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Lee S, Xu SS, Yan M, Gravely S, Quah ACK, Seo HG, Lim S, Cho SI, Kim Y, Fong GT. Patterns of cigarette, heated tobacco product, and nicotine vaping product use among Korean adults: Findings from the 2020 ITC Korea Survey. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-63. [PMID: 38638419 PMCID: PMC11025448 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-combustible nicotine products (NCNPs), such as heated tobacco products (HTPs) and nicotine vaping products (NVPs) have gained a significant nicotine market share in South Korea. This descriptive study examined patterns of regular cigarette and NCNP use among South Korean adults. METHODS Data were from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Korea Survey and included 4016 adults (aged ≥19 years) in the Republic of Korea who were regularly (at least weekly) using at least one NCNP (NVP/HTP, n=2117) and/or smoked cigarettes (n=3763) at the time of the survey. Weighted descriptive estimates were computed to assess respondents' nicotine product use among all respondents (exclusive, dual, or triple use). Thereafter, we identified sociodemographic characteristics associated with NCNP use (n=2117). RESULTS Among Korean adults who were smoking cigarettes, 83.1% (95% CI: 81.6-84.6) did so exclusively, and 16.9% (95% CI: 15.4-18.4) smoked cigarettes and used NCNPs. Among those who used HTPs (n=1877), 14.9% (95% CI: 11.5-18.4) did so exclusively, 59.6% used HTPs and smoked cigarettes (95% CI: 55.4-63.1), 4.2% used HTPs and vaped (95% CI: 11.5-18.4), and 21.6% (95% CI: 18.9-24.2) used all three products. Of adults who used HTPs and smoked cigarettes, 86.6% smoked daily. Among those who vaped (n=865), 13.3% did so exclusively (95% CI: 9.4-17.1), 55.6% (95% CI: 49.6-61.5) vaped and smoked cigarettes, 5.1% (95% CI: 1.7-8.6) used HTPs and vaped, and 26.1% (95% CI: 22.1-30.1) used all three products. Of adults who vaped and smoked cigarettes, 82.4% (95% CI: 77.1-87.7) smoked daily. CONCLUSIONS Cigarettes remain the most commonly used nicotine product in South Korea, and among adults using heated tobacco and/or vaping products, the majority were also smoking. Research is urgently needed to assess whether adults who are using an NCNP are doing so to quit, or rather to complement their cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyu Lee
- Korea Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve S. Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mi Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Shannon Gravely
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Anne C. K. Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hong Gwan Seo
- Korea National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korea Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-il Cho
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kim
- Korea National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Kang H, Yoon W, Seo HG, Lee S, Lim S, Kim GY, Kim SY, Xu SS, Yan M, Quah ACK, Chung-Hall J, Craig LV, Gartner CE, Fong GT, Cho SI. Public support for tobacco endgame policies in South Korea: Findings from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Korea Survey. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058454. [PMID: 38383153 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong public support can increase the likelihood of adopting tobacco control policies. We assessed support for six commercial tobacco endgame policies in South Korea: limiting the nicotine in cigarettes, banning all additives in cigarettes, restricting the number of places where cigarettes are sold, and banning the manufacture and sales of cigarettes (unconditionally, with the provision of cessation support and with alternative tobacco products available). METHODS Data were obtained from 4740 adults who completed the 2020 International Tobacco Control Korea Survey. Participants were categorised based on their nicotine use: (1) did not use any products, (2) vaped and/or used heated tobacco products (HTPs) but did not smoke cigarettes, (3) smoked cigarettes only and (4) smoked cigarettes and vaped and/or used HTPs. Attitudes towards the policies were classified as supportive, undecided or opposed. Weighted multinomial logistic regression models assessed support levels according to nicotine use. RESULTS Support was highest for limiting the nicotine content in cigarettes (68.4%; 95% CI 64.6% to 72.3%) and restricting the number of retailers (68.1%; 95% CI 64.5% to 71.7%), and lowest for banning cigarette sales if alternative products are made available (45.0%; 95% CI 40.9% to 49.1%). People who did not use any products were most likely to support endgame policies, except for banning cigarette sales with alternatives available. The proportion of undecided participants exceeded 10% (range 13%-25%) for all policies. CONCLUSION There is a strong public support for tobacco endgame policies in South Korea. Further research should prioritise the development of strategies to ensure the effective implementation of highly supported policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Kang
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wonjeong Yoon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hong Gwan Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sungkyu Lee
- Korea Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sujin Lim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korea Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Gil-Yong Kim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korea Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Su Young Kim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korea Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Steve S Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mi Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Chung-Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Craig
