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Sezginer O, Unver N. Dissection of pro-tumoral macrophage subtypes and immunosuppressive cells participating in M2 polarization. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1411-1423. [PMID: 38935134 PMCID: PMC11349836 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization can result in one of four subtypes based on cytokines and signaling pathways associated with macrophage activation: M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d macrophages. The majority of M2 subtypes are anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic, secreting growth factors (VEGF, PDGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9) which boost tumor growth, metastasis, and invasion. M2-polarized macrophages are associated with immune suppressor cells harboring Myeloid derived suppressor cells, Regulatory T cells (Tregs), Regulatory B cells as well as alternatively activated (N2) neutrophils. Treg cells selectively support the metabolic stability, mitochondrial integrity, and survival rate of M2-like TAMs in an indirect environment. Also, the contribution of Breg cells influences macrophage polarization towards the M2 direction. TAM is activated when TAN levels in the tumor microenvironment are insufficient or vice versa, suggesting that macrophage and its polarization are fine-tuned. Understanding the functions of immune suppressive cells, mediators, and signaling pathways involved with M2 polarization will allow us to identify potential strategies for targeting the TAM repolarization phenotype for innovative immunotherapy approaches. In this review, we have highlighted the critical factors for M2 macrophage polarization, differential cytokine/chemokine profiles of M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes, and other immune cells' impact on the polarization within the immunosuppressive niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onurcan Sezginer
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | - Nese Unver
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye.
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2
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Ai J, Weng Y, Jiang L, Liu C, Liu H, Chen H. Dexamethasone Suppresses IL-33-exacerbated Malignant Phenotype of U87MG Glioblastoma Cells via NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:389-397. [PMID: 38192141 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206281991231222073858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-33 is highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) and promotes tumor progression. Targeting IL-33 may be an effective strategy for the treatment of GBM. Dexamethasone (DEX) is a controversial drug routinely used clinically in GBM therapy. Whether DEX has an effect on IL-33 is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DEX on IL-33 and the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS U87MG cells were induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to express IL-33 and then treated with DEX. The mRNA levels of IL-33, NF-κB p65, ERK1/2, and p38 were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of IL-33, IkBα (a specific inhibitor of NF-κB) and MKP-1 (a negative regulator of MAPK), as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, were detected by Western blotting. The secretion of IL-33 was measured by ELISA. The proliferation, migration and invasion of U87MG cells were detected by CCK8 and transwell assays, respectively. RESULTS DEX significantly reduced TNF-α-induced production of IL-33 in U87MG cells, which was dependent on inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and was accompanied by the increased expression of IkBα but not MKP-1. Furthermore, the proliferation, migration and invasion of U87MG cells exacerbated by IL-33 were suppressed by DEX. CONCLUSION DEX inhibited the production and tumor-promoting function of IL-33. Whether DEX can benefit GBM patients remains controversial. Our results suggest that GBM patients with high IL-33 expression may benefit from DEX treatment and deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Yinhua Weng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
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3
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Deng X, Wang P, Mo Y, Zhang Y, Tong X. Cytokines as drivers: Unraveling the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in COVID-19 lung fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149118. [PMID: 37931361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like other viruses, can induce proliferation of myofibroblasts and even lead to fibrosis in the lung. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). EMT is originally a critical process that regulates the development of different tissues in the embryo, but in inflammatory situations, EMT tries to be activated again to control inflammation or even heal inflammatory damage. However, in pathological situations, such as chronic viral infections (e.g., COVID-19) or pulmonary fibrosis initiation, this benign healing transforms into sinister nature, pushing the lung into the fibrotic process. Notably, the cytokines released by inflammatory cells and the chronic inflammatory microenvironment shared by fibrotic cells promote each other as critical factors in the induction of pathological EMT. In the induction of SARS-CoV-2 virus, cytokines are an essential mediator of EMT transformation, and a summary of whether COVID-19 patients, during the infection phase, have many persistent inflammatory mediators (cytokines) that are a causative factor of EMT has not yet appeared. The following common signaling drivers, including Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), cytokines, Notch signaling pathway, Wnt and hypoxia signaling pathways, drive