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Vergouw LJM, Geut H, Breedveld G, Kuipers DJS, Quadri M, Rozemuller AJM, van Swieten JC, de Jong FJ, van de Berg WDJ, Bonifati V. Clinical and Pathological Phenotypes of LRP10 Variant Carriers with Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1161-1170. [PMID: 32597809 PMCID: PMC7505004 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rare variants in the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 10 gene (LRP10) have recently been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Objective: We searched for LRP10 variants in a new series of brain donors with dementia and Lewy pathology (LP) at autopsy, or dementia and parkinsonism without LP but with various other neurodegenerative pathologies. Methods: Sanger sequencing of LRP10 was performed in 233 donors collected by the Netherlands Brain Bank. Results: Rare, possibly pathogenic heterozygous LRP10 variants were present in three patients: p.Gly453Ser in a patient with mixed Alzheimer’s disease (AD)/Lewy body disease (LBD), p.Arg151Cys in a DLB patient, and p.Gly326Asp in an AD patient without LP. All three patients had a positive family history for dementia or PD. Conclusion: Rare LRP10 variants are present in some patients with dementia and different brain pathologies including DLB, mixed AD/LBD, and AD. These findings suggest a role for LRP10 across a broad neurodegenerative spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J M Vergouw
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Breedveld
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demy J S Kuipers
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Jan de Jong
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Vergouw LJM, Melhem S, Donker Kaat L, Chiu WZ, Kuipers DJS, Breedveld G, Boon AJW, Wang LS, Naj AC, Mlynarksi E, Cantwell L, Quadri M, Ross OA, Dickson DW, Schellenberg GD, van Swieten JC, Bonifati V, de Jong FJ. LRP10 variants in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 94:311.e5-311.e10. [PMID: 32527607 PMCID: PMC8281359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether variants in LRP10, recently associated with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are observed in 2 large cohorts (discovery and validation cohort) of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). A total of 950 patients with PSP were enrolled: 246 patients with PSP (n = 85 possible (35%), n = 128 probable (52%), n = 33 definite (13%)) in the discovery cohort and 704 patients with definite PSP in the validation cohort. Sanger sequencing of all LRP10 exons and exon-intron boundaries was performed in the discovery cohort, and whole-exome sequencing was performed in the validation cohort. Two patients from the discovery cohort and 8 patients from the validation cohort carried a rare, heterozygous, and possibly pathogenic LRP10 variant (p.Gly326Asp, p.Asp389Asn, and p.Arg158His, p.Cys220Tyr, p.Thr278Ala, p.Gly306Asp, p.Glu486Asp, p.Arg554∗, p.Arg661Cys). In conclusion, possibly pathogenic LRP10 variants occur in a small fraction of patients with PSP and may be overrepresented in these patients compared with controls. This suggests that possibly pathogenic LRP10 variants may play a role in the development of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J M Vergouw
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shamiram Melhem
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Donker Kaat
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wang Z Chiu
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demy J S Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Agnita J W Boon
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Li-San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Naj
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mlynarksi
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Cantwell
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Jan de Jong
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Bernal-Conde LD, Ramos-Acevedo R, Reyes-Hernández MA, Balbuena-Olvera AJ, Morales-Moreno ID, Argüero-Sánchez R, Schüle B, Guerra-Crespo M. Alpha-Synuclein Physiology and Pathology: A Perspective on Cellular Structures and Organelles. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1399. [PMID: 32038126 PMCID: PMC6989544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is localized in cellular organelles of most neurons, but many of its physiological functions are only partially understood. α-syn accumulation is associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy as well as other synucleinopathies; however, the exact pathomechanisms that underlie these neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. In this review, we describe what is known about α-syn function and pathophysiological changes in different cellular structures and organelles, including what is known about its behavior as a prion-like protein. We summarize current knowledge of α-syn and its pathological forms, covering its effect on each organelle, including aggregation and toxicity in different model systems, with special interest on the mitochondria due to its relevance during the apoptotic process of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, we explore the effect that α-syn exerts by interacting with chromatin remodeling proteins that add or remove histone marks, up-regulate its own expression, and resume the impairment that α-syn induces in vesicular traffic by interacting with the endoplasmic reticulum. We then recapitulate the events that lead to Golgi apparatus fragmentation, caused by the presence of α-syn. Finally, we report the recent findings about the accumulation of α-syn, indirectly produced by the endolysosomal system. In conclusion, many important steps into the understanding of α-syn have been made using in vivo and in vitro models; however, the time is right to start integrating observational studies with mechanistic models of α-syn interactions, in order to look at a more complete picture of the pathophysiological processes underlying α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Bernal-Conde
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Acevedo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Reyes-Hernández
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea J. Balbuena-Olvera
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ishbelt D. Morales-Moreno
