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Wilk P, Stranges S, Cuschieri S. Does sex modify the effect of pre-pandemic body mass index on the risk of Long COVID? Evidence from the longitudinal analysis of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:821-829. [PMID: 38287094 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on Long COVID risk factors is ongoing. High body mass index (BMI) may increase Long COVID risk, yet no evidence has been established regarding sex differences in the relationship between BMI and the risk of Long COVID. Investigating the nature of this relationship was the main objective of this study. METHODS A population-based prospective study involving a sample of respondents aged 50 years and older (n = 4004) from 27 European countries that participated in the 2020 and 2021 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe's (SHARE) Corona Surveys and in Waves 7 and 8 of the main SHARE survey. Logistic regression models were estimated to produce unadjusted and adjusted estimates of the sex differences in the relationship between BMI and Long COVID. RESULTS Linear relationship for females, with probability of Long COVID increasing with BMI (68% at BMI = 18, 93% at BMI = 45). Non-linear relationship for males, with probability of Long COVID of 27% at BMI = 18, 68% at BMI = 33, and 40% at BMI = 45. Relationships remained significant after adjusting for known Long COVID risk factors (age and COVID-19 hospitalization), presence of chronic diseases, and respondents' place of residence. CONCLUSION Sex differences appear to play an important role in the relationship between BMI and risk of Long COVID. Overall, females were more likely to have Long COVID, regardless of their BMI. Males at the higher end of the BMI spectrum had a lower risk of Long COVID as opposed to their female counterparts. Sex-specific research is recommended for better understanding of Long COVID risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wilk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Saverio Stranges
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah Cuschieri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
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2
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Garrett C, Aghaei A, Aggarwal A, Qiao S. The Role of Social Media in the Experiences of COVID-19 Among Long-Hauler Women: Qualitative Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2024; 11:e50443. [PMID: 38652515 PMCID: PMC11042494 DOI: 10.2196/50443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant literature suggests that women are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and at higher risk for developing long COVID. Due to pandemic mitigation recommendations, social media was relied upon for various aspects of daily life, likely with differences of usage between genders. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the role and functions of social media in the lives of long-hauler women. METHODS Participants were purposively snowball-sampled from an online health promotion intervention for long-hauler women with COVID-19 from March to June 2021. During this time, one-on-one, semistructured interviews were conducted online until data saturation was agreed to have been achieved (ie, 15 interviews). Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed using an emergent, inductive approach. RESULTS In total, 15 women were enrolled. The main roles of social media included facilitating support group participation, experience sharing, interpersonal connections, and media consumption. Emergent themes demonstrated that participants rely on social media to fulfill needs of emotional support, social engagement, spirituality, health planning, information gathering, professional support, and recreationally for relaxation. As long-hauler women turn to social media to discuss symptom and health management as well as the intention to vaccinate, this study demonstrates both the associated benefits (ie, decreased isolation) and challenges (ie, misinformation, rumination, resentment, jealousy). CONCLUSIONS The public health implications of these findings support the development of gender-tailored health promotion interventions that leverage the benefits of social media, while mitigating the negative impacts, for women with long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camryn Garrett
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Atefeh Aghaei
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Abhishek Aggarwal
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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van Wincoop M, Moeniralam HS, Schramel FMNH. Predictors for Long COVID and Differences in Long COVID Symptoms, Findings on Chest Imaging and Pulmonary Function between Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with versus without Intensive Care Unit Admission. Respiration 2024; 103:233-250. [PMID: 38417420 DOI: 10.1159/000535391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many COVID-19 survivors suffer from persisting sequelae after acute disease. This is referred to as long COVID. The objectives of this study were to assess factors associated with long COVID and to analyze differences in persistent symptoms, findings on chest imaging, and pulmonary function between intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU hospitalized patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study including patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Patients were stratified into ICU patients and non-ICU patients. We analyzed the outcomes of patients who were in clinical follow-up 6 months after discharge with persistent symptoms, radiological and/or functional abnormalities. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between long COVID and patient characteristics. RESULTS A total of 549 patients were included. Eighty-one ICU patients (66%) and 146 (34%) non-ICU patients had persistent symptoms or abnormalities on chest imaging or lung function test minimally 6 months after discharge. Significantly more ICU patients had residual fibrotic abnormalities on chest CT and functional impairment. Female gender, myocardial infarction, OSAS, low PCO2 at admission, and longer hospital stay were associated with a higher risk of developing long COVID. Diabetes and treatment with tocilizumab were associated with a lower risk of developing long COVID. CONCLUSION Of the patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 34-66% suffered from persistent symptoms, residual abnormalities on chest imaging, or reduced lung function at around 6 months after discharge. While persistent sequelae were more frequent in ICU patients, admission to the ICU was not found to be an independent risk factor for developing long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen van Wincoop
- Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands,