the regulation of EMT. In this review, we will focus on 3 key EMT signaling pathways: TGF-β, Leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 (LZTFL1) and the common interleukin family expressed in the lung. TGF-β-induced SNAIL and LZTFL1 were identified as regulatory EMT in COVID-19. For cytokines, the interleukin family is a common inducer of EMT and plays an essential role in the formation of the microenvironment of fibrosis. We sought to demonstrate that cytokines act as "communicators" and build the "microenvironment" of fibrosis together with EMT as a "bridge" to induce EMT in fibrosis. The mechanisms utilized by these two pathways could serve as templates for other mesenchymal transformations and provide new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China (Airport) Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- School of Professional Studies, Columbia University, USA
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) 363 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuansheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China (Airport) Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Naef P, Radpour R, Jaeger-Ruckstuhl CA, Bodmer N, Baerlocher GM, Doehner H, Doehner K, Riether C, Ochsenbein AF. IL-33-ST2 signaling promotes stemness in subtypes of myeloid leukemia cells through the Wnt and Notch pathways. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadd7705. [PMID: 37643244 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add7705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell stemness is characterized by quiescence, pluripotency, and long-term self-renewal capacity. Therapy-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are the primary cause of relapse in patients with chronic and acute myeloid leukemia (CML and AML). However, the same signaling pathways frequently support stemness in both LSCs and normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), making LSCs difficult to therapeutically target. In cell lines and patient samples, we found that interleukin-33 (IL-33) signaling promoted stemness only in leukemia cells in a subtype-specific manner. The IL-33 receptor ST2 was abundant on the surfaces of CD34+ BCR/ABL1 CML and CD34+ AML cells harboring AML1/ETO and DEK/NUP214 translocations or deletion of chromosome 9q [del(9q)]. The cell surface abundance of ST2, which was lower or absent on other leukemia subtypes and HSCs, correlated with stemness, activated Wnt signaling, and repressed Notch signaling. IL-33-ST2 signaling promoted the maintenance and expansion of AML1/ETO-, DEK/NUP214-, and BCR/ABL1-positive LSCs in culture and in mice by activating Wnt, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling. Wnt signaling and its inhibition of the Notch pathway up-regulated the expression of the gene encoding ST2, thus forming a cell-autonomous loop. IL-33-ST2 signaling promoted the resistance of CML cells to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) nilotinib and of AML cells to standard chemotherapy. Thus, inhibiting IL-33-ST2 signaling may target LSCs to overcome resistance to chemotherapy or TKIs in these subtypes of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Naef
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Carla A Jaeger-Ruckstuhl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Nils Bodmer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela M Baerlocher
- Laboratory for Hematopoiesis and Molecular Genetics, Experimental Hematology, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Doehner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Konstanze Doehner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Adrian F Ochsenbein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
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Umebashi K, Yamamoto M, Tokito A, Sudou K, Takenoshita Y, Jougasaki M. Inhibitory Effects of Simvastatin on IL-33-Induced MCP-1 via the Suppression of the JNK Pathway in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13015. [PMID: 37629196 PMCID: PMC10456058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An alarmin, interleukin (IL)-33 is a danger signal that causes inflammation, inducing chemotactic proteins such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in various cells. As statins have pleiotropic actions including anti-inflammatory properties, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on IL-33-induced MCP-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were stimulated with IL-33 in the presence or absence of simvastatin. Gene expression and protein secretion of MCP-1, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear translocation of phosphorylated c-Jun, and human monocyte migration were investigated. Immunocytochemical staining and Western immunoblot analysis revealed that IL-33 augmented MCP-1 protein expression in HUVECs. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that IL-33 significantly increased MCP-1 mRNA and protein secretion, which were suppressed by c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Simvastatin inhibited IL-33-induced MCP-1 mRNA, protein secretion, phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun. Additionally, the IL-33-induced nuclear translocation of phosphorylated c-Jun and THP-1 monocyte migration were also blocked by simvastatin. This study demonstrated that IL-33 induces MCP-1 expression via the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in HUVECs, and that simvastatin inhibits MCP-1 production by selectively suppressing JNK. Simvastatin may inhibit the progression of IL-33-induced inflammation via suppressing JNK to prevent MCP-1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michihisa Jougasaki
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima 892-0853, Japan; (K.U.); (M.Y.); (A.T.); (K.S.); (Y.T.)
