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Singh MP, Vashisht P, Singh L, Awasti N, Sharma S, Mohan C, Singh TP, Sharma S, Shyam S, Charles APR. Donkey milk as a non-bovine alternative: a review of its nutri-functional properties, applications, and challenges. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1652-1661. [PMID: 39049915 PMCID: PMC11263273 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-024-05939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Elevation in incidences of cow milk protein allergies warrants the need to investigate the suitability of non-bovine milk alternatives for human consumption. Donkey milk has emerged as a potential alternative attributed to its benefits to human health. Evidently, it is a great option for infants as it closely resembles human milk. Researchers have also investigated its suitability in producing numerous dairy products. This review discusses the various nutri-functional aspects of donkey milk, its applications and challenges in the manufacturing of infant formula, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, kefir, and fermented milk. Research updates on processing techniques (thermal and non-thermal) for donkey milk preservation are also delineated. Despite abundant nutrients and desirable functional properties, the growth of the donkey milk industry is not significant. This is due to the lower yield, scattered population, and lack of regulatory standards for both products and processing. Recommendation on research gaps and obstacles in its commercialization are also addressed. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Preet Singh
- Division of Dairy Technology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | | | - Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID USA
| | - Nancy Awasti
- Sensory Scientist, Lactalis, USA, Buffalo, NY 14218 USA
| | | | - Chander Mohan
- Division of Dairy Technology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Tejinder Pal Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID USA
| | | | - Anto Pradeep Raja Charles
- Food Ingredients and Biopolymers Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
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Singh P, Bhardwaj A, Nayan V, Legha RA, Pal Y, Soni S, Giri SK, Bhattacharya T. Milk somatic cell DNA isolation and characterization of κ-casein gene in Halari donkey milk. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24991. [PMID: 38304818 PMCID: PMC10830531 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Halari donkey breed is one of the indigenous breeds of India and its population is rapidly decreasing. The Jenny milk is more similar to human milk, exhibits a wide range of probiotic diversity and hypo-allergenicity, especially among infants suffering from cow and buffalo milk protein allergy. Some studies indicated low levels of κ-casein fraction of casein protein in donkey milk. The k-casein gene was not amplified from the DNA derived from the milk somatic cells of Halari donkeys. The Halari donkey milk has low somatic cells count. We report the first isolation of DNA from milk somatic cells of Halari donkeys with subsequent characterization of k-casein gene. Through our work, we showed that the milk somatic cells can be used as a non-invasive source for DNA isolation towards molecular studies. It also proved the presence of k-casein gene in Halari donkey milk by its amplification from isolated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Singh
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
| | - Anuradha Bhardwaj
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
| | - Varij Nayan
- ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
| | - Ram Avatar Legha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
| | - Yash Pal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
| | - Sonali Soni
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
- Department of Biotechnology (SBAS), Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi 174103 (Solan) HP, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Giri
- Department of Biotechnology (SBAS), Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi 174103 (Solan) HP, India
| | - T.K. Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 (Haryana), India
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Martini M, Altomonte I, Tricò D, Lapenta R, Salari F. Current Knowledge on Functionality and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Donkey Milk. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051382. [PMID: 34067986 PMCID: PMC8152225 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper examines scientific evidence on the positive effects of donkey milk consumption on human health and its possible therapeutic applications. The most investigated clinical use of donkey milk is in feeding infants with food allergies, in whom donkey milk is well tolerated in the 82.6–98.5% of cases. Donkey milk has shown several beneficial properties, including immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant and detoxifying effects, modulation of the intestinal microbiota, and lowering of blood sugar and triglycerides, which have been tested almost exclusively in experimental animals. Inhibitory actions on microorganisms have been also observed in vitro studies. This literature review highlights the need for new clinical trials to collect stronger evidence about the positive effects observed in experimental models which could lead to new therapeutic applications of donkey milk in humans. Abstract The increase of knowledge on the composition of donkey milk has revealed marked similarities to human milk, which led to a growing number of investigations focused on testing the potential effects of donkey milk in vitro and in vivo. This paper examines