobacco smoking by offering smokers a less harmful means of receiving nicotine. As e-cigarettes are a relatively new phenomenon, there are limited scientific data on the longer-term health effects of their use. This study describes a robust in vitro method for assessing the cytotoxic response of e-cigarette aerosols that can be effectively compared with conventional cigarette smoke. This was measured using the regulatory accepted Neutral Red Uptake assay modified for air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures. An exposure system, comprising a smoking machine, traditionally used for in vitro tobacco smoke exposure assessments, was adapted for use with e-cigarettes to expose human lung epithelial cells at the ALI. Dosimetric analysis methods using real-time quartz crystal microbalances for mass, and post-exposure chemical analysis for nicotine, were employed to detect/distinguish aerosol dilutions from a reference Kentucky 3R4F cigarette and two commercially available e-cigarettes (Vype eStick and ePen). ePen aerosol induced 97%, 94% and 70% less cytotoxicity than 3R4F cigarette smoke based on matched EC50 values at different dilutions (1:5 vs. 1:153 vol:vol), mass (52.1 vs. 3.1 μg/cm2) and nicotine (0.89 vs. 0.27 μg/cm2), respectively. Test doses where cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol cytotoxicity were observed are comparable with calculated daily doses in consumers. Such experiments could form the basis of a larger package of work including chemical analyses, in vitro toxicology tests and clinical studies, to help assess the safety of current and next generation nicotine and tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azzopardi
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Kharishma Patel
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | | | - Oscar M. Camacho
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
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