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6
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Lin S, Li K, Qi L. Cancer stem cells in brain tumors: From origin to clinical implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e341. [PMID: 37576862 PMCID: PMC10412776 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are highly heterogeneous tumors with a poor prognosis and a high morbidity and mortality rate in both children and adults. The cancer stem cell (CSC, also named tumor-initiating cell) model states that tumor growth is driven by a subset of CSCs. This model explains some of the clinical observations of brain tumors, including the almost unavoidable tumor recurrence after initial successful chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and treatment resistance. Over the past two decades, strategies for the identification and characterization of brain CSCs have improved significantly, supporting the design of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Relevant studies have unveiled novel characteristics of CSCs in the brain, including their heterogeneity and distinctive immunobiology, which have provided opportunities for new research directions and potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CSCs markers and stemness regulators in brain tumors. We also comprehensively describe the influence of the CSCs niche and tumor microenvironment on brain tumor stemness, including interactions between CSCs and the immune system, and discuss the potential application of CSCs in brain-based therapies for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Lin
- Institute of Digestive DiseaseThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityQingyuan People's HospitalQingyuanGuangdongChina
| | - Kaishu Li
- Institute of Digestive DiseaseThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityQingyuan People's HospitalQingyuanGuangdongChina
| | - Ling Qi
- Institute of Digestive DiseaseThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityQingyuan People's HospitalQingyuanGuangdongChina
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7
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Tatu AL, Nadasdy T, Arbune A, Chioncel V, Bobeica C, Niculet E, Iancu AV, Dumitru C, Popa VT, Kluger N, Clatici VG, Vasile CI, Onisor C, Nechifor A. Interrelationship and Sequencing of Interleukins4, 13, 31, and 33 - An Integrated Systematic Review: Dermatological and Multidisciplinary Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5163-5184. [PMID: 36110506 PMCID: PMC9468867 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s374060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelations and sequencing of interleukins are complex (inter)actions where each interleukin can stimulate the secretion of its preceding interleukin. In this paper, we attempt to summarize the currently known roles of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and IL-33 from a multi-disciplinary perspective. In order to conduct a comprehensive review of the current literature, a search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Medscape, UpToDate, and Key Elsevier for keywords. The results were compiled from case reports, case series, letters, and literature review papers, and analyzed by a panel of multi-disciplinary specialist physicians for relevance. Based on 173 results, we compiled the following review of interleukin signaling and its clinical significance across a multitude of medical specialties. Interleukins are at the bed rock of a multitude of pathologies across different organ systems and understanding their role will likely lead to novel treatments and better outcomes for our patients. New interleukins are being described, and the role of this inflammatory cascade is still coming to light. We hope this multi-discipline review on the role interleukins play in current pathology assists in this scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania.,Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania.,Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania
| | - Thomas Nadasdy
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania.,Dermatology Department, Municipal Emergency Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Anca Arbune
- Neurology Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Chioncel
- Neurology Department, "Bagdasar-Arseni" Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Bobeica
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Elena Niculet
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania
| | - Alina Viorica Iancu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Caterina Dumitru
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Valentin Tudor Popa
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania.,Dermatology Department, Center for the Morphologic Study of the Skin MORPHODERM, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Apolo Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Claudiu Ionut Vasile
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Cristian Onisor
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Alexandru Nechifor
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
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8
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He B, Teng XM, Hao F, Zhao M, Chen ZQ, Li KM, Yan Q. Decreased intracellular IL-33 impairs endometrial receptivity in women with adenomyosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:928024. [PMID: 35937844 PMCID: PMC9353328 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.928024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomyosis is a common benign uterine lesion that is associated with female infertility, reduced clinical pregnancy rate and high miscarriage risk. While it has been known that the impaired endometrial receptivity is implicated in infertility in patients with adenomyosis, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that intracellular protein level of IL-33 was downregulated in the endometrium of patients with adenomyosis, and IL-33 expression status was shown to be positively correlated with that of HOXA10, an endometrial receptivity marker. The subsequent analysis indicated IL-33 overexpression led to the increase of HOXA10 expression and enhancement of embryo implantation in vitro, which was accompanied with induction of STAT3 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, cryptotanshinone, a potent STAT3 inhibitor, was found to significantly suppress the increase of HOXA10 expression and embryo implantation caused by IL-33 overexpression in vitro, revealing the critical role of STAT3 activity. Consistently, the positive relationship between IL33 and HOXA10 expression in the endometrium was verified in the analysis of adenomyosis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Teng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Hao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qin Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Ming Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Yan, ; Kun-Ming Li,