the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of donkey milk on human health. Most clinical studies report a tolerability of donkey milk in 82.6–98.5% of infants with cow milk protein allergies. The average protein content of donkey milk is about 18 g/L. Caseins, which are main allergenic components of milk, are less represented compared to cow milk (56% of the total protein in donkey vs. 80% in cow milk). Donkey milk is well accepted by children due to its high concentration of lactose (about 60 g/L). Immunomodulatory properties have been reported in one study in humans and in several animal models. Donkey milk also seems to modulate the intestinal microbiota, enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms and detoxifying enzymes activities, reduce hyperglycemia and normalize dyslipidemia. Donkey milk has lower calorie and fat content compared with other milks used in human nutrition (fat ranges from 0.20% to 1.7%) and a more favourable fatty acid profile, being low in saturated fatty acids (3.02 g/L) and high in alpha-linolenic acid (about 7.25 g/100 g of fat). Until now, the beneficial properties of donkey milk have been mostly related to whey proteins, among which β-lactoglobulin is the most represented (6.06 g/L), followed by α-lactalbumin (about 2 g/L) and lysozyme (1.07 g/L). So far, the health functionality of donkey milk has been tested almost exclusively on animal models. Furthermore, in vitro studies have described inhibitory action against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. From the literature review emerges the need for new randomized clinical trials on humans to provide stronger evidence of the potential beneficial health effects of donkey milk, which could lead to new applications as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, malnutrition, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Agricultural and Environmental Research “E. Avanzi,”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Gardo (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Interdepartmental Center for Agricultural and Environmental Research “E. Avanzi,”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Gardo (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Lapenta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
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Vitamins in Human and Donkey Milk: Functional and Nutritional Role. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051509. [PMID: 33947032 PMCID: PMC8145040 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole milk is a good source of all the nutrients, and it also contains a sufficient number of vitamins to permit regular the growth of the neonate. Dairy cow milk can create allergy in infants less than 12 months old because of the high caseins and β-lactoglobulin content. In these circumstances, donkey milk can represent a good replacement for dairy cows' milk in children affected by Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) because of its close chemical composition with human milk, mainly due to its low protein and low mineral content. Milk vitamin content is highly variable among mammalian species and it is strictly correlated with the vitamin status and the diet administered to the mother. Fat-soluble vitamins content in donkey milk is, on average, lower compared to ruminants' milk, while vitamin C content determined in donkey milk is higher compared to dairy cows' milk, showing a great similarity with human milk. In donkey milk, the content of vitamins of the B-complex such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folic acid is higher compared to human milk. The use of donkey milk as a new functional food must be further evaluated in interdisciplinary clinical trials in which pediatricians, dietitians, and food scientists must be involved to deepen the knowledge about the positive health impact of donkey milk in different sensitive people, especially children and the elderly.
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Nutten S, Schuh S, Dutter T, Heine RG, Kuslys M. Design, quality, safety and efficacy of extensively hydrolyzed formula for management of cow's milk protein allergy: What are the challenges? ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 93:147-204. [PMID: 32711862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergies in infancy. Clinical food allergy guidelines recommend an extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) as the first-line treatment in nonbreastfed infants with CMPA. Designing and commercializing EHF poses both technical and regulatory challenges. Each manufacturing step, from sourcing of raw materials to release of the final product, needs to be managed in accordance with comprehensive quality systems. To avoid cross-contamination via externally sourced ingredients, suppliers should be carefully selected based on quality requirements. Strict zoning of the manufacturing areas according to contamination risk and air flow control are effective strategies to prevent accidental allergen contamination. Furthermore, dedicated manufacturing lines for hypoallergenic products are used to prevent potential cross-contamination from other products produced on the same line. The enzymatic hydrolysis, heat treatment and ultrafiltration used are specific to each manufacturer. Consequently, EHF are a heterogenous group of products with differences in the molecular weight profile of peptides, content of residual immunogenic cow's milk allergens, and residual in-vitro allergenicity. These differences are likely to affect clinical efficacy and safety. As not all commercialized EHF products have undergone formal testing in the laboratory and clinical trials, there is a need to develop guidelines for minimum technical and regulatory requirements for EHF products, including validated assays for ongoing quality control. Clinical trials assessing new EHF products for their hypoallergenicity and ability to support normal growth remain the definitive proof of efficacy and safety in infants and young children with CMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Schuh
