LncRNA FAM83H-AS1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression by regulating the miR-136-5p/metadherin axis

Role of glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase in breast cancer doxorubicin sensitivity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most effective and widely used chemotherapeutic drugs. However, DOX resistance is a critical risk problem for breast cancer treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated that metadherin (MTDH) involves in DOX resistance in breast cancer, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase (QPCT) was a MTDH DOX resistance-related downstream gene in breast cancer. Elevated expression of QPCT was found in the GEPIA database, breast cancer tissue, and breast cancer cells. Clinical data showed that QPCT expression was positively associated with poor prognosis in DOX-treated patients. Overexpression of QPCT could promote the proliferation, invasion and migration, and reduce DOX sensitivity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanistically, MTDH positively regulates the expressions of NF-κB (p65) and QPCT, and NF-κB (p65) directly regulates the expression of QPCT. Therefore, MTDH/NF-κB (p65)/QPCT signal axis was proposed. Collectively, our findings delineate the mechanism by which the MTDH/NF-κB (p65) axis regulate QPCT signaling and suggest that this complex may play an essential role in breast cancer progression and affect DOX sensitivity.

Molecular Mechanism of lncRNAs in Regulation of Breast Cancer Metastasis; a Comprehensive Review

Although the number of breast cancer deaths has decreased, and there have been developments in targeted therapies and combination treatments for the management of metastatic illness, metastatic breast cancer is still the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in U.S. women. Numerous phases and a vast number of proteins and signaling molecules are involved in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The tumor cells penetrate and enter the blood or lymphatic vessels, and travel to distant organs via the lymphatic or blood vessels. Tumor cells enter cell cycle arrest, adhere to capillary beds in the target organ, and then disseminate throughout the organ's parenchyma, proliferating and enhancing angiogenesis. Each of these processes is regulated by changes in the expression of different genes, in which lncRNAs play a role in this regulation. Transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides and do not translate into proteins are called RNAs. LncRNA molecules, whose function depends on their unique molecular structure, play significant roles in controlling the expression of genes at various epigenetic levels, transcription, and so on. LncRNAs have essential functions in regulating the expression of genes linked to cell development in healthy and pathological processes, specialization, programmed cell death, cell division, invasion, DNA damage, and spread to other parts of the body. A number of cancer types have been shown to exhibit aberrant expression of lncRNAs. In this review, we describe the general characteristics, potential molecular mechanisms and targeted therapy of lncRNAs and discuss the emerging functions of lncRNAs in breast cancer.

LncRNA FAM83H-AS1 inhibits ferroptosis of endometrial cancer by promoting DNMT1-mediated CDO1 promoter hypermethylation

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent gynecological epithelial malignancy. DNA methylation is a promising cancer biomarker but limited use for detecting EC. We previously found that the level of cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) promoter methylation was elevated in EC patients through methylomics, but the role and mechanism of CDO1 in EC remained unclear. Here, the methylation level of CDO1 promoter was detected by bisulfite-sequencing PCR and methylation-specific PCR (bisulfite conversion-based PCR methods, which remain the most commonly used techniques for methylation detection). Cells were incubated with erastin (the ferroptosis activator). Cell vitality was measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay. FAM83H-AS1 cellular distribution was analyzed by the fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. Lipid reactive oxygen species level was examined by BODIPY-C11 staining. The interactions between FAM83H-AS1, CDO1, and DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) were analyzed by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation or chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The xenograft mouse model was utilized to test CDO1 and FAM83H-AS1's influence on tumor development in vivo. Results showed that CDO1 was hypermethylated and downregulated in EC. CDO1 knockdown reduced erastin-induced ferroptosis in EC cells. Mechanistically, DNMT1 is a DNA methyltransferase, which can transfer methyl groups to cytosine nucleotides in genomic DNA. Long noncoding RNA FAM83H-AS1 increased CDO1 promoter methylation level and inhibited its expression in EC cells by recruiting DNMT1. CDO1 knockdown or FAM83H-AS1 overexpression promoted EC tumor growth in vivo. Long noncoding RNA FAM83H-AS1 inhibited ferroptosis in EC by recruiting DNMT1 to increase CDO1 promoter methylation level and inhibit its expression.

M6A-modified lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 promotes colorectal cancer progression through PTBP1

LncRNA plays a crucial role in cancer progression and targeting, but it has been difficult to identify the critical lncRNAs involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. We identified FAM83H-AS1 as a tumor-promoting associated lncRNA using 21 pairs of stage IV CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that knockdown of FAM83H-AS1 in CRC cells inhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis, and vice versa. M6A modification is critical for FAM83H-AS1 RNA stability through the writer METTL3 and the readers IGF2BP2/IGFBP3. PTBP1-an RNA binding protein-is responsible for the FAM83H-AS1 function in CRC. T4 (1770-2440 nt) and T5 (2440-2743 nt) on exon 4 of FAM83H-AS1 provide a platform for PTBP1 RRM2 interactions. Our results demonstrated that m6A modification dysregulated the FAM83H-AS1 oncogenic role by phosphorylated PTBP1 on its RNA splicing effect. In patient-derived xenograft models, ASO-FAM83H-AS1 significantly suppressed the growth of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors, not only CRC but also GC and ESCC. The combination of ASO-FAM83H-AS1 and oxaliplatin/cisplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with treatment with either agent alone. Notably, there was pathological complete response in all these three GI cancers. Our findings suggest that FAM83H-AS1 targeted therapy would benefit patients primarily receiving platinum-based therapy in GI cancers.

CircROBO1 knockdown improves the radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating RAD21

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Radioresistance is a common problem in the treatment of many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies have shown that circROBO1 is highly expressed in HCC tissues and acts as a cancer promoter to accelerate the malignant progression of HCC. However, the role and mechanism of circROBO1 in HCC radioresistance remain unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CircROBO1, microRNA (miR)-136-5p and RAD21 expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell function and radioresistance were evaluated by colony formation assay, cell counting kit 8 assay, EdU assay and flow cytometry. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis. RNA interaction was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay. In vivo experiments were performed by constructing mice xenograft models.

RESULTS

CircROBO1 was highly expressed in HCC, and its knockdown inhibited HCC cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis to enhance cell radiosensitivity. On the mechanism, circROBO1 could serve as miR-136-5p sponge to positively regulate RAD21. MiR-136-5p inhibitor or RAD21 overexpression reversed the regulation of circROBO1 knockdown on the radiosensitivity of HCC cells. Also, circROBO1 interference improved the radiosensitivity of HCC tumors in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

CircROBO1 might be a promising target for treating HCC radioresistance.

WTAP-Involved the m6A Modification of lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 Accelerates the Development of Gastric Cancer

The long noncoding RNA FAM83H-antisense RNA 1 (FAM83H-AS1) is involved in gastric cancer (GC) development. This study determined whether FAM83H-AS1 was regulated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in GC. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression levels of FAM83H-AS1 and Wilms' tumor 1 associated protein (WTAP). The protein content of WTAP was evaluated using western blotting. To assess the m6A alterations in FAM83H-AS1, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation was performed to identify interactions between WTAP and FAM83H-AS1. Functionally, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells were measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell assays, respectively. High expression levels of FAM83H-AS1 and WTAP were detected in GC samples and there was a positive correlation between them. In addition, WTAP mediates FAM83H-AS1 expression in an m6A-dependent manner. Further investigations indicated that WTAP silencing reversed the cancer-promoting role of FAM83H-AS1 overexpression in GC cell migration, proliferation, and invasion. Our results suggest that WTAP-mediated FAM83H-AS1 promotes GC development via m6A modification. Our findings provide new biomarkers for GC diagnosis and targeted therapy.