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Argüero-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Quadri M, Mandemakers W, Grochowska MM, Masius R, Geut H, Fabrizio E, Breedveld GJ, Kuipers D, Minneboo M, Vergouw LJM, Carreras Mascaro A, Yonova-Doing E, Simons E, Zhao T, Di Fonzo AB, Chang HC, Parchi P, Melis M, Correia Guedes L, Criscuolo C, Thomas A, Brouwer RWW, Heijsman D, Ingrassia AMT, Calandra Buonaura G, Rood JP, Capellari S, Rozemuller AJ, Sarchioto M, Fen Chien H, Vanacore N, Olgiati S, Wu-Chou YH, Yeh TH, Boon AJW, Hoogers SE, Ghazvini M, IJpma AS, van IJcken WFJ, Onofrj M, Barone P, Nicholl DJ, Puschmann A, De Mari M, Kievit AJ, Barbosa E, De Michele G, Majoor-Krakauer D, van Swieten JC, de Jong FJ, Ferreira JJ, Cossu G, Lu CS, Meco G, Cortelli P, van de Berg WDJ, Bonifati V. LRP10 genetic variants in familial Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a genome-wide linkage and sequencing study. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:597-608. [PMID: 29887161 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies do not carry mutations in known disease-causing genes. The aim of this study was to identify a novel gene implicated in the development of these disorders. METHODS Our study was done in three stages. First, we did genome-wide linkage analysis of an Italian family with dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease to identify the disease locus. Second, we sequenced the candidate gene in an international multicentre series of unrelated probands who were diagnosed either clinically or pathologically with Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies. As a control, we used gene sequencing data from individuals with abdominal aortic aneurysms (who were not examined neurologically). Third, we enrolled an independent series of patients diagnosed clinically with Parkinson's disease and controls with no signs or family history of Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies from centres in Portugal, Sardinia, and Taiwan, and screened them for specific variants. We also did mRNA and brain pathology studies in three patients from the international multicentre series carrying disease-associated variants, and we did functional protein studies in in-vitro models, including neurons from induced pluripotent stem-like cells. FINDINGS Molecular studies were done between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2017. In the initial kindred of ten affected Italian individuals (mean age of disease onset 59·8 years [SD 8·7]), we detected significant linkage of Parkinson's disease to chromosome 14 and nominated LRP10 as the disease-causing gene. Among the international series of 660 probands, we identified eight individuals (four with Parkinson's disease, two with Parkinson's disease dementia, and two with dementia with Lewy bodies) who carried different, rare, potentially pathogenic LRP10 variants; one carrier was found among 645 controls with abdominal aortic aneurysms. In the independent series, two of these eight variants were detected in three additional Parkinson's disease probands (two from Sardinia and one from Taiwan) but in none of the controls. Of the 11 probands from the international and independent cohorts with LRP10 variants, ten had a positive family history of disease and DNA was available from ten affected relatives (in seven of these families). The LRP10 variants were present in nine of these ten relatives, providing independent-albeit limited-evidence of co-segregation with disease. Post-mortem studies in three patients carrying distinct LRP10 variants showed severe Lewy body pathology. Of nine variants identified in total (one in the initial family and eight in stage 2), three severely affected LRP10 expression and mRNA stability (1424+5delG, 1424+5G→A, and Ala212Serfs*17, shown by cDNA analysis), four affected protein stability (Tyr307Asn, Gly603Arg, Arg235Cys, and Pro699Ser, shown by cycloheximide-chase experiments), and two affected protein localisation (Asn517del and Arg533Leu; shown by immunocytochemistry), pointing to loss of LRP10 function as a common pathogenic mechanism. INTERPRETATION Our findings implicate LRP10 gene defects in the development of inherited forms of α-synucleinopathies. Future elucidation of the function of the LRP10 protein and pathways could offer novel insights into mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. FUNDING Stichting ParkinsonFonds, Dorpmans-Wigmans Stichting, Erasmus Medical Center, ZonMw-Memorabel programme, EU Joint Programme Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), Parkinson's UK, Avtal om Läkarutbildning och Forskning (ALF) and Parkinsonfonden (Sweden), Lijf and Leven foundation, and cross-border grant of Alzheimer Netherlands-Ligue Européene Contre la Maladie d'Alzheimer (LECMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Roy Masius
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy AO2
- M, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edito Fabrizio
- Department of Neurological Sciences, "Sapienza" Università degli Studi di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Demy Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Minneboo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leonie J M Vergouw
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Simons
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Avans Hogeschool, Breda, Netherlands
| | - Tianna Zhao
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessio B Di Fonzo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Hsiu-Chen Chang
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Piero Parchi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna (ISBN), Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Melis
- Neurology Service and Stroke Unit, Brotzu General Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Santa Maria Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Medical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Aging Research Centre, Centro di Scienze dell'invecchiamento, Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Daphne Heijsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angela M T Ingrassia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy AO2
- M, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Calandra Buonaura
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna (ISBN), Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuroMotorie (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Janneke P Rood
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna (ISBN), Bologna, Italy; UOC Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annemieke J Rozemuller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy AO2
- M, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marianna Sarchioto
- Neurology Service and Stroke Unit, Brotzu General Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hsin Fen Chien
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Bluebee, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Agnita J W Boon
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E Hoogers
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Department of Developmental Biology, iPS Core Facility, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arne S IJpma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Medical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Aging Research Centre, Centro di Scienze dell'invecchiamento, Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anneke J Kievit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Egberto Barbosa
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Frank J de Jong
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Cossu
- Neurology Service and Stroke Unit, Brotzu General Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Giuseppe Meco
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Research Centre for Social Diseases (CIMS), "Sapienza" Università degli Studi di Roma, Rome, Italy; Neurological Centre of Latium [Gruppo NEUROMED]) Centro Studi Clinici Malattia di Parkinson, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna (ISBN), Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuroMotorie (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy AO2
- M, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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