- Nestlé Research and Development, Konolfingen, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Dutter
- Nestlé Research and Development, Konolfingen, Switzerland
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Sarti L, Martini M, Brajon G, Barni S, Salari F, Altomonte I, Ragona G, Mori F, Pucci N, Muscas G, Belli F, Corrias F, Novembre E. Donkey's Milk in the Management of Children with Cow's Milk protein allergy: nutritional and hygienic aspects. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:102. [PMID: 31420060 PMCID: PMC6698021 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic strategy for children with cow’s milk allergy (CMA) consists in the elimination of cow’s milk (CM) from their diet. Donkey’s milk (DM) has been reported to be an adequate alternative, mainly to his nutritional similarities with human milk (HM) and excellent palatability. The aim of present prospective study was to evaluate the nutritional impact of DM on the diet of children with CMA in term of children growth. Methods Before the nutritional trial on children and during the study the health and hygiene risks and nutritional and nutraceuticals parameters of DM were monitored. Children with CMA were identified by the execution of in vivo and in vitro tests for CM and subsequent assessment of tolerability of DM with oral food challenge (OFC). Finally, we prescribed DM to a selected group of patients for a period of 6 months during which we monitored the growth of children. A total of 81 children, 70 with IgE mediated cow’s milk protein allergy (IgE-CMPA) and 11 with Food Protein Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome to CM (CM-FPIES), were enrolled. Results Seventy-eight out of 81 patients underwent the OFC with DM and only one patient with IgE-CMPA (1.5 %) reacted. Twenty-two out of 81 patients took part of the nutritional trial. All the 22 patients took and tolerated the DM, moreover DM did not change the normal growth rate of infants. Conclusions In conclusion, DM resulted safe in term of health and hygiene risks and nutritionally adequate: no negative impact on the normal growth rate of children was assessed. Therefore, it may be a suitable alternative for the management of IgE mediated CMA and FPIES, also in the first 6 months of life, if adequately supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Sarti
- Allergy Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brajon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Barni
- Allergy Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Ragona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Mori
- Allergy Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Neri Pucci
- Allergy Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Muscas
- Nutrition Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fina Belli
- Nutrition Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Corrias
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Florence, Italy
| | - Elio Novembre
- Allergy Unit, department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Specialty Infant Formulas for Milk Allergy: Current Choices and Unmet Needs. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-018-0187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barni S, Sarti L, Mori F, Muscas G, Belli F, Pucci N, Novembre E. Tolerability and palatability of donkey's milk in children with cow's milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:329-331. [PMID: 29392769 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Barni
- Allergy Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Sarti
- Allergy Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Mori
- Allergy Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Muscas
- Nutrition Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fina Belli
- Nutrition Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Neri Pucci
- Allergy Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elio Novembre
- Allergy Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Souroullas K, Aspri M, Papademas P. Donkey milk as a supplement in infant formula: Benefits and technological challenges. Food Res Int 2018; 109:416-425. [PMID: 29803466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review paper is to assess the applicability of donkey's milk to infants suffering from Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) compared to human and other available milk types. The bioactive and immune-supportive character which could be beneficial as a fortifier to the formula-fed infants is described while limitations of this type of milk are also discussed. Studies showed that human and donkey's milk have similar, overall, chemical composition as well as protein homogeneity and antigenic similarities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies showed that donkey's milk has nutraceutical and functional properties that can support immunity, alter metabolism and beneficially modify gut microbiota. Clinical studies illustrated that donkeys' milk is well tolerated (82.6%-88%) by infants. Finally, the effect that processing (i.e. thermal, non-thermal treatments, drying methods) has on donkey milk components is also discussed pointing out the need for minimally processing this type of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallis Souroullas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maria Aspri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Photis Papademas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus.
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