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Karpurapu M, Kakarala KK, Chung S, Nie Y, Koley A, Dougherty P, Christman JW. Epigallocatechin gallate regulates the myeloid-specific transcription factor PU.1 in macrophages. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301904. [PMID: 38662666 PMCID: PMC11045095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous research demonstrated that PU.1 regulates expression of the genes involved in inflammation in macrophages. Selective knockdown of PU.1 in macrophages ameliorated LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in bone marrow chimera mice. Inhibitors that block the transcriptional activity of PU.1 in macrophages have the potential to mitigate the pathophysiology of LPS-induced ALI. However, complete inactivation of PU.1 gene disrupts normal myelopoiesis. Although the green tea polyphenol Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been shown to regulate inflammatory genes in various cell types, it is not known if EGCG alters the transcriptional activity of PU.1 protein. Using Schrodinger Glide docking, we have identified that EGCG binds with PU.1 protein, altering its DNA-binding and self-dimerization activity. In silico analysis shows that EGCG forms Hydrogen bonds with Glutamic Acid 209, Leucine 250 in DNA binding and Lysine 196, Tryptophan 193, and Leucine 182 in the self-dimerization domain of the PU.1 protein. Experimental validation using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) confirmed that EGCG inhibits both DNA binding by PU.1 and self-dimerization. Importantly, EGCG had no impact on expression of the total PU.1 protein levels but significantly reduced expression of various inflammatory genes and generation of ROS. In summary, we report that EGCG acts as an inhibitor of the PU.1 transcription factor in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Karpurapu
- Division of Pulmonary, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | | | - Sangwoon Chung
- Division of Pulmonary, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Yunjuan Nie
- Division of Pulmonary, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Amritendu Koley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Patrick Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - John W. Christman
- Division of Pulmonary, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Huang J, Chen Y, Zhou L, Ren J, Tian M, Yang Q, Wang L, Wu Y, Wen J, Yang Q. M2a macrophages regulate fibrosis and affect the outcome after stroke via PU.1/mTOR pathway in fibroblasts. Neurochem Int 2024; 173:105674. [PMID: 38184171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The moderate formation of the fibrotic scar plays an important role in functional recovery after stroke. M2a macrophages have been identified as an important source of early fibrosis after cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms by which macrophages interact with fibroblasts in this context remain largely unknown. Therefore, our study aimed to further investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of macrophages on fibroblasts following ischemic stroke. In vitro and in vivo, recombinant rat interleukin 4 (IL4) was used to induce macrophages to polarize into M2a macrophages. In vitro, primary Sprague-Dawley newborn rat meningeal-derived fibroblasts were treated with PU.1 knockdown, the PU.1 inhibitor DB1976 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, which were then co-cultured with M2a macrophage conditioned medium (MCM). In vivo, Sprague-Dawley adult rats were infected with negative control adenoviruses or PU.1-shRNA adenoviruses. Ten days after infection, an injury model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was constructed. Subsequently, IL4 was injected intracerebroventricularly to induce M2a macrophages polarization. In vitro, M2a MCM upregulated PU.1 expression and promoted the differentiation, proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix generation of fibroblasts, which could be reversed by treatment with the PU.1 inhibitor DB1976 or PU.1 knockdown. In vivo, PU.1 expression in fibroblasts was increased within ischemic core following MCAO/R, and this upregulation was further enhanced by exposure to IL4. Treatment with IL4 promoted fibrosis, increased angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis and infarct volume, as well as mitigated neurological deficits after MCAO/R, and these effects could be reversed by PU.1 knockdown. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that IL4 treatment increased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR proteins, which were markedly decreased by PU.1 knockdown. Additionally, the use of an mTOR inhibitor rapamycin obviously suppressed the migration and differentiation of fibroblasts, and Col1 synthesis. In conclusion, our findings suggest for the first time that M2a macrophages, at least in part, regulate fibrosis and affect the outcome after cerebral ischemic stroke via the PU.1/mTOR signaling pathway in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagui Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangxia Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfen Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youlin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Santare JA, Diaz TJ, Ahmed T, Durgham R, Liao W, Peacock E, Walker A, Corwin DS. Hypothyroidism May be Associated with Post-COVID Pulmonary Fibrosis. Thyroid 2023. [PMID: 37261993 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Anthony Santare
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States, 18015-1000;
| | - Tristan Javier Diaz
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Taha Ahmed
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Ryan Durgham
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Wenxin Liao
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Edmund Peacock
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Aaron Walker
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Douglas Scott Corwin
- St Luke's University Health Network, 376419, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States;
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Hu J, Zhang JJ, Li L, Wang SL, Yang HT, Fan XW, Zhang LM, Hu GL, Fu HX, Song WF, Yan LJ, Liu JJ, Wu JT, Kong B. PU.1 inhibition attenuates atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation vulnerability induced by angiotensin-II by reducing TGF-β1/Smads pathway activation. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6746-6759. [PMID: 34132026 PMCID: PMC8278085 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis serves a critical role in driving atrial remodelling‐mediated atrial fibrillation (AF). Abnormal levels of the transcription factor PU.1, a key regulator of fibrosis, are associated with cardiac injury and dysfunction following acute viral myocarditis. However, the role of PU.1 in atrial fibrosis and vulnerability to AF remain unclear. Here, an in vivo atrial fibrosis model was developed by the continuous infusion of C57 mice with subcutaneous Ang‐II, while the in vitro model comprised atrial fibroblasts that were isolated and cultured. The expression of PU.1 was significantly up‐regulated in the Ang‐II‐induced group compared with the sham/control group in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, protein expression along the TGF‐β1/Smads pathway and the proliferation and differentiation of atrial fibroblasts induced by Ang‐II were significantly higher in the Ang‐II‐induced group than in the sham/control group. These effects were attenuated by exposure to DB1976, a PU.1 inhibitor, both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, in vitro treatment with small interfering RNA against Smad3 (key protein of TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway) diminished these Ang‐II‐mediated effects, and the si‐Smad3‐mediated effects were, in turn, antagonized by the addition of a PU.1‐overexpression adenoviral vector. Finally, PU.1 inhibition reduced the atrial fibrosis induced by Ang‐II and attenuated vulnerability to AF, at least in part through the TGF‐β1/Smads pathway. Overall, the study implicates PU.1 as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit Ang‐II‐induced atrial fibrosis and vulnerability to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hu
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cardiology, Qitai Farm Hospital, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shan-Ling Wang
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tao Yang
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xian-Wei Fan
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei-Ming Zhang
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Ling Hu
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Xia Fu
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Song
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Jie Yan
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Tao Wu
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
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