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In vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Punica granatum Extract versus Chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.52547/jrdms.8.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Leesombun A, Sariya L, Taowan J, Nakthong C, Thongjuy O, Boonmasawai S. Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from Punica granatum L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2258. [PMID: 36079640 PMCID: PMC9460874 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The nonedible parts of the pomegranate plant, such as tree barks and fruit peels, have pharmacological properties that are useful in traditional medicine. To increase their value, this study aimed to compare the antioxidative and antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts from pomegranate barks (PBE) and peels (PPE). The antiproliferative effects on HeLa and HepG2 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway were also evaluated. The results indicated that the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of PBE and PPE were 574.64 and 242.60 mg equivalent gallic acid/g sample and 52.98 and 23.08 mg equivalent quercetin/g sample, respectively. Gas chromatography−mass spectrometry revealed that 5-hdroxymethylfurfural was the major component of both PBE (23.76%) and PPE (33.19%). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging capacities of PBE and PPE, in terms of the IC50 value, were 4.1 and 9.6 µg/mL, respectively. PBE had a greater potent antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium. PBE and PPE (1000 µg/mL) had exhibited no cytotoxic effects on LLC-MK2. PBE and PPE (250 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) treatments were safe for BHK-21. Both extracts significantly inhibited HepG2 and HeLa cell proliferations at 10 and 50 µg/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). The results indicated that PBE and PPE have remarkable efficiencies as free radical scavengers and antibacterial agents, with PBE exhibiting greater efficiency. The inhibitory effects on HepG2 might be through the modulation of the ERK1/2 expression. PBE and PPE have the potential for use as optional supplementary antioxidative, antibacterial, and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Jarupha Taowan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chowalit Nakthong
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Orathai Thongjuy
- The Center of Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Lavaee F, Moqadas A, Modarresi F, Nowrouzi M. The Effect of Pimpinella Anisum and Origanum Vulgare Extracts Against Streptococcus Sanguinis, Streptococcus Mutans, and Streptococcus Salivarius. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2022; 23:113-120. [PMID: 35783492 PMCID: PMC9206703 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2021.85691.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem There are global efforts for introducing a new herbal antimicrobial agent with minimal side effects. There are some reports about the antimicrobial properties of Pimpinella anisum and Oregano Vulgare. Purpose In this study, the antimicrobial properties of Pimpinella anisum and Oregano Vulgare have been assessed. Material and Method In this experimental in vitro study, the dental plaque samples were collected from children aged 3 to 5 years old who were referred to a private dental office with diagnosis of dental caries. After determination of the bacterial colonies of Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Pimpinella anisum and Oregano vulgare were measured by macrodilution and microdilution methods. Results The mean MIC and MBC of Pimpinella anisum extract and Oregano vulgare extract and their combination against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus salivarius were statistically different (p< 0.001). The combination of these extracts showed the lowest MIC and MBC. Conclusion Hydroalcoholic extracts of the Pimpinella anisum and Oregano Vulgare were effective antibacterial agent against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis so the combination of these two extracts showed the highest antibacterial properties on all the bacteria evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Moqadas
- Undergraduate Students, Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzan Modarresi
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom Iran
| | - Massoumeh Nowrouzi
- Postgraduate, Dept. of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mendonça AMS, Monteiro CDA, Moraes-Neto RN, Monteiro AS, Mondego-Oliveira R, Nascimento CEC, da Silva LCN, Lima-Neto LG, Carvalho RC, de Sousa EM. Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Punica granatum and Its Galloyl-HHDP-Glucose Compound, Alone or in Combination with Fluconazole, Have Antifungal and Antivirulence Properties against Candida spp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020265. [PMID: 35203867 PMCID: PMC8868470 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection among immunocompromised patients. Its treatment includes the use of antifungals, which poses limitations such as toxicity and fungal resistance. Plant-derived extracts, such as Punica granatum, have been reported to have antimicrobial activity, but their antifungal effects are still unknown. We aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antiviral potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of P. granatum (PgEA) and its isolated compound galloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose (G-HHDP-G) against Candida spp. In silico analyses predicted the biological activity of G-HHDP-G. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PgEA and G-HHDP-G, and their effects on biofilm formation, preformed biofilms, and phospholipase production were determined. In silico analysis showed that G-HHDP-G has antifungal and hepatoprotective effects. An in vitro assay confirmed the antifungal effects of PgEA and G-HHDP-G, with MIC in the ranges of 31.25–250 μg/mL and 31.25 ≥ 500 μg/mL, respectively. G-HHDP-G and PgEA synergistically worked with fluconazole against planktonic cells. The substances showed antibiofilm action, alone or in combination with fluconazole, and interfered with phospholipase production. The antifungal and antibiofilm actions of PgEA and G-HHDP-G, alone or in combination with fluconazole, in addition to their effects on reducing Candida phospholipase production, identify them as promising candidates for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Michelle Silva Mendonça
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, UniCEUMA, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (A.S.M.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (L.G.L.-N.); (E.M.d.S.)
| | | | - Roberval Nascimento Moraes-Neto
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (R.N.M.-N.); (C.E.C.N.)
| | - Andrea Souza Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, UniCEUMA, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (A.S.M.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (L.G.L.-N.); (E.M.d.S.)
| | | | | | - Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, UniCEUMA, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (A.S.M.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (L.G.L.-N.); (E.M.d.S.)