Novel associations between MTDH gene polymorphisms and invasive ductal breast cancer: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE

To reveal the contributing effects of MTDH gene SNPs in the risk of invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A case-control study was conducted, recruiting a total of 300 cases of IDC and 565 cancer-free controls from East China. Genotyping of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MTDH gene was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of patients. The three SNPs (rs1311 T > C, rs16896059 G > A, rs2449512 A > G) in the MTDH gene were selected for detection using a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The association between MTDH and the risk of IDC was analyzed employing an epidemiology case-control study and a multinomial logistic regression model.

RESULTS

Among the three evaluated SNPs, rs1311 T > C, rs16896059 G > A, and rs2449512 A > G demonstrated a significant association with an increased risk of IDC. Furthermore, stratified analysis revealed that individuals carrying the rs1311 CC genotype, rs16896059 GA/AA genotypes, and rs2449512 GG genotype were more susceptible to developing IDC in subgroups of patients younger than 53 years, without family history of IDC, pre-menopause status, clinical stage 2, high grade, with no distant metastasis or invasion, Her2-positive type, ER positive, PR positive, and Ki67 cells less than 10%. However, carriers of the rs16896059 GA/AA genotypes and rs2449512 GG genotype had an elevate the risk of IDC in patients with tumor size larger than 2 cm, post-menopause status, clinical stage 3, with invasion, lymph node infiltration, ER negative, PR negative, Her2 negative, and Ki67 cells exceeding 10%. Compared to the reference haplotype TGA, haplotypes TAA, TAG, and TGG were significantly associated with an increased IDC risk.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we demonstrated a significant association between MTDH gene polymorphisms and an increased risk of IDC. Moreover, our findings suggested that MTDH gene polymorphisms could serve as a potential biomarker for IDC subtyping and therapeutic selection.

MiR-136-5p in cancer: Roles, mechanisms, and chemotherapy resistance

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression, and the deregulation of their activity has been linked to the onset and progression of a variety of human malignancies. Among these miRNAs, miR-136-5p has attracted significant attention due to its diverse roles in cancer biology. Mostly, miR-136-5p is downregulated in malignancies. It could inhibit viability, proliferation, migration, invasion and promote apoptosis of tumor cells. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of miR-136-5p in different sorts of human cancers: genital tumors, head and neck tumors, tumors from the digestive and urinary systems, skin cancers, neurologic tumors, pulmonary neoplasms and other cancers by discussing its molecular mechanisms, functional roles, and impact in chemotherapies. In conclusion, miR-136-5p could be a promising new biomarker and potential clinical therapeutic target.

LncRNA FAM83H-AS1 Contributes to the Radio-resistance and Proliferation in Liver Cancer through Stability FAM83H Protein

BACKGROUND

Liver cancer (LC) is one of China's most common malignant tumors, with a high mortality rate, ranking third leading cause of death after gastric and esophageal cancer. Recent patents propose the LncRNA FAM83H-AS1 has been verified to perform a crucial role in the progression of LC. LncRNA FAM83H-AS1 has been verified to perform a crucial role in the progression of LC. However, the concrete mechanism remains to be pending further investigation.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the embedding mechanism of FAM83H-AS1 molecules in terms of radio sensitivity of LC and provide potentially effective therapeutic targets for LC therapy.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to measure the transcription levels of genes. Proliferation was determined via CCK8 and colony formation assays. Western blot was carried out to detect the relative protein expression. A xenograft mouse model was constructed to investigate the effect of LncRNA FAM83H-AS1 on tumor growth and radio-sensitivity in vivo.

RESULTS

The levels of lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 were remarkably increased in LC. Knockdown of FAM83H-AS1 inhibited LC cell proliferation and colony survival fraction. Deletion of FAM83H-AS1 increased the sensitivity of LC cells to 4 Gy of X-ray radiation. In the xenograft model, radiotherapy combined with FAM83H-AS1 silencing significantly reduced tumor volume and weight. Overexpression of FAM83H reversed the effects of FAM83H-AS1 deletion on proliferation and colony survival fraction in LC cells. Moreover, the over-expressing of FAM83H also restored the tumor volume and weight reduction caused by the knockdown of FAM83H-AS1 or radiation in the xenograft model.

CONCLUSION

Knockdown of lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 inhibited LC growth and enhanced radiosensitivity in LC. It has the potential to be a promising target for LC therapy.

miR-136-5p: A key player in human cancers with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications

MiRNAs have emerged as crucial modulators of the expression of their target genes, attracting significant attention due to their engagement in various cellular processes, like cancer onset and development. Amidst the extensive repertoire of miRNAs implicated in cancer, miR-136-5p has emerged as an emerging miRNA with diverse roles. Dysregulation of miR-136-5p has been proved in human cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that miR-136-5p mainly functions as a tumor suppressor. These data proposed that miR-136-5p is engaged in the regulation of various cellular processes, like cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and apoptosis. In addition, miR-136-5p has demonstrated substantial potential as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in human cancers as well as an effective mediator in cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, miR-136-5p was shown to be correlated with clinicopathological features of affected patients, proposing that it could be used for cancer staging and patient survival. Therefore, a comprehensive comprehension of the precise molecular basis governing miR-136-5p dysregulation in different cancers is vital for unraveling its therapeutic importance. Here, we have discussed the molecular basis of miR-136-5p as a potential tumor suppressor as well as its importance in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and chemotherapy. Finally, we have discussed the challenge of using miRNAs as a therapeutic target as well as the prospect regarding the importance of miR-136-5p in human cancers.

Prospectives of mirna gene signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the destructive breast cancer subtypes which cannot be treated by current therapies, which is characterized by the lack of estrogen (ER), Progesterone (PR), and Human epidermal receptor (HER2). The treatment for this chemotherapy or radiotherapy and surgery are such treatments and also novel biomarkers or treatment targets can quickly require to improve the outcome of the disease. MicroRNAs are the most popular and offer prospects for TNBC diagnosis and therapy. Some of the miRNAs implicated in THBCs are miR-17-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-26a, miR-136-5p, miR-1296, miR-145, miR-4306, miR-508-5p, miR-448, miR-539, miR-211-5p and miR-218. Potential MiRNAs and their signaling pathways that can be utilized for the diagnosis of TNBC are miR-155, miR-182-5p, miR-9-1-5p, miR-200b, miR-200a, miR-429, miR-195, miR-145-5p, miR-506, and miR-22-3p. miRNAs with known functions as tumor suppressors include miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-655, miR-206, miR-136, miR-770, miR-148a, miR-197-3p, miR-137, and miR-127-3p. Analysis of genetic biomarkers, such as miRNAs in TNBC, upholds the pertinence in the diagnosis of the disease. The aim of the review was to clarify the different types of miRNAs characters in TNBC. Recent reports suggest an important role of miRNAs in tumor metastasis. We review here the important miRNAs and their signaling pathways implicated in the oncogenesis, progression, and metastasis of TNBCs.

Circ_0069094 regulates malignant phenotype and paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells via targeting the miR-136-5p/YWHAZ axis

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is one of the most malignant cancers. Increasing evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in breast cancer progression through sponging microRNA (miRNA). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of circ_0069094 in breast cancer are unclear. This study aimed to reveal the effect of the circ_0069094/miR-136-5p/tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) pathway on the malignant progression of breast cancer.

METHODS

The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to assess the expression of circRNA/miRNA/mRNA. The functional effects of circ_0069094 on the cell processes of breast cancer were investigated by cell counting kit-8, colony-forming assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, flow cytometry, and transwell invasion assay. The interactions among circ_0069094, miR-136-5p, and YWHAZ were assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft experiment was performed to determine the effects of circ_0069094 on tumor formation.