| | - Qiang Yan
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Yan, ; Kun-Ming Li,
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9
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Chung YH, Qian Q, Huang HY, Chiu WT, Yang CS, Tzeng SF. The Nuclear Function of IL-33 in Desensitization to DNA Damaging Agent and Change of Glioma Nuclear Structure. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:713336. [PMID: 34744630 PMCID: PMC8565524 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.713336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma, the most common subtype of primary brain tumor, is an aggressive and highly invasive neurologically tumor among human cancers. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is considered as a dual functional cytokine, an alarmin upon tissue damage and a nuclear chromatin-associated protein. Despite that, IL-33 is known to foster the formation of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and facilitate glioma progression, evidence showing nuclear IL-33 function is still poor. In this study using lentivirus-mediated IL-33 gene knockdown (IL33KD) and IL-33 overexpression (IL33oe) in rat C6 glioma cells and human glioma cell lines (U251MG and U87MG), we found that IL33oe-glioma cells had resistance to the insults of the alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), possibly because of the increased expression of DNA repair genes (i.e., BRCA1, BRCA2, Rad51, FANCB, and FANCD) in IL33oe-glioma cells. Alternatively, examination of glioma nuclear shape from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging analysis and immunofluorescence for histone protein H2A staining showed that IL33KD attenuated the abnormal cancerous nuclear characteristic, such as indentation, long clefts, and multiple nucleoids. Yet, IL33oe promoted the changes in glioma nuclear shapes, such as the formation of multiple lobes. We further found that histone proteins, H2A and H3, were reduced in IL33KD glioma cells. The non-histone DNA-binding nucleoproteins, the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) and HMGA2, were also downregulated by IL33KD. In contrast, IL33oe increased H2A and H3 proteins and HMGA1 and HMGA2 in glioma cells. Altogether, the upregulation of nuclear IL-33 expression was along with an increase in the expression of DNA repair genes, contributing to the desensitization of glioma cells to DNA damaging agents. Moreover, nuclear IL-33 proteins in cooperation with chromatin-associated proteins regulate glioma nuclear structure, which might be crucial for glioma progression and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chung
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Qiu Qian
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shi Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Allavena P, Digifico E, Belgiovine C. Macrophages and cancer stem cells: a malevolent alliance. Mol Med 2021; 27:121. [PMID: 34583655 PMCID: PMC8480058 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells infiltrating tumors are gaining ever growing attention in the last years because their pro-tumor and immunosuppressive functions are relevant for disease progression and therapeutic responses. The functional ambiguity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), mostly promoting tumor evolution, is a challenging hurdle. This is even more evident in the case of cancer stem cells (CSCs); as active participants in the specialized environment of the cancer stem cell niche, TAMs initiate a reciprocal conversation with CSCs. TAMs contribute to protect CSCs from the hostile environment (exogenous insults, toxic compounds, attacks from the immune cells), and produce several biologically active mediators that modulate crucial developmental pathways that sustain cancer cell stemness. In this review, we have focused our attention on the interaction between TAMs and CSCs; we describe how TAMs impact on CSC biology and, in turn, how CSCs exploit the tissue trophic activity of macrophages to survive and progress. Since CSCs are responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence, they are important therapeutic targets. In view of the recent success in oncology obtained by stimulating the immune system, we discuss some macrophage-targeted therapeutic strategies that may also affect the CSCs and interrupt their malevolent alliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Allavena
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center -IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - Elisabeth Digifico
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center -IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Cristina Belgiovine
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center -IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
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11
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Jiang W, Lian J, Yue Y, Zhang Y. IL-33/ST2 as a potential target for tumor immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1943-1955. [PMID: 34131922 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family, was initially reported to be expressed constitutively in the nucleus of tissue-lining and structural cells. However, upon tissue damage or injury, IL-33 can be released quickly to bind with its cognate receptor ST2 in response to wound healing and inflammation and act as a DAMP. As a key regulator of Th2 responses, IL-33/ST2 signal is primarily associated with immunity and immune-related disorders. In recent years, IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has been reported to promote the development of cancer and remodel the tumor microenvironment by expanding immune suppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells or regulatory T cells. However, its role remains controversial in some tumor settings. IL-33 could also promote effective infiltration of immune cells such as CD8+ T and NK cells, which act as antitumor. These dual effects may limit the clinical application to target this cytokine axis. Therefore, more comprehensive exploration and deeper understanding of IL-33 are required. In this review, we summarized the IL-33/ST2 axis versatile roles in the tumor microenvironment with a focus on the IL-33-target immune cells and downstream signaling pathways. We also discuss how the IL-33/ST2 axis could be used as a potential therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Jiang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingyao Lian
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Clinical Laboratory, Henan Medical College Hospital Workers, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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12