- Graduate Program in Odontology, CEUMA University, UniCEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil
| | - Lidio Gonçalves Lima-Neto
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, UniCEUMA, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (A.S.M.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (L.G.L.-N.); (E.M.d.S.)
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (R.N.M.-N.); (C.E.C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo Martins de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, UniCEUMA, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (A.S.M.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (L.G.L.-N.); (E.M.d.S.)
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (R.N.M.-N.); (C.E.C.N.)
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Firoozi P, Farshidfar N, Fekrazad R. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy compared to nystatin therapy in reducing Candida colony count in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent 2021. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41432-021-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Firoozi P, Farshidfar N, Fekrazad R. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy compared to nystatin therapy in reducing Candida colony count in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent 2021:10.1038/s41432-021-0208-9. [PMID: 34862461 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-021-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) compared to conventional nystatin therapy (NYT) in reducing Candida colony count in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) and critically appraised the available literature.Methods This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) updated guidelines. A literature search was performed in four electronic databases to identify relevant articles up to 15 August 2021. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of aPDT compared to NYT in reducing Candida colony count in patients with CADS were investigated. The weighted mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated. The I2 statistic was used to determine heterogeneity at the level of α = 0.10. The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Certainty of the evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) ranking system.Results Only three eligible RCTs with 141 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on the pooled results, NYT compared to aPDT generally performed better in reducing Candida colony count (Log10 CFU/mL) in patients' palate and patients' denture. The included studies had a moderate risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence was low.Conclusion Although still inconclusive, based on the current evidence, aPDT may be effective in reducing Candida colony count and treating CADS. Nonetheless, it does not appear to be more effective than conventional NYT in this regard. According to the limited number of included studies, more well-designed RCTs with larger sample sizes and standardised methodology should be conducted to validate this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Firoozi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Professor of Radiation Sciences Research Centre, Laser Research Centre in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Phytochemical Profile and Antimicrobial Activities of Edible Mushroom Termitomyces striatus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3025848. [PMID: 34712341 PMCID: PMC8548097 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3025848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom Termitomyces striatus is an edible mushroom that grows wildly and belongs to the family Lyophyllaceae. Studies in the last few decades have demonstrated that mushrooms and their active components have beneficial effects on a variety of biological systems. Some mushrooms do exhibit antibacterial properties. Qualitative phytochemical profile was done on the mushroom Termitomyces striatus to establish the presence of compounds responsible for important biological activities. This study also investigated the effect of Termitomyces striatus extracts on certain bacterial strains that included Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa representing the Gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus representing Gram-positive bacteria. The fungi were represented by Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mushroom was collected in western Kenya, air-dried, and crushed into powder, followed by extraction using water, methanol, and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated using the disc-diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, sterols, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, and proteins. The three extracts exhibited antibacterial against tested bacterial strains. The DCM extract revealed higher effects among the bacterial strains tested. The three extracts showed antifungal effects against C. albicans. However, both methanol and aqueous extracts did not inhibit growth of S. cerevisiae. In conclusion, T. striatus extracts are a promising source of novel antimicrobial and antifungal agents.