RESULTS

Circ_0069094 was overexpressed in paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant breast cancer tissues and cells, and the silencing of circ_0069094 decreased tumor growth, cell proliferation and cell invasion while increasing PTX sensitivity and cell apoptosis in PTX-resistant cells. In addition, miR-136-5p was a target of circ_0069094, and miR-136-5p inhibition abolished circ_0069094 knockdown-induced effects in PTX-resistant cells. MiR-136-5p expression was decreased in PTX-resistant breast cancer tissues and cells, and the overexpression of miR-136-5p suppressed the malignant behaviors of breast cancer cells by targeting YWHAZ. Importantly, circ_0069094 regulated YWHAZ expression in breast cancer by targeting miR-136-5p.

CONCLUSION

Circ_0069094 silencing improved PTX sensitivity in breast cancer progression through competitively sponging miR-136-5p.

MiR-526b targets lncRNA SLC16A1-AS1 to suppress cell proliferation in triple-negative breast cancer

The present study investigated the potential interaction between miR-526b and lncRNA SLC16A1-AS1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Expression of miR-526b and SLC16A1-AS1 in TNBC tumor tissues and paired nontumor tissues from 60 TNBC patients was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The interaction between miR-526b and SLC16A1-AS1 was evaluated with overexpression experiments, followed by RT-qPCR. The proliferation and migration of cells were detected with cell counting kit-8 assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Apoptosis of cells was assessed by cell apoptosis assay. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was quantified by Western blot analysis. MiR-526b was predicted to bind with SLC16A1-AS1. Overexpression of miR-526b in TNBC cells decreased the expression levels of SLC16A1-AS1, while overexpression of SLC16A1-AS1 did not affect the expression of miR-526b. In TNBC tissues, miR-526b was downregulated in TNBC tissues, while SLC16A1-AS1 was upregulated in TNBC tissues compared to that in nontumor tissues. The expression of SLC16A1-AS1 and miR-526b were inversely correlated. In vitro experiments showed that overexpression of SLC16A1-AS1 promoted cell proliferation and invasion but suppressed cell apoptosis. MiR-526b played an opposite role and suppressed the function of SLC16A1-AS1. MiR-526b is downregulated in TNBC and it targets SLC16A1-AS1 to regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of TNBC cells.

Emerging RNA-Based Therapeutic and Diagnostic Options: Recent Advances and Future Challenges in Genitourinary Cancers

Renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer are the most widespread genitourinary tumors. Their treatment and diagnosis have significantly evolved over recent years, due to an increasing understanding of oncogenic factors and the molecular mechanisms involved. Using sophisticated genome sequencing technologies, the non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have all been implicated in the occurrence and progression of genitourinary cancers. Interestingly, DNA, protein, and RNA interactions with lncRNAs and other biological macromolecules drive some of these cancer phenotypes. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs have identified new functional markers that could be potentially useful as biomarkers for effective diagnosis and/or as targets for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying abnormal lncRNA expression in genitourinary tumors and discusses their role in diagnostics, prognosis, and treatment.

Recent Clinical Advances on Long Non-Coding RNAs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a more aggressive type of breast cancer due to its heterogeneity and complex molecular mechanisms. TNBC has a high risk for metastasis, and it is difficult to manage clinical conditions of the patients. Various investigations are being conducted to overcome these challenges using RNA, DNA, and proteins for early diagnosis and treatment. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel target to treat the multistep process of TNBC. LncRNAs regulate epigenetic expression levels, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and tumour invasiveness and metastasis. Thus, lncRNA-based early diagnosis and treatment options could be helpful, especially for patients with severe TNBC. lncRNAs are expressed in a highly specific manner in cells and tissues and are involved in TNBC progression and development. lncRNAs could be used as sensitive and specific targets for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with TNBC. Therefore, the exploration of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is of extreme importance. Here, we discuss the molecular advances on lncRNA regulation of TNBC and lncRNA-based early diagnosis, treatment, and drug resistance.

Non-coding RNAs, another side of immune regulation during triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is considered about 12-24 % of all breast cancer cases. Patients experience poor overall survival, high recurrence rate, and distant metastasis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Numerous studies have highlighted the crucial roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in carcinogenesis and proliferation, migration, and metastasis of tumor cells in TNBC. Recent research has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the regulation of the immune system by affecting the tumor microenvironment, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the regulation of dendritic cells and myeloid-derived stem cells, and T and B cell activation and differentiation. Immune-related miRNAs and lncRNAs, which have been established as predictive markers for various cancers, are strongly linked to immune cell infiltration and could be a viable therapeutic target for TNBC. In the current review, we discuss the recent updates of ncRNAs, including miRNAs and lncRNAs in TNBC, including their biogenesis, target genes, and biological function of their targets, which are mostly involved in the immune response.

Role of microRNA/lncRNA Intertwined With the Wnt/β-Catenin Axis in Regulating the Pathogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Objective (s): In this mini-review, we aimed to discuss the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway modulation in triple-negative breast cancer, particularly the contribution of lncRNAs and miRNAs in its regulation and their possible entwining role in breast cancer pathogenesis, proliferation, migration, or malignancy.

Background: Malignant tumor formation is very high for breast cancer in women and is a leading cause of death all over the globe. Among breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer is rife in premenopausal women, most invasive, and prone to metastasis. Complex pathways are involved in this cancer’s pathogenesis, advancement, and malignancy, including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This pathway is conserved among vertebrates and is necessary for sustaining cell homeostasis. It is regulated by several elements such as transcription factors, enhancers, non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs and miRNAs), etc.

Methods: We evaluated lncRNAs and miRNAs differentially expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) from the cDNA microarray data set literature survey. Using in silico analyses combined with a review of the current literature, we anticipated identifying lncRNAs and miRNAs that might modulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Result: The miRNAs and lncRNAs specific to triple-negative breast cancer have been identified based on literature and database searches. Tumorigenesis, metastasis, and EMT were all given special attention. Apart from cross-talk being essential for TNBC tumorigenesis and treatment outcomes, our results indicated eight upregulated and seven downregulated miRNAs and 19 upregulated and three downregulated lncRNAs that can be used as predictive or diagnostic markers. This consolidated information could be useful in the clinic and provide a combined literature resource for TNBC researchers working on the Wnt/β-catenin miRNA/lncRNA axis.

Conclusion: In conclusion, because the Wnt pathway and miRNAs/lncRNAs can modulate TNBC, their intertwinement results in a cascade of complex reactions that affect TNBC and related processes. Their function in TNBC pathogenesis has been highlighted in molecular processes underlying the disease progression.

Long non-coding RNA CYTOR modulates cancer progression through miR-136-5p/MAT2B axis in renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

To explore the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

METHODS

The levels of CYTOR in RCC tissues and cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR. 786-O and Caki-1 cells were transfected with CYTOR-shRNA or pcDNA-CYTOR respectively, or co-transfected with CYTOR-shRNA and miR-136-5p inhibitor, or co-transfected with miR-136-5p mimic and pcDNA-MAT2B. MTT assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. The relationship between lncRNA CYTOR and miRNA-136-5p was detected by dual luciferase reporter gene and RNA pull down assays, and the targeted relationship between miRNA-136-5p and MAT2B was verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The interaction between MAT2B and BAG3 protein was verified by co-IP experiment. The role of lncRNA CYTOR in vivo was also examined.

RESULTS

LncRNA CYTOR was up-regulated in RCC tissues and cell lines, and miR-136-5p was down-regulated in renal carcinoma cell lines and tissues. Downregulation of CYTOR inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and promoted apoptosis. miR-136-5p was sponged by lncRNA CYTOR, which negatively regulated the development of RCC. MAT2B was a target gene of miR-136-5p. MAT2B protein interacted directly with BAG3 protein to affect the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of RCC cells. In vivo experiments showed that the expression level of miR-136-5p was increased, and MAT2B expression was decreased after CYTOR knockdown, thereby inhibiting the development of RCC.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA CYTOR promoted the progression of RCC by targeting miR-136-5p to regulate the target gene MAT2B, which interacted with BAG3 protein.