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Sun Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Wen L, You W, Wei S, Mao L, Wang H, Chen Z, Yang X. Therapeutic Opportunities of Interleukin-33 in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654626. [PMID: 34079543 PMCID: PMC8165230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is involved in various diseases. IL-33 exerts its effects via its heterodimeric receptor complex, which comprises suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that IL-33/ST2 signaling plays diverse but crucial roles in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, infection, trauma, and ischemic stroke. In the current review, we focus on the functional roles and cellular signaling mechanisms of IL-33 in the CNS and evaluate the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yankai Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wendong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Chen D, Zhao H. The inhibiting effects of microRNA-429 on the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting epithelial mesenchymal transition. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:3286-3293. [PMID: 34017500 PMCID: PMC8129377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To research the effects and related mechanism of microRNA (miRNA)-429 in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS The proliferation and invasion ability of cells were evaluated through MTT assay and transwell assay, respectively. The expression of proteins and mRNA were examined by immunofluorescence, western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The effects and potential mechanism of miR-429 in PDAC cells were explored and evaluated. Our study suggested that miR-429 is closely related with the progression of cancer. Overexpressed miR-429 restricted the mobility and proliferation of PDAC cells by restricting EMT, while down-regulated miR-429 had the opposite effect. These above results implied that miR-429 suppresses the development of PDAC by regulating EMT. CONCLUSION MiR-429 inhibits the progression of PDAC cells by regulating EMT. Our study provided a novel potential mechanism for the occurrence of PDAC and laid the foundation for the development of miRNA targeted therapy in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Haoliang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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14
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Lin L, Cai J, Tan Z, Meng X, Li R, Li Y, Jiang C. Mutant IDH1 Enhances Temozolomide Sensitivity via Regulation of the ATM/CHK2 Pathway in Glioma. Cancer Res Treat 2020; 53:367-377. [PMID: 33070553 PMCID: PMC8053882 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2020.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations are the most common genetic abnormalities in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. Glioma patients with these mutations had better clinical outcomes. However, the effect of IDH1 mutation on drug sensitivity is still under debate. Materials and Methods IDH1-R132H mutant cells were established by lentivirus. IDH1-R132H protein expression was confirmed by western blot. The expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling pathway and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot. Temozolomide (TMZ) induced cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Tumor cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8. In vivo nude mice were used to confirm the in vitro roles of IDH1 mutation. RESULTS We established glioma cell lines that expressed IDH1-R132H mutation stably. We found that TMZ inhibited glioma cells proliferation more significantly in IDH1 mutant cells compared to wild type. The IC50 of TMZ in IDH1-R132H mutant group was less than half that of wild-type group (p < 0.01). TMZ significantly induced more DNA damage (quantification of γH2AX expression in IDH1 mutation vs. wild type, p < 0.05) and apoptosis (quantification of AnnexinV+propidium iodide-cells in IDH1 mutation versus wild type, p < 0.01) in IDH1 mutant gliomas compared to wild-type gliomas. The ATM-associated DNA repair signal was impaired in IDH1 mutant cells. Inhibiting the ATM/checkpoint kinase 2DNA repair pathway further sensitized IDH1 mutant glioma cells to chemotherapy. We found that IDH1 mutation significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo (the tumor size was analyzed statistically, p < 0.05). Moreover, we confirmed that gliomas with IDH1 mutation were more sensitive to TMZ in vivo compared to wild type significantly and the results were consistent with the in vitro experiment. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that combination of TMZ and ATM inhibitor enhances the antitumor effect in IDH1 mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zixiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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Eissmann MF, Buchert M, Ernst M. IL33 and Mast Cells-The Key Regulators of Immune Responses in Gastrointestinal Cancers? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1389. [PMID: 32719677 PMCID: PMC7350537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin (IL-)1 family IL33 is best known for eliciting type 2 immune responses by stimulating mast cells (MCs), regulatory T-cells (Tregs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and other immune cells. MCs and IL33 provide critical control of immunological and epithelial homeostasis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Meanwhile, the role of MCs in solid malignancies appears tissue-specific with both pro and anti-tumorigenic activities. Likewise, IL33 signaling significantly shapes immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, but these effects remain often dichotomous when assessed in experimental models of cancer. Thus, the balance between tumor suppressing and tumor promoting activities of IL33 are highly context dependent, and most likely dictated by the mixture of cell types responding to IL33. Adding to this complexity is the promiscuous nature by which MCs respond to cytokines other than IL33 and release chemotactic factors that recruit immune cells into the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we integrate the outcomes of recent studies on the role of MCs and IL33 in cancer with our own observations in the GI tract. We propose a working model where the most abundant IL33 responsive immune cell type is likely to dictate an overall tumor-supporting or tumor suppressing outcome in vivo. We discuss how these opposing responses affect the therapeutic potential of targeting MC and IL33, and highlight the caveats and challenges facing our ability to effectively harness MCs and IL33 biology for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F Eissmann
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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