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands,
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands,
| | - Hazra S Moeniralam
- Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Franz M N H Schramel
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Öztürk O, Domaç A, Ceylan Ș, Ayraler A, Tapur MA, Oruç MA. Evaluation of the reasons for the non‑COVID‑19 status: A socio‑demographic analysis. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2024; 4:3. [PMID: 38204893 PMCID: PMC10777444 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the reasons behind the fact that some individuals did not contract coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), considering certain socio-demographic data. The present cross-sectional study was conducted at a state hospital between February 1, 2022 and March 1, 2022. The study group consisted of individuals who never had COVID-19, and the control group consisted of individuals who did not know at the time of the study whether they had COVID-19. A data collection form consisting of 29 questions created based on a literature review was used. A total of 2,958 subjects (study group, 669; control group, 2,289) were included; of these, 53.1% were females and 46.9% were males. It was found that housewives (P<0.001), individuals with secondary school and lower education levels (P=0.02), those residing in rural areas (P=0.003), those who received a combination vaccine (P<0.001), those with chronic diseases (P=0.016), those who consumed more fruits (P=0.001), those who used N95 masks (P=0.002), those with pets (P<0.001) and those who did not follow the news regarding COVID-19 (P=0.016) had a higher probability of not contracting COVID-19. On the whole, the present study observed that socio-demographic factors affected the non-COVID-19 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Öztürk
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun 55070, Turkey
| | - Alaıddın Domaç
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bafra State Hospital, Samsun 55400, Turkey
| | - Șuayıp Ceylan
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun 55070, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ayraler
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun 28100, Turkey
| | | | - Muhammet Ali Oruç
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun 55070, Turkey
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Ciaffi J, Vanni E, Mancarella L, Brusi V, Lisi L, Pignatti F, Naldi S, Assirelli E, Neri S, Reta M, Faldini C, Ursini F. Post-Acute COVID-19 Joint Pain and New Onset of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111850. [PMID: 37296705 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of reports of post-acute COVID-19 musculoskeletal manifestations is rapidly rising, it is important to summarize the current available literature in order to shed light on this new and not fully understood phenomenon. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an updated picture of post-acute COVID-19 musculoskeletal manifestations of potential rheumatological interest, with a particular focus on joint pain, new onset of rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases and presence of autoantibodies related to inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. We included 54 original papers in our systematic review. The prevalence of arthralgia was found to range from 2% to 65% within a time frame varying from 4 weeks to 12 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inflammatory arthritis was also reported with various clinical phenotypes such as symmetrical polyarthritis with RA-like pattern similar to other prototypical viral arthritis, polymyalgia-like symptoms, or acute monoarthritis and oligoarthritis of large joints resembling reactive arthritis. Moreover, high figures of post-COVID-19 patients fulfilling the classification criteria for fibromyalgia were found, ranging from 31% to 40%. Finally, the available literature about prevalence of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies was largely inconsistent. In conclusion, manifestations of rheumatological interest such as joint pain, new-onset inflammatory arthritis and fibromyalgia are frequently reported after COVID-19, highlighting the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 as a trigger for the development of autoimmune conditions and rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Ciaffi
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Vanni
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luana Mancarella
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Brusi
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pignatti
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Naldi
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Assirelli
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Neri
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Reta
- UO Interaziendale Medicina Interna ad Indirizzo Reumatologico (SC) AUSL BO-IRCCS AOU BO, 40133 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Faldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- 1st Orthopedic and Traumatology Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Zhu Z, Pan X, Zhong F, Tian J, Ong MLY. What can we learn from the Baduanjin rehabilitation as COVID-19 treatment?: A narrative review. Nurs Open 2023; 10:2819-2830. [PMID: 36575646 PMCID: PMC9880712 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To understand Baduanjin rehabilitation therapy in mild COVID-19 patients. DESIGN A narrative review. METHODS A literature search for COVID-19 and Baduanjin treatments was conducted on Chinese and English electronic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Ebscohost, SPORTDiscus and ProQuest. RESULTS Twelve studies on the Baduanjin rehabilitation for COVID-19 patients have been included. We acknowledged the considerable published research and current clinical practice using Baduanjin for COVID-19 treatment in the following areas: anxiety, depression, insomnia, lung function rehabilitation, immunity and activity endurance. CONCLUSION The use of Baduanjin as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients' rehabilitation is still limited, therefore, more clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Zhu
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKubang KerianKelantanMalaysia
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- School of NursingHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaHunanChina
| | - Faping Zhong
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Hospital Changde City of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangdeHunanChina
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Geriatric MedicineXiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Marilyn Li Yin Ong
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKubang KerianKelantanMalaysia