CTCF-Induced lncRNA C5orf66-AS1 Facilitates the Progression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Sponging miR-149-5p to Up-Regulate CTCF and CTNNB1 to Activate Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents one of the subtypes of breast cancer with high aggressiveness. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well-known to function as crucial regulators in human cancers which include TNBC.

Development and Validation of a Novel Stemness-Index-Related Long Noncoding RNA Signature for Breast Cancer Based on Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a major leading cause of woman deaths worldwide. Increasing evidence has revealed that stemness features are related to the prognosis and progression of tumors. Nevertheless, the roles of stemness-index-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in BC remain unclear.

Methods: Differentially expressed stemness-index-related lncRNAs between BC and normal samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas database were screened based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and differential analysis. Univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic lncRNAs and construct a stemness-index-related lncRNA signature. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to evaluate the predictive capability of the stemness-index-related lncRNA signature. Moreover, correlation analysis and functional enrichment analyses were conducted to investigate the stemness-index-related lncRNA signature-related biological function. Finally, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of lncRNAs.

Results: A total of 73 differentially expressed stemness-index-related lncRNAs were identified. Next, FAM83H-AS1, HID1-AS1, HOXB-AS1, RP11-1070N10.3, RP11-1100L3.8, and RP11-696F12.1 were used to construct a stemness-index-related lncRNA signature, and receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that stemness-index-related lncRNA signature could predict the prognosis of BC well. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis suggested that differentially expressed genes between the high-risk group and low-risk group were mainly involved in immune-related biological processes and pathways. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis of lncRNA-related protein-coding genes revealed that FAM83H-AS1, HID1-AS1, HOXB-AS1, RP11-1070N10.3, RP11-1100L3.8, and RP11-696F12.1 were associated with neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, AMPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that FAM83H-AS1, HID1-AS1, RP11-1100L3.8, and RP11-696F12.1 might be used as the potential diagnostic biomarkers of BC.

Conclusion: The stemness-index-related lncRNA signature based on FAM83H-AS1, HID1-AS1, HOXB-AS1, RP11-1070N10.3, RP11-1100L3.8, and RP11-696F12.1 could be used as an independent predictor for the survival of BC, and FAM83H-AS1, HID1-AS1, RP11-1100L3.8, and RP11-696F12.1 might be used as the diagnostic markers of BC.

Circular RNA circPTK2 modulates migration and invasion via miR-136/NFIB signaling on triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. CircRNAs have been widely investigated, due to their crucial role in cancer progression. We aimed to elucidate the function of circPTK2 (has_circ_0003221) in TNBC and explore the mechanism in progression of TNBC.

METHODS

qPCR was performed to validate the expression of circPTK2 and related mRNA in TNBC tissue and cell lines. CCK-8, EdU, Transwell assay were conducted to detect the proliferation, migration and invasion of circPTK2 and miR-136 on TNBC cells. RIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to confirm the interaction among circPTK2, miR-136 and NFIB. Si-circPTK2, mimic and inhibitor of miR-136 were transfected in TNBC cells to confirm the mechanism of circPTK2 and miR-136 in TNBC cells.

RESULTS

CircPTK2 were downregulated in TNBC tissues and cell lines. CircPTK2 significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells. CircPTK2 was confirmed to be a sponge of miR-136, and directly regulated NFBI and AKT/PI3K pathway. A rescue assay validated circPTK2/miR-136/NFIB axis in TNBC cells.

CONCLUSION

CircPTK2 promoted TNBC progression and development. circPTK2/miR-136/NFIB might be an effective biomarker for TNBC.

The functional significance and cross-talk of non-coding RNAs in triple negative and quadruple negative breast cancer

One of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide is breast cancer, among which triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant and lethal subtype. This cancer accounts for 10-20% of all breast cancer deaths. Proliferation, tumorigenesis, and prognosis of TNBC are affected when the androgen receptor (AR) is not expressed, and it is classified as quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC). Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a significant role in tumorigenesis by virtue of their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties. To regulate tumorigenesis, miRNAs interact with their target mRNAs and modulate their expression, whereas lncRNAs can either act alone or interact with miRNAs or other molecules through various signaling pathways. Conversely, circRNAs regulate tumorigenesis by acting as miRNA sponges predominantly. Recently, non-coding RNAs were studied comprehensively for their roles in tumor proliferation, progression, and metastasis. As a result of existing studies and research progress, non-coding RNAs have been implicated in TNBC, necessitating their use as biomarkers for future diagnostic applications. In this review, the non-coding RNAs are explicitly implicated in the regulation of breast cancer, and their cross-talk between TNBC and QNBC is also discussed.

Circular RNA triple functional domain promotes osteoarthritis' development by modulating the microRNA-136-5p/Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase axis

Numerous studies have affirmed the participation of circular RNA (circRNA) in osteoarthritis (OA)’ development. Previous studies have exposed the elevation of the circRNA triple functional domain (TRIO) in OA, while the molecular mechanism of its effect on OA remains ambiguous. During the study, it was discovered the up-regulation of circTRIO in OA rats and interleukin-1β-treated chondrocytes. Knockdown circTRIO facilitates chondrocyte viability, but suppresses the inflammation, the apoptosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 expression, whereas up-regulation aggravates OA. The effect of up-regulation or under-expression of circTRIO on chondrocytes was reversed via the knockdown of Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) or microRNA (miR)-136-5p separately. Mechanically speaking, circTRIO competitively adsorbing miR-136-5p to target NAMPT influences OA. Briefly, the results of this study inform that the circTRIO/miR-136-5p/NAMPT axis is momentous in OA progression and is supposed to be a promising therapeutic target for some time.

lncRNA MIR4435‑2HG promotes the progression of liver cancer by upregulating B3GNT5 expression

Several studies have indicated that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participates in the initiation and progression of cancer. The lncRNA MIR4435-2HG was previously reported to act as an oncogene in human cancer, including liver cancer. However, its role in the pathogenesis in liver cancer is largely unclear. The present study aimed to reveal the molecular mechanism by which MIR4435-2HG regulates liver cancer. The expression levels of MIR4435-2HG in liver cancer and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. MIR4435-2HG expression was validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in cancer cells in vitro. The target genes of MIR4435-2HG were predicted using bioinformatics analysis. Interactions between miR-136-5p, MIR4435-2HG and B3GNT5 were detected using luciferase reporter assays, and their effects on cell viability, migration and invasion were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and Transwell assays. The effects of miR-136-5p and MIR4435-2HG on B3GNT5 expression were confirmed by western blot analysis. The results revealed that MIR4435-2HG expression was upregulated in primary liver cancer and liver cancer cell lines, and was positively associated with advanced tumor stage, metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with liver cancer. Knockdown of MIR4435-2HG significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of liver cancer cells. Furthermore, miR-136-5p was determined to be a direct target of MIR4435-2HG and suppressed MIR4435-2HG expression by binding with the seed region of the 3′-UTR of MIR4435-2HG in liver cancer cells. Functional studies showed that the inhibitory effects of MIR4435-2HG knockdown on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were significantly rescued by inhibiting miR-136-5p. Furthermore, the target gene, B3GNT5, of miR-136-5p was confirmed by bioinformatics analysis and RT-qPCR. In addition, B3GNT5 expression was regulated by the MIR4435-2HG/miR-136-5p axis. In conclusion, the present study indicated that MIR4435-2HG facilitated the progression of liver cancer via the MIR4435-2HG/miR-136-5p/B3GNT5 axis, which demonstrated that MIR4435-2HG may be a potential biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of liver cancer.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Female Oriented Cancers

Recent advances in molecular biology have discovered the mysterious role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and targets for advanced cancer therapy. Studies have shown that lncRNAs take part in the incidence and development of cancers in humans. However, previously they were considered as mere RNA noise or transcription byproducts lacking any biological function. In this article, we present a summary of the progress on ascertaining the biological functions of five lncRNAs (HOTAIR, NEAT1, H19, MALAT1, and MEG3) in female-oriented cancers, including breast and gynecological cancers, with the perspective of carcinogenesis, cancer proliferation, and metastasis. We provide the current state of knowledge from the past five years of the literature to discuss the clinical importance of such lncRNAs as therapeutic targets or early diagnostic biomarkers. We reviewed the consequences, either oncogenic or tumor-suppressing features, of their aberrant expression in female-oriented cancers. We tried to explain the established mechanism by which they regulate cancer proliferation and metastasis by competing with miRNAs and other mechanisms involved via regulating genes and signaling pathways. In addition, we revealed the association between stated lncRNAs and chemo-resistance or radio-resistance and their potential clinical applications and future perspectives.