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Lavaee F, Yousefi M, Haddadi P. Comparison of the fungicidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their conjugation on oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:35-40. [PMID: 34195458 PMCID: PMC8226044 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.4.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of common photodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy by the silver nanoparticle, methylene blue, and their combination on biofilm and plankton cells of standard oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, biofilm and plankton cells of Candida species(i.e. C .albicans and C. parapsilosis) and plankton cells of Candida glabrata were treated with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their combination once alone and then with the irradiation of total dose of 1.92 J/cm² for 60 sec. The minimum inhibitory concentration and antifungal activity of each approach were evaluated using the XTT assay. Results: After photodynamic therapy, methylene blue showed antifungal effect only on Candida albicans, while the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles was increased on all Candida species. On the other hand, photodynamic therapy with the combination of methylene blue and silver nanoparticles did not have any effect on C. albicans. However, it reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration value of C. parapsilosis, and the most antifungal effect was observed on C. glabrata. Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy with photosensitizers can serve as a treatment modality in Candida infections of the oral cavity. Antifungal effect of photodynamic therapy was strain- and photosensitizer-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Motahare Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pardis Haddadi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Villis PCM, de Macedo AT, Furtado HLA, Fontenelle PHC, Gonçalves IS, Mendes TL, Motta BLA, Marinho PLL, Pinheiro AJMCR, Lima-Neto LG, Monteiro CA, da Silva LCN, Ferreira GF, Holanda RA, Santos JRA. A Study of the Disruptive Effect of the Acetate Fraction of Punica granatum Extract on Cryptococcus Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:568258. [PMID: 33537008 PMCID: PMC7848026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.568258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, caused by yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus, is an infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the species that commonly cause this disease in humans; however, infections caused by Cryptococcus laurentii, especially in immunocompromised patients, are increasingly being reported. Owing to the increase in the resistance of fungi to antifungals, and a lack of treatment options, it is important to seek new therapeutic alternatives such as natural products. Among these are plant species such as Punica granatum, which is used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of the acetate fraction of P. granatum leaf extract against environmental and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus. Three environmental isolates of C. laurentii, PMN, PMA, and PJL II, isolated from soils of different municipalities in the state of Maranhão, a clinical isolate, C. gattii, from a patient with neurocryptococcosis, and a standard strain of C. gattii (ATCC 32068) were used. The minimum and fractional inhibitory concentrations (MIC and FIC, respectively) and time-kill curve of the extract and fluconazole were determined to assess the susceptibility profile of the fungal isolates. Larvae of Tenebrio molitor were infected with Cryptococcus strains, and the effects of acetate fraction of P. granatum extract and fluconazole on the survival and fungal burden were determined. The extract activity was tested against pre-formed biofilms. The acetate fraction of P. granatum extract showed promising antifungal activity against all the species of Cryptococcus evaluated in this study, with an MIC value lower than that of fluconazole. The indices obtained in the FIC test indicated that the antimicrobial effect of the combination of the extract and antifungal was indifferent for 80% of the isolates. The P. granatum acetate fraction reduced the pre-formed biofilm of some isolates, showing better activity than fluconazole, which is consistent with results from fluorescence microscopy. This is the first study on the use of P. granatum and its ability to inhibit Cryptococcus biofilms; therefore, further studies and tests are needed to investigate the components and mechanism of action of P. granatum against cryptococcosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C. M. Villis
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid S. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Brenda L. A. Motta
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. L. Marinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Lídio G. Lima-Neto
- Laboratório das Infecções do Trato Respiratório, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Luís C. N. da Silva
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Gabriella F. Ferreira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Campus Avançado Governador Valadares), Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Holanda
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos Patogênicos, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
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Sujanamulk B, Shyam Sunder S, Ratnakar Pawar B, Rajalakshmi C, Naik Maloth K. Comparison of antifungal efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa leaf and Punica granatum peel in uncontrolled diabetic patients wearing removable dentures: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Curr Med Mycol 2020; 6:15-20. [PMID: 33834138 PMCID: PMC8018823 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.3.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The search for the development of a suitable novel antimicrobial agent for fungal diseases continues to be a key problem in the current clinical field. The present investigation was aimed to determine the antifungal effect of the ethanolic crude extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa leaf (Wfl) and Punica granatum peel (Pgp) in uncontrolled diabetic patients wearing removable dentures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethanolic extracts of both plants were prepared using the soxhlet extraction method, and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by thin- layer chromatography. After the preparation of the mouthwash, a total of 100 subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Each subject was given physiological saline at the baseline. Group I was provided with P. granatum mouthwash, while Group II was given W. fruticosa mouthwash. Following the administration of the mouthwash, the patients were requested to rinse the mouthwash using the oral rinse technique twice daily 5 ml/rinse for 30 sec. Subsequently, colony-forming units (CFU) were evaluated in the participants. Post-therapeutic samples were collected 1 h and 1 week after the mouthwash use. RESULTS The mean reduction of CFU was calculated at the baseline, as well as 1 h and 1 week after using mouthwash. The results indicated a drastic reduction in CFU 1 h and 1 week after the application of Wfl mouthwash. CONCLUSION The obtained data revealed that Wfl had potential anticandidal activity against Candida yeast cells, probably owing to its bioactive compounds like glycosides. Therefore, this agent can be used effectively as a natural remedy for the treatment of oral candidiasis. However, the exact mechanism of action of this plant needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sujanamulk
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswararao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Gannavaram Mandal, Krishna District, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Salavadhi Shyam Sunder
- Department of Periodontics, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Babita Ratnakar Pawar
- Department of Periodontics, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Chintamaneni Rajalakshmi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswararao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Gannavaram Mandal, Krishna District, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Kotya Naik Maloth
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
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