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUK
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7
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Harding JL, Oviedo SA, Ali MK, Ofotokun I, Gander JC, Patel SA, Magliano DJ, Patzer RE. The bidirectional association between diabetes and long-COVID-19 - A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 195:110202. [PMID: 36496030 PMCID: PMC9727969 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that diabetes may be a risk factor for the development of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Recent data also indicate that new-onset diabetes may be a complication of COVID-19. Here, we review the existing evidence. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review through August 8, 2022. We included longitudinal studies reporting on the risk of PASC (i.e., sequelae that extend beyond four weeks after initial infection) in people with and without diabetes, and studies reporting on the risk of new-onset diabetes in people with vs without COVID-19 with a minimum of 4-weeks of follow-up. All studies were published in English. Among 5,532 studies screened, 39 were included in the final review. Among 25 studies reporting on diabetes and PASC, 44 % (n = 11) identified diabetes as a significant risk factor for PASC (increased relative risk ranging from 7 % to 342 %) while 56 % (n = 14) did not. Among 14 studies reporting on new-onset diabetes, 12 (86 %) reported that COVID-19 (vs no COVID) was significantly associated with new-onset diabetes with increased risks ranging from 11 % to 276 %. COVID-19 survivors may be at increased risk for new-onset diabetes, but whether pre-existing diabetes is also a risk factor for PASC remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Harding
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Sofia A Oviedo
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mohammed K Ali
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Behavioral Science and Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Grady Healthcare System Infection Disease Program, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer C Gander
- Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shivani A Patel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dianna J Magliano
- Diabetes and Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel E Patzer
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Mougakou E, Kyziroglou M, Tsankof A, Cholongitas E, Tziomalos K. Considerations for management of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute COVID-19. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:802-808. [PMID: 36312003 PMCID: PMC9606787 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i10.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for admission to intensive care unit and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On the other hand, medications used in the management of COVID-19 are potentially associated with increases in blood glucose levels and a higher incidence of infections. Accordingly, care of patients with DM and acute COVID-19 requires careful consideration of both diseases. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are associated with adverse outcomes and therefore frequent measurement of blood glucose levels and a basal-bolus insulin regimen are required in most patients. Regarding the management of COVID-19, dexamethasone increases blood glucose levels and might also increase the risk for infections. On the other hand, limited data suggest that antiviral and immunomodulatory agents used in COVID-19 are not strongly associated with higher incidence of infections in this population. As knowledge evolves in this field, optimization of the management of both DM and COVID-19 will hopefully improve the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Mougakou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Kyziroglou
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsankof
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
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Gao P, Liu J, Liu M. Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on Reducing the Risk of Long COVID in the Real World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12422. [PMID: 36231717 PMCID: PMC9566528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still in a global pandemic state. Some studies have reported that COVID-19 vaccines had a protective effect against long COVID. However, the conclusions of the studies on the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on long COVID were not consistent. This study aimed to systematically review relevant studies in the real world, and performed a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between vaccination and long COVID. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and ScienceDirect from inception to 19 September 2022. The PICO (P: patients; I: intervention; C: comparison; O: outcome) was as follows: patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (P); vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines (I); the patients were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (C); the outcomes were the occurrence of long COVID, as well as the various symptoms of long COVID (O). A fixed-effect model and random-effects model were chosen based on the heterogeneity between studies in order to pool the effect value. The results showed that the vaccinated group had a 29% lower risk of developing long COVID compared with the unvaccinated group (RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58-0.87, p < 0.01). Compared with patients who were not vaccinated, vaccination showed its protective effect in patients vaccinated with two doses (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.94, p < 0.01), but not one dose (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.65-1.07, p = 0.14). In addition, vaccination was effective against long COVD in patients either vaccinated before SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74-0.91, p < 0.01) or vaccinated after SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.92, p < 0.01). For long COVID symptoms, vaccination reduced the risk of cognitive dysfunction/symptoms, kidney diseases/problems, myalgia, and sleeping disorders/problems sleeping. Our study shows that COVID-19 vaccines had an effect on reducing the risk of long COVID in patients vaccinated before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19. We suggest that the vaccination rate should be improved as soon as possible, especially for a complete vaccination course. There should be more studies to explore the basic mechanisms of the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines on long COVID in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No. 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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