Identification of Potential Long Non-Coding RNA Candidates that Contribute to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Humans through Computational Approach

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy identified in adult females, resulting in enormous financial losses worldwide. Owing to the heterogeneity as well as various molecular subtypes, the molecular pathways underlying carcinogenesis in various forms of BC are distinct. Therefore, the advancement of alternative therapy is required to combat the ailment. Recent analyses propose that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform an essential function in controlling immune response, and therefore, may provide essential information about the disorder. However, their function in patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC) has not been explored in detail. Here, we analyzed the changes in the genomic expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and lncRNA in standard control in response to cancer metastasis using publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data. We identified a total of 197 potentially novel lncRNAs in TNBC patients of which 86 were differentially upregulated and 111 were differentially downregulated. In addition, among the 909 candidate lncRNA transcripts, 19 were significantly differentially expressed (DE) of which three were upregulated and 16 were downregulated. On the other hand, 1901 mRNA transcripts were significantly DE of which 1110 were upregulated and 791 were downregulated by TNBCs subtypes. The Gene Ontology (GO) analyses showed that some of the host genes were enriched in various biological, molecular, and cellular functions. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that some of the genes were involved in only one pathway of prostate cancer. The lncRNA-miRNA-gene network analysis showed that the lncRNAs TCONS_00076394 and TCONS_00051377 interacted with breast cancer-related micro RNAs (miRNAs) and the host genes of these lncRNAs were also functionally related to breast cancer. Thus, this study provides novel lncRNAs as potential biomarkers for the therapeutic intervention of this cancer subtype.

lncRNA DSCAM-AS1 facilitates the progression of endometrial cancer via miR-136-5p

Previous studies have indicated that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) down syndrome cell adhesion molecule antisense 1 (DSCAM-AS1) serves an oncogenic role in numerous cancer types. However, its role in endometrial cancer (EC) remains largely unknown. In the present study, DSCAM-AS1 expression levels in EC tissues and cells and their normal counterparts were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to validate the functions of DSCAM-AS1 in EC. It was revealed that DSCAM-AS1 was expressed at a high level in EC tissues and cells after analyzing patient data and data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Notably, it was also revealed that high DSCAM-AS1 expression was associated with a less favorable overall survival in patients with EC. Knockdown of DSCAM-AS1 was able to suppress EC cell proliferation by upregulating cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, it was revealed that DSCAM-AS1 acted as a microRNA (miR)-136-5p sponge to exert its oncogenic roles in EC. Collectively and to the best of our knowledge, the current results provided first evidence that DSCAM-AS1 stimulated EC progression by regulating miR-136-5p, which may improve the understanding of the roles of ncRNAs in EC, and may help identify novel targets for anticancer treatment.

Long Noncoding-RNA Component of Mitochondrial RNA Processing Endoribonuclease Promotes Carcinogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells via the Competing Endogenous RNA Mechanism

Purpose

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer. Increasing evidence supports that dysregulation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) plays a vital role in cancer progression. RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP), a lncRNA, is characterized as a tumor-propeller in some cancers, but its mechanism in TNBC remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine whether and how RMRP functions in TNBC.

Methods

Cell proliferation was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays and cell apoptosis by flow cytometry analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Cell migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), luciferase reporter, and RNA pulldown assays were implemented to assess the interaction of RMRP with other molecules in TNBC cells.

Results

RMRP expression was elevated in TNBC cells. RMRP knockdown repressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, but induced apoptosis in TNBC. In addition, RMRP was found to target microRNA-766-5p (miR-766-5p) in TNBC cells. Silencing miR-766-5p enhanced cell viability and decreased apoptosis, whereas miR-766-5p overexpression had opposite effects. Furthermore, miR-766-5p was found to bind to yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Moreover, miR-766-5p inhibition reversed the repressive effect of RMRP knockdown on the malignant progression of TNBC.

Conclusion

The present study manifested that RMRP promotes the growth, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells via the miR-766-5p/YAP1 axis. These findings provide novel perspectives for TNBC treatment.

Transcriptional alterations of protein coding and noncoding RNAs in triple negative breast cancer in response to DNA methyltransferases inhibition

Background

DNA methylation plays a crucial role in multiple cellular processes such as gene regulation, chromatin stability, and genetic imprinting. In mammals, DNA methylation is achieved by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). A number of studies have associated alterations in DNMT activity to tumorigenesis; however, the exact role of DNMTs in shaping the genome in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still being unraveled.

Methods

In the current study, we employed two DNMT inhibitors (Decitabine and 5-Azacytidine), two TNBC models (MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) and whole transcriptome RNA-Seq and characterized the transcriptional alterations associated with DNMT inhibition. Colony forming unit (CFU), flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscopy were used to assess cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and cell death, respectively. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used for network and pathway analyses.

Results

Remarkably, DNMT inhibition induced the expression of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum response to stress, response to unfolder protein, as well as cobalamin metabolic processes. In contrast, suppression of cellular processes related to cell cycle and mitosis were hallmarks of DNMT inhibition. Concordantly, DNMT inhibition led to significant inhibition of TNBC cell proliferation, G2-M cell cycle arrest and induction of cell death. Mechanistically, DNMT inhibition activated TP53, NUPR1, and NFkB (complex) networks, while RARA, RABL6, ESR1, FOXM1, and ERBB2 networks were suppressed. Our data also identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptional portrait associated with DNMT inhibition and identified 25 commonly upregulated and 60 commonly downregulated lncRNAs in response to Decitabine and 5-Azacytidinec treatment in both TNBC models. TPT1-AS1 was the most highly induced (6.3 FC), while MALAT1 was the most highly suppressed (− 7.0 FC) lncRNA in response to DNMT inhibition.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data provides a comprehensive view of transcriptome alterations in the coding and noncoding transcriptome in TNBC in response to DNMT inhibition.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02213-2.

Circular RNA circ_RANBP9 exacerbates polycystic ovary syndrome via microRNA-136-5p/XIAP axis

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease that affects the health of many women. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are associated with the occurrence and progression of PCOS. This study aimed to explore the function of circ_RANBP9 in PCOS. First, the circ_RANBP9 level was found to be increased in the plasma of patients with PCOS and ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) using Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). In GCs, loss of circ_RANBP9 decelerated proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of KGN and COV434 cells, as determined by MTT assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis showed that circ_RANBP9 and XIAP can be targeted by the microRNA, miR-136-5p. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay further verified the interaction between miR-136-5p and circ_RANBP9 or XIAP. Importantly, knockdown of circ_RANBP9 suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of KGN and COV434 cells, whereas inhibition of miR-136-5p reversed these effects. Additionally, XIAP abolished the repression of proliferation and acceleration of apoptosis induced by miR-136-5p. The promotion of apoptosis was accompanied by upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax, and downregulation of Bcl-2, as estimated by western blotting. In conclusion, silencing of circ_RANBP9 inhibited GC proliferation and facilitated apoptosis by mediating the miR-136-5p/XIAP pathway. These findings provide a new theoretical basis for screening and treatment of PCOS.