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Coral E Gartner
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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Kang H, Cheon E, Ha J, Cho SI. Use of geographically weighted regression models to inform retail endgame strategies in South Korea: application to cigarette and ENDS prevalence. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058117. [PMID: 37816592 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing tobacco retailer availability is a key tobacco endgame policy. The development and evaluation of retail-based policies require spatial methodologies. We modelled the prevalence of adult cigarette and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use according to tobacco retailer density, considering geographical variations. METHODS Registration data for tobacco retail businesses, a population-representative survey of South Koreans aged ≥19 years, and population and land area data were used. We merged the datasets according to geographical units. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) analyses were conducted to model cigarette and ENDS use prevalence, respectively. FINDINGS Tobacco retailer density was associated with increased cigarette use prevalence in the OLS model (β=2.19, p=0.02). A 1.9-fold difference by region was identified for the coefficient, indicating an association with tobacco retailer density (minimum 1.39, maximum 2.65), in the GWR analysis. No significant association was present between tobacco retailer density and ENDS prevalence in either the OLS (β=0.24, p=0.37) or the GWR model (minimum 0.20, maximum 0.28). CONCLUSION Our results suggest the importance of using spatial methods to develop and evaluate retail-based endgame policies. The establishment of tobacco retailer databases by the introduction of licensing is necessary to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco retailer regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Kang
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eunsil Cheon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Ha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
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Seo HG, Xu SS, Li G, Gravely S, Quah ACK, Lee S, Lim S, Cho SI, Kim Y, Lee ES, Choi YJ, Miller CR, Goniewicz ML, O’Connor RJ, Fong GT. Reasons for Initiation and Regular Use of Heated Tobacco Products among Current and Former Smokers in South Korea: Findings from the 2020 ITC Korea Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4963. [PMID: 36981869 PMCID: PMC10048802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
South Korea is the world's second-largest heated tobacco product (HTP) market after Japan. HTP sales in South Korea have increased rapidly since May 2017, accounting for 10.6% of the total tobacco market in 2020. Despite this, little is known as to why HTP consumers who were current and former smokers started using HTPs and used them regularly. We analyzed cross-sectional data for 1815 adults (aged 19+) who participated in the 2020 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Korea Survey, of whom 1650 were HTP-cigarette consumers (those who reported smoking cigarettes and using HTPs ≥ weekly) and 165 were exclusive HTP consumers (using HTPs ≥ weekly) who were former or occasional smokers (smoking cigarette < weekly). Respondents were asked to report the reason(s) they used HTPs, with 25 possible reasons for HTP-cigarette consumers and 22 for exclusive HTP consumers. The most common reasons for initiating HTP use among all HTP consumers were out of curiosity (58.9%), family and friends use HTPs (45.5%), and they like the HTP technology (35.9%). The most common reasons for regularly using HTPs among all HTP consumers were that they were less smelly than cigarettes (71.3%), HTPs are less harmful to own health than cigarettes (48.6%), and stress reduction (47.4%). Overall, 35.4% of HTP-cigarette consumers reported using HTPs to quit smoking, 14.7% to reduce smoking but not to quit, and 49.7% for other reasons besides quitting or reducing smoking. In conclusion, several common reasons for initiating and regularly using HTPs were endorsed by all HTP consumers who were smoking, had quit smoking completely, or occasionally smoked. Notably, only about one-third of HTP-cigarette consumers said they were using HTPs to quit smoking, suggesting that most had no intention of using HTPs as an aid to quit smoking in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gwan Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Control, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve S. Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Grace Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shannon Gravely
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anne C. K. Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sungkyu Lee
- Korea Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korea Health Promotion Institute, Seoul 04933, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-il Cho
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Control, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Sook Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University, Ilsanpaik Hospital, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Connor R. Miller
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Health Behaviors, Roswell Park, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Health Behaviors, Roswell Park, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Richard J. O’Connor