Identification of Key lncRNA-mRNA Pairs and Functional lncRNAs in Breast Cancer by Integrative Analysis of TCGA Data

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in many diseases and are involved in the post-transcriptional regulatory network of tumors. The purpose of this study is to mine new lncRNA–mRNA regulatory pairs and analyze the new mechanism of lncRNA involvement in breast cancer progression. Using breast cancer miRNA and mRNA expression profiling from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified 59 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 88 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 1,465 differentially expressed mRNAs between breast cancer tissue and adjacent normal breast cancer. Whereafter, four candidate lncRNAs (FGF14-AS2, LINC01235, AC055854.1, and AC124798.1) were identified by the Kaplan–Meier (K–M) plotter. Furthermore, we screened the hub lncRNA (LINC01235) through univariate Cox analysis, multivariate Cox analysis, and qPCR validation, which was significantly correlated with breast cancer stage, ER status, and pathological N. Subsequently, 107 LINC01235-related mRNAs were obtained by combining differentially expressed miRNAs, differentially expressed mRNAs, and LINC01235 targeting miRNAs and mRNAs. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was established by Cytoscape software, and 53 key genes were screened. Function and pathway enrichment showed that LINC01235-related key genes might be involved in the process of cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and p53 signal pathway. In addition, LINC01235 has been confirmed to regulate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 cells in in vitro experiments. Furthermore, we screened three mRNAs (ESR1, ADRA2A, and DTL) associated with breast cancer drug resistance from key genes. Through RNA interference experiments in vitro and correlation analysis, we found that there was a negative feedback mechanism between LINC01235 and ESR1/ADRA2A. In conclusion, our results suggest that LINC01235-ESR1 and LINC01235-ADRA2A could serve as important co-expression pairs in the progression of breast cancer, and LINC01235 plays a key role as an independent prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer. The findings of this work greatly increase our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA in breast cancer.

Targeting lncRNA PSMA3-AS1, a Prognostic Marker, Suppresses Malignant Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the most common maxillofacial malignancy. This study elucidated the clinicopathological value and molecular mechanisms of PSMA3 antisense RNA 1 (PSMA3-AS1) in OSCC.

Methods

Totally, 135 OSCC patients were recruited. PSMA3-AS1 expression and its prognostic value were assessed in this cohort. si-PSMA3-AS1 was transfected into HN4 and CAL-27 OSCC cells. Then, cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8, colony formation, and EdU staining. Migration and invasion were investigated through wound healing, transwell, and western blot. The PSMA3-AS1/miR-136-5p and miR-136-5p/FN1 interactions were validated by dual luciferase report, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blot.

Results

PSMA3-AS1 upregulation was determined in OSCC tissues. The upregulation indicated pessimistic patients' outcomes. Multivariate Cox regression analyses confirmed PSMA3-AS1 as an independent prognostic indicator. Its upregulation was also found in OSCC cells. Under transfection with si-PSMA3-AS1, proliferation, migration, and invasion were all restrained in HN4 and CAL-27 OSCC cells. Furthermore, its knockdown induced the increase in E-cadherin expression and the reduction in N-cadherin and Vimentin expression. PSMA3-AS1 was a sponge of miR-136-5p. Mutual inhibition was found between two and the interactions were confirmed by dual luciferase report. It was confirmed that FN1 was a target of miR-136-5p. FN1 expression was increased by miR-136-5p inhibitors, which was lessened by si-PSMA3-AS1 cotransfection.

Conclusion

Collectively, PSMA3-AS1 as a risk factor facilitated malignant behaviors of OSCC cells, related to the miR-136-5p/FN1 axis. Hence, PSMA3-AS1 as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC deserved further exploration.

CircRNA circ-ERBB2 elevates Warburg effect and facilitates triple-negative breast cancer growth by the miR-136-5p/PDK4 axis

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive histological subtype of breast cancer. It has been reported that that circRNA circ-ERBB2 (circBase ID: hsa_circ_0007766) is mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of TNBC cells and promotes the proliferation and invasion of TNBC cells. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of circ-ERBB2 regulating the progression of TNBC. Expression of circ-ERBB2 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Loss-of-function experiments were performed to investigate the function of circ-ERBB2 in TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. The regulatory mechanism of circ-ERBB2 was surveyed by bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) or RNA pull-down assays. We observed that Circ-ERBB2 was overexpressed in TNBC, and TNBC patients with high circ-ERBB2 expression had a poor prognosis. Functionally, circ-ERBB2 knockdown constrained TNBC growth in vivo and reduced Warburg effect, accelerated apoptosis, repressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cell in vitro. Mechanically, circ-ERBB2 sponged miR-136-5p to elevate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) expression. In conclusion, circ-ERBB2 facilitated Warburg effect and malignancy of TNBC cells by the miR-136-5p/PDK4 pathway, at least in part. This study supported circ-ERBB2 as a prognostic indicator for TNBC.

Multifaceted roles of long non-coding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancer: biology and clinical applications

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous breast cancer subtype that lacks targeted therapy due to the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Moreover, TNBC was shown to have a poor prognosis, since it involves aggressive phenotypes that confer significant hindrance to therapeutic treatments. Recent state-of-the-art sequencing technologies have shed light on several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), previously thought to have no biological function and were considered as genomic junk. LncRNAs are involved in various physiological as well as pathological conditions, and play a key role in drug resistance, gene expression, and epigenetic regulation. This review mainly focuses on exploring the multifunctional roles of candidate lncRNAs, and their strong association with TNBC development. We also summarise various emerging research findings that establish novel paradigms of lncRNAs function as oncogenes and/or tumor suppressors in TNBC development, suggesting their role as prospective therapeutic targets.

Lateral flow assay-based detection of long non-coding RNAs: A point-of-care platform for cancer diagnosis

Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a flexible, simple, low-costpoint-of-care platform for rapid detection of disease-specific biomarkers. Importantly, the ability of the assay to capture the circulating bio-molecules has gained significant attention, as it offers a potential minimal invasive system for early disease diagnosis and prognosis. In the present article, we review an innovative concept of LFA-based detection of circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), one of the key regulators of fundamental biological processes. In addition, their disease-specific expression pattern and presence in biological fluids at differential levels make them excellent biomarker candidates for cancer detection. Our article also provides an update on the requirements for developing and improving such systems and discusses the key aspects of material selection, operational concepts, principles and conceptual design. We assume that the reviewed points will be helpful to improve the diagnostic applicability of LFA based lncRNA detection in cancer diagnosis.

LINC00942 Promotes Tumor Proliferation and Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma via FZD1 Upregulation

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play important roles in the progression of human cancers. Herein, bioinformatic analysis identified that LINC00942 was a highly overexpressed lncRNA in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The present study aimed to explore the roles and possible molecular mechanisms of LINC00942 in LUAD.

METHODS

First, on the basis of TCGA database, the expression and prognosis of LINC00942 were analyzed in LUAD tissues. Then, si-LINC00942 was transfected into A549 and H1299 cells to knockdown the expression of LINC00942. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell apoptosis. The expressions of PCNA, Bax, Bcl-2, and wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins were detected by western blotting. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the regulatory relationship between LINC00942 and miR-5006-5p, or miR-5006-5p and FZD1.

RESULTS

We discovered that LINC00942 was up-regulated in LUAD tissues compared with adjacent tissues. Besides, we found the increased LINC00942 expression was associated with poor survival. In addition, silencing of LINC00942 suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion and facilitated the apoptosis of A549 and H1299 cells. Moreover, silencing of LINC00942 repressed the expression of PCNA, Bcl-2, and enhanced Bax expression in A549 and H1299 cells. Mechanically, LINC00942 exerted its effects via enhancing Wnt signaling. LINC00942 functioned as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by binding to miR-5006-5p, upregulating the expression of FZD1, which was a direct target of miR-5006-5p.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that LINC00942/miR-5006-5p/FZD1 axis played important roles in LUAD growth through enhancing Wnt signaling. LINC00942/miR-5006-5p/FZD1 axis might serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD treatment.

LncRNA HCP5 promotes malignant cell behaviors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling

The role of lncRNA HCP5 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown despite its involvement in different malignancies. MTT assay, EdU assay, TUNEL assay, transwell assay, and sphere formation assay were conducted to reveal ESCC cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and stemness characteristics. FISH and subcellular fraction assays were performed to reveal the subcellular location of HCP5 in ESCC cells. Luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were conducted to explore the downstream axis of HCP5. Our findings revealed that HCP5 expression was at a higher level in ESCC tissues and cells compared to that in control tissues and cells. Additionally, HCP5 promoted ESCC cellular activities by promoting proliferation, migration, invasion ability and stemness characteristics of ESCC cells as well as suppressing cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that HCP5 bound with miR-139-5p to upregulate PDE4A via the competing endogenous RNA network in ESCC cells. Importantly, HCP5 was discovered to stimulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling by regulating the downstream target genes. Finally, rescue assays indicated that HCP5 promoted ESCC cell growth by activating the PDE4A-medaited PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. HCP5 promotes ESCC cellular development by modulating the miR-139-5p/PDE4A pathway and stimulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which may be conducive for the improvement of ESCC treatment.

Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A key driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

An array of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), overexpress the oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). It is now firmly established that AEG-1 is a key driver of carcinogenesis, and enhanced expression of AEG-1 is a marker of poor prognosis in cancer patients. In-depth studies have revealed that AEG-1 positively regulates different hallmarks of HCC progression including growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, metastasis and resistance to therapeutic intervention. By interacting with a plethora of proteins as well as mRNAs, AEG-1 regulates gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels, and modulates numerous pro-tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive signal transduction pathways. Even though extensive research over the last two decades using various in vitro and in vivo models has established the pivotal role of AEG-1 in HCC, effective targeting of AEG-1 as a therapeutic intervention for HCC is yet to be achieved in the clinic. Targeted delivery of AEG-1 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) has demonstrated desired therapeutic effects in mouse models of HCC. Peptidomimetic inhibitors based on protein-protein interaction studies has also been developed recently. Continuous unraveling of novel mechanisms in the regulation of HCC by AEG-1 will generate valuable knowledge facilitating development of specific AEG-1 inhibitory strategies. The present review describes the current status of AEG-1 in HCC gleaned from patient-focused and bench-top studies as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models. We also address the challenges that need to be overcome and discuss future perspectives on this exciting molecule to transform it from bench to bedside.

Long noncoding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancer: A new frontier in the regulation of tumorigenesis

In recent years, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has emerged as the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and is usually associated with increased mortality worldwide. The severity of TNBC is primarily observed in younger women, with cases ranging from approximately 12%-24% of all breast cancer cases. The existing hormonal therapies offer limited clinical solutions in completely circumventing the TNBC, with chemoresistance and tumor recurrences being the common hurdles in the path of TNBC treatment. Accumulating evidence has correlated the dysregulation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with increased cell proliferation, invasion, migration, tumor growth, chemoresistance, and decreased apoptosis in TNBC. Various clinical studies have revealed that aberrant expression of lncRNAs in TNBC tissues is associated with poor prognosis, lower overall survival, and disease-free survival. Due to these specific characteristics, lncRNAs have emerged as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for TNBC treatment. However, the underlying mechanism through which lncRNAs perform their actions remains unclear, and extensive research is being carried out to reveal it. Therefore, understanding of mechanisms regulating the modulation of lncRNAs will be a substantial breakthrough in effective treatment therapies for TNBC. This review highlights the association of several lncRNAs in TNBC progression and treatment, along with their possible functions and mechanisms.

Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins (GSPs) Inhibit the Development of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating the hsa_circ_0070934/miR-136-5p/PRAF2 Axis

Background

Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) have been shown to inhibit the progression of many cancers, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Circular RNA (circRNA) is a key regulator for cancer progression. However, it is unclear whether GSPs can mediate the progression of CSCC by regulating circRNA.

Methods

Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to determine the expression of hsa_circ_0070934, microRNA (miR)-136-5p and prenylated Rab acceptor family 2 (PRAF2). MTT assay and colony formation assay were used to assess cell proliferation. Cell cycle process and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and cell migration and invasion were measured by transwell assay. Western blot analysis was utilized to examine protein expression. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were used to evaluate the interaction between miR-136-5p and hsa_circ_0070934 or PRAF2. Subcutaneous xenograft models were constructed to explore the function of GSPs on CSCC tumor growth in vivo.

Results

GSPs could reduce hsa_circ_0070934 expression and inhibit CSCC cell proliferation, cell cycle process, migration, invasion, while promote apoptosis. Overexpressed hsa_circ_0070934 could reverse the suppressive effect of GSPs on CSCC cell progression. MiR-136-5p could be sponged by hsa_circ_0070934, and its overexpression also abolished the positively regulation of hsa_circ_0070934 on the progression of GSPs-induced CSCC cells. PRAF2 was a target of miR-136-5p, and its expression could be decreased by GSPs and increased by hsa_circ_0070934. The inhibitory effect of miR-136-5p on CSCC cell progression could be reversed by PRAF2 overexpression. Additionally, GSPs also could inhibit CSCC tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusion

Our data showed that GSPs regulated the hsa_circ_0070934/miR-136-5p/PRAF2 axis to restrain CSCC progression.

Circ_0013359 facilitates the tumorigenicity of melanoma by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis

Background

Circular RNAs play crucial roles in tumor occurrence and progression. This research aimed to explore the role and potential mechanism of hsa_circ_0013359 (circ_0013359) in melanoma.

Methods

The levels of circ_0013359, microRNA-136-5p (miR-136-5p), and member RAS oncogene family (RAB9A) in melanoma tissues and cells were detected using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell migration, and invasion were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. Glycolysis was determined by detecting glucose consumption, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rate. The levels of hexokinase 2 and lactate dehydrogenase A were examined by western blot. The targeting relationship between miR-136-5p and circ_0013359 or RAB9A was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Xenograft experiments were used to analyze tumor growth in vivo.

Results

Circ_0013359 and RAB9A levels were increased, while the miR-136-5p level was reduced in melanoma tissues and cells. Circ_0013359 knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and promoted apoptosis and cycle arrest in A875 and SK-MEL-1 cells. Circ_0013359 sponged miR-136-5p to regulate melanoma progression. In addition, miR-136-5p suppressed melanoma progression by targeting RAB9A. Besides, circ_0013359 silencing inhibited tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusion

Depletion of circ_0013359 hindered melanoma progression by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis.

LINC01783 facilitates cell proliferation, migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting miR-432-5p to activate the notch pathway

Background

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common malignancy around the globe. Increasing long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been confirmed to be associated with the progression of cancers, including NSCLC. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1783 (LINC01783) is a novel lncRNA and its regulatory function as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) has not been studied in NSCLC.

Methods

RT-qPCR measured the expression level of LINC01783 in NSCLC cells. CCK-8, EdU, transwell and wound healing assays were conducted to detect cell proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC. The relationship between miR-432-5p and LINC01783 along with delta like 1 (DLL-1) was illustrated by RNA pull down, RIP and luciferase reporter assays.

Results

LINC01783 was found remarkably increased in NSCLC cell lines, and down-regulation of LINC01783 suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Then, we discovered Notch pathway was related to the progression of NSCLC, and DLL-1 expression was reduced by LINC01783 knockdown. Furthermore, DLL-1 overexpression could counteract the suppressive effects of LINC01783 down-regulation on the growth of NSCLC cells. MiR-432-5p was observed to be the mutual miRNA that could bind with both LINC01783 and DLL-1. Overexpression of miR-432-5p inhibited DLL-1 expression. In the rescue assays, miR-432-5p depletion offset the impacts of LINC01783 knockdown, and then DLL-1 silence recovered the influence of miR-432-5p down-regulation on NSCLC cell growth.