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Health Behaviors, Roswell Park, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
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Hwang JS, Lee K, Kim CY, Kim H, Kim S, Lee CM. JUUL preference among Korean adult tobacco users and its effect on attempts to quit tobacco: A follow-up survey four months post JUUL launch. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:39. [PMID: 36925566 PMCID: PMC10012008 DOI: 10.18332/tid/160163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the various factors in the selection of JUUL (and/or), a pod-mod type electronic cigarette (EC), and the changes in EC patterns before and after the JUUL debut on 24 May 2019, using follow-up survey data of adult tobacco users in South Korea. METHODS This study examined transition outcomes among tobacco users and factors associated with future JUUL use. Convenience sample data were collected from adult tobacco users in South Korea, from March-April 2019 (baseline, n=2173) to September 2019 (follow-up, n=779). Results were obtained from the 779 respondents in the follow-up survey, and user data of one or more tobacco products were analyzed. The changes in the proportion of EC and JUUL use during this period were calculated, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the selection factors of JUUL. RESULTS Four months after the JUUL launch, the proportion of current EC and JUUL users among the whole sample increased by 10.3% (42.6-52.9%, p<0.001) and 17.7 % (4.0-21.7%, p<0.001), respectively, while the proportion of triple users doubled (18.7% vs 37.5%, p<0.001). Among current EC users, the percentage of quitting EC within one month decreased from 18.7% to 8.7%; this change was more pronounced among concurrent JUUL users than non-JUUL users (p<0.001). In the multivariate logistic analysis with adjustment for possible confounders, JUUL use was significantly associated with male sex, young and middle age, and metropolitan residency status at the baseline survey. CONCLUSIONS After the launch of JUUL in South Korea, EC users, including JUUL and triple users, increased significantly, but the intention to stop EC decreased significantly. Given the serious interests of the tobacco industry in these products, additional regulation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sam Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiheon Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungroul Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol M Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Han M, Seo D, Kim Y, Seo HG, Cho SI, Lee S, Lim S, Kaai SC, Quah ACK, Yan M, Xu SS, Fong GT. Factors Associated with Quit Intentions among Adult Smokers in South Korea: Findings from the 2020 ITC Korea Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10839. [PMID: 36078553 PMCID: PMC9518068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: South Korea has made substantial progress on tobacco control, but cigarette smoking prevalence is still high. Previous studies were conducted before the use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) or heated tobacco products (HTPs) became popular. Thus, whether the concurrent use of NVPs or HTPs affects quit intentions among Korean smokers remains a question that needs to be explored. This study aims to identify predictors of quit intentions among cigarette-only smokers and concurrent users of cigarettes and NVPs or HTPs. Methods: Data were from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Korea Survey. Included in the analysis were 3778 adult cigarette smokers: 1900 at-least-weekly exclusive smokers and 1878 at-least-weekly concurrent smokers and HTP or NVP users. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Quit intentions were reported by 66.4% of respondents. Factors significantly associated with quit intentions included younger age, having a spouse/partner, lower nicotine dependence, reporting a past quit attempt, regretting starting smoking, believing that smoking had damaged health, worrying that smoking will damage future health, and perceiving health benefits of quitting. Current use of NVPs or HTPs was not significantly associated with quit intentions. Conclusions: This study contributes the following to current literature: intrinsic health-related beliefs were more important than societal norms in shaping quit intentions. These findings should be considered in shaping future smoking cessation policies, such as reinforcing education programs that emphasize the benefits of quitting for personal health reasons, lowering nicotine dependence, and encouraging multiple quit attempts and successful quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
| | - Donghee Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Yeol Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Department of Cancer Control, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Hong Gwan Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Department of Cancer Control, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Sung-il Cho
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungkyu Lee
- Korea Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Seoul 04554, Korea
| | - Sujin Lim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korean Health Promotion Institute, Seoul 04933, Korea
| | - Susan C. Kaai
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anne C. K. Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mi Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Steve S. Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
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