Conclusion

LINC01783 aggravates NSCLC cell growth by regulating Notch pathway and sponging miR-432-5p, being a potential target in the treatment for NSCLC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01912-0.

Multifunctional Role of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) in Cancer: Focus on Drug Resistance

Simple Summary

Chemotherapy is a major mode of treatment for cancers. However, cancer cells adapt to survive in stressful conditions and in many cases, they are inherently resistant to chemotherapy. Additionally, after initial response to chemotherapy, the surviving cancer cells acquire new alterations making them chemoresistant. Genes that help adapt the cancer cells to cope with stress often contribute to chemoresistance and one such gene is Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). AEG-1 levels are increased in all cancers studied to date and AEG-1 contributes to the development of highly aggressive, metastatic cancers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the mechanism by which AEG-1 augments tumor development with special focus on its ability to regulate chemoresistance. We also discuss potential ways to inhibit AEG-1 to overcome chemoresistance.

Abstract

Cancer development results from the acquisition of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells themselves, as well as continuous changes in their microenvironment. The plasticity of cancer cells allows them to continuously adapt to selective pressures brought forth by exogenous environmental stresses, the internal milieu of the tumor and cancer treatment itself. Resistance to treatment, either inherent or acquired after the commencement of treatment, is a major obstacle an oncologist confronts in an endeavor to efficiently manage the disease. Resistance to chemotherapy, chemoresistance, is an important hallmark of aggressive cancers, and driver oncogene-induced signaling pathways and molecular abnormalities create the platform for chemoresistance. The oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) is overexpressed in a diverse array of cancers, and its overexpression promotes all the hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. The present review provides a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanism by which AEG-1 promotes tumorigenesis, with a special emphasis on its ability to regulate chemoresistance.

Single-cell long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptome implicates MALAT1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Cumulative evidence suggests added benefit for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in a subset of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Herein we identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptional landscape associated with TNBC resistance to NAC, employing 1758 single cells from three extinction and three persistence TNBC patients. Using Iterative Clustering and Guide-gene Selection (ICGS) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) dimensionality reduction analysis, we observed single cells derived from each patient to largely cluster together. Comparing the lncRNA transcriptome from single cells through the course of NAC treatment revealed minimal overlap based on lncRNA transcriptome, suggesting substantial effects of NAC on lncRNA transcription. The differential analysis revealed upregulation of 202 and downregulation of 19 lncRNAs in the persistence group, including upregulation of five different transcripts encoding for the MALAT1 lncRNA. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MALAT1 promoter deletion in BT-549 TNBC model enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel and doxorubicin, suggesting a role for MALAT1 in conferring resistance. Mechanistically, whole transcriptome analysis of MALAT1-KO cells revealed multiple affected mechanistic networks as well as oxidative phosphorylation canonical and angiogenesis functional category. Interestingly, lncRNA profiling of MALAT1-depleted TNBC also revealed a number of altered lncRNAs in response to MALAT1 deletion, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between MALAT1 and a number of lncRNAs, including NEAT1, USP3-AS1, and LINC-PINT, in TNBC. Elevated expression of MALAT1, USP3-AS1, and LINC-PINT correlated with worse clinical outcomes in BC patients. Our data revealed the lncRNA transactional portrait and highlighted a complex regulatory network orchestrated by MALAT1 in the context of TNBC resistance to NAC therapy.

Aberrantly upregulated FAM83H-AS1 facilitates malignant progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

The biological roles of the newly identified long non-coding RNA family with sequence similarity 83 member H antisense 1 (FAM83H-AS1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have remained largely elusive. In the present study, it was determined that, in comparison with paired para-tumorous tissues or normal esophageal epithelial cells, FAM83H-AS1 expression in cancer tissues and cell lines was markedly upregulated. Furthermore, FAM83H-AS1 expression was significantly elevated in patients with ESCC and lymph node metastasis or a late TNM stage, while no association with any other clinicopathological characteristics was detected. Furthermore, the overall and disease-free survival, as assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, were significantly shortened in patients with high FAM83H-AS1 expression. A functional study then uncovered that knockdown of FAM83H-AS1 significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of ESCC cells. The present results suggested that FAM83H-AS1 may facilitate the malignant progression of ESCC and may be utilized as a prognostic predictor and possibly a novel therapeutic target in ESCC that warrants further exploration.

Long non-coding RNA FAM83H-AS1 as an emerging marker for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targeting of cancer

Incidence and mortality rates of cancer continue to increase greatly despite the improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, the numbers of new cancer cases reported in 2018 were ~18.1 million, while the numbers of cancer mortalities were ~9.6 million. It remains difficult to diagnose most cancer patients at early stages. Although cancer therapy market is rapidly evolving, the effectiveness of therapy is still inadequate. Therefore, exploring new biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is essential for cancer management. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are unique regulatory molecules that control several cellular processes and are implicated in diverse human diseases including cancer. LncRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers for cancer patients to aid diagnosis and determine prognosis. In addition, numerous lncRNAs have proved their ability to predict response to cancer treatment. FAM83H antisense RNA 1 (FAM83H-AS1) is among those highly dysregulated lncRNAs in cancer. FAM83H-AS1 was demonstrated to participate in the progression of different malignancies and also shown to play a vital role in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Here, we analyse recent studies concerning the oncogenic role and molecular mechanisms of lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 in the following cancer types: bladder, breast, lung, hepatocellular, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, ovarian, cervical cancer as well as glioma.

CRNDE mediates the viability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma via miR-136-5p

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the mutual adhesion and development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The underlying molecular mechanism of EMT and RCC cells in the treatment of RCC was less reported. In this study, the related functional lncRNA and miRNA in RCC tissues were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The RNA interference technology was applied to measure the effects of the predicted lncRNAs and miRNAs on RCC cells. The expressions of EMT-related mRNAs and proteins were determined using qRT-PCR and Western-blot experiments. CRNDE was overexpressed and miR-136-5p was low-expressed in RCC. Upregulation of CRNDE could promote the viability, migration, invasion of RCC, while downregulation of CRNDE produced the opposite effects. Both the upregulation and downregulation of CRNDE alternated the protein expressions related to EMT, while miR-136-5p resulted in the opposite effects on CRNDE. Moreover, the promotive effect of overexpressed CRNDE on RCC cells could be blocked by miR-136-5p mimic. CRNDE can mediate miR-136-5p, promote the development of EMT and RCC cells, showing the potential to serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in RCC treatment.

Serum LncRNA-ATB and FAM83H-AS1 as diagnostic/prognostic non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancer

AIMS

Circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have proven to be useful non-invasive tools for diagnosis of various cancers. FAM83H antisense RNA 1 (FAM83H-AS1) and lncRNA activated by TGF β (lncRNA-ATB) are two lncRNAs that have been shown to play an important role in different cancer types including breast cancer. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the potential role of serum FAM83H-AS1 and lncRNA-ATB as diagnostic/prognostic markers for breast cancer patients.

MAIN METHODS

Serum expression levels of FAM83H-AS1 and lncRNA-ATB were analyzed in 90 breast cancer patients and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls using RT-qPCR.

KEY FINDINGS

We found that FAM83H-AS1 and lncRNA-ATB were significantly overexpressed in sera of breast cancer patients compared to controls (p = 0.000 for both). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that lncRNA-ATB had a higher area under curve (AUC) value than the conventional tumor marker cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) (AUC: 0.844, p = 0.000 versus 0.738, p = 0.002) for early diagnosis of breast cancer in patients with stage I-II. On the other hand, FAM83H-AS1 showed a significant correlation with tumor-node metastasis (TNM) stages, large tumor size and lymph node metastasis, suggesting a prognostic rather than diagnostic value.

SIGNIFICANCE

This is the first study to demonstrate that serum lncRNA-ATB could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic marker for early stages of breast cancer. Furthermore, serum FAM83H-AS1 has a potential ability for monitoring of progression and staging of breast cancer.