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Zhang N, Ma X, He X, Zhang Y, Guo X, Shen Z, Guo X, Zhang D, Tian S, Ma X, Xing Y. Inhibition of YIPF2 Improves the Vulnerability of Oligodendrocytes to Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01263-6. [PMID: 39078594 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive secretion of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is an important pathological basis of diabetic encephalopathy (DE). In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential implications of hIAPP in DE pathogenesis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive scales were applied to evaluate white matter damage and cognitive function. We found that the concentration of serum hIAPP was positively correlated with white matter damage but negatively correlated with cognitive scores in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In vitro assays revealed that oligodendrocytes, compared with neurons, were more prone to acidosis under exogenous hIAPP stimulation. Moreover, western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation indicated that hIAPP interfered with the binding process of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1 to its accessory protein CD147 but had no effect on the binding of MCT2 to its accessory protein gp70. Proteomic differential analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitated with CD147 in oligodendrocytes revealed Yeast Rab GTPase-Interacting protein 2 (YIPF2, which modulates the transfer of CD147 to the cell membrane) as a significant target. Furthermore, YIPF2 inhibition significantly improved hIAPP-induced acidosis in oligodendrocytes and alleviated cognitive dysfunction in DE model mice. These findings suggest that increased CD147 translocation by inhibition of YIPF2 optimizes MCT1 and CD147 binding, potentially ameliorating hIAPP-induced acidosis and the consequent DE-related demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xinyu He
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiaosu Guo
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Danshen Zhang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shujuan Tian
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Yuan Xing
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Deng J, Liu B, Tao Q, Luo Y, Zhu Y, Huang X, Yue F. The Co-oligomers of Aβ42 and Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Exacerbate Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer-like Pathology at Cellular Level. Neuroscience 2024; 547:37-55. [PMID: 38604526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The Aβ hypothesis has long been central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) theory, with a recent surge in attention following drug approvals targeting Aβ plaque clearance. Aβ42 oligomers (AβO) are key neurotoxins. While β-amyloid (Aβ) buildup is a hallmark of AD, postmortem brain analyses have unveiled human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) deposition in AD patients, suggesting a potential role in Alzheimer's pathology. This study investigates the neurotoxic effects of co-aggregates of Aβ42 and hIAPP, specifically focusing on their impact on cell survival, apoptosis, and AD-like pathology. We analyzed and compared the impact of AβO and Aβ42-hIAPP on cell survival in SH-SY5Y cells, apoptosis and inducing AD-like pathology in glutamatergic neurons. Aβ42-hIAPP co-oligomers exhibited significantly greater toxicity, causing 2.3-3.5 times higher cell death compared to AβO alone. Furthermore, apoptosis rates were significantly exacerbated in glutamatergic neurons when exposed to Aβ42-hIAPP co-oligomers. The study also revealed that Aβ42-hIAPP co-oligomers induced typical AD-like pathology in glutamatergic neurons, including the presence of Aβ deposits (detected by 6E10 and 4G8 immunofluorescence) and alterations in tau protein (changes in total tau HT7, phosphorylated tau AT8, AT180). Notably, Aβ42-hIAPP co-oligomers induced a more severe AD pathology compared to AβO alone. These findings provide compelling evidence for the heightened toxicity of Aβ42-hIAPP co-oligomers on neurons and their role in exacerbating AD pathology. The study contributes novel insights into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the potential involvement of hIAPP in AD pathology. Together, these findings offer novel insights into AD pathogenesis and routes for constructing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health Institute, Hainan University. Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health Institute, Hainan University. Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yanyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health Institute, Hainan University. Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health Institute, Hainan University. Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health Institute, Hainan University. Haikou 570228, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health Institute, Hainan University. Haikou 570228, China.
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3
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Bortoletto AS, Parchem RJ. A pancreatic player in dementia: pathological role for islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2141-2146. [PMID: 37056121 PMCID: PMC10328265 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.369095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have a markedly higher risk of developing dementia. While multiple factors contribute to this predisposition, one of these involves the increased secretion of amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide, that accompanies the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation has undoubtedly been implicated in various forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, but the exact mechanisms underlying islet amyloid polypeptide's causative role in dementia are unclear. In this review, we have summarized the literature supporting the various mechanisms by which islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation may cause neuronal damage, ultimately leading to the clinical symptoms of dementia. We discuss the evidence for islet amyloid polypeptide deposition in the brain, islet amyloid polypeptide interaction with other amyloids implicated in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation caused by islet amyloid polypeptide deposition, vascular damage induced by islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation, and islet amyloid polypeptide-induced cytotoxicity. There are very few therapies approved for the treatment of dementia, and of these, clinical responses have been controversial at best. Therefore, investigating new, targetable pathways is vital for identifying novel therapeutic strategies for treating dementia. As such, we conclude this review by discussing islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation as a potential therapeutic target not only in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus but as a future target in treating or even preventing dementia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S. Bortoletto
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald J. Parchem
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Kopaeva MY, Azieva AM, Cherepov AB, Zarayskaya IY. Lactoferrin Modulates Induction of Transcription Factor c-Fos in Neuronal Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098373. [PMID: 37176079 PMCID: PMC10179438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional protein from the transferrin family. Of particular interest is the ability of Lf to affect a wide range of neuronal processes by modulating the expression of genes involved in long-term neuroplasticity. The expression of the immediate early gene c-fos that is rapidly activated in response to external influences, and its product, transcription factor c-Fos, is widely used as a marker of long-term neuronal plasticity. The present study aims to examine the effect of human Lf on the induction of transcription factor c-Fos in the primary mouse neuronal cultures after stimulation and to determine the cellular localization of human Lf and its colocalization with induced c-Fos protein. Primary dissociated cultures of hippocampal cells were obtained from the brains of newborn C57BL/6 mice (P0-P1). On day 7 of culturing, human Lf was added to the medium. After 24 h (day 8 in culture), c-Fos protein was induced in cells by triple application of 50 mM KCl. c-Fos content was analyzed using the immunofluorescent method 2 h after stimulation. Stimulation promoted exogenous Lf translocation into the nuclei of cultured neuronal cells, which correlated with increased induction of transcription factor c-Fos and was accompanied by nuclear colocalization of these proteins. These results attest to the potential of Lf as a modulator of neuronal processes and open up new prospects in studying the mechanisms of the regulatory effects of lactoferrin on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yu Kopaeva
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1 Akademika Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Asya M Azieva
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1 Akademika Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton B Cherepov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1 Akademika Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Zarayskaya
- Research Institute of Normal Physiology Named after P.K. Anokhin, 8 Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Nuñez-Diaz C, Pocevičiūtė D, Schultz N, Welinder C, Swärd K, Wennström M. Contraction of human brain vascular pericytes in response to islet amyloid polypeptide is reversed by pramlintide. Mol Brain 2023; 16:25. [PMID: 36793056 PMCID: PMC9933335 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a pancreas-produced peptide, has beneficial functions in its monomeric form. However, IAPP aggregates, related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are toxic not only for the pancreas, but also for the brain. In the latter, IAPP is often found in vessels, where it is highly toxic for pericytes, mural cells that have contractile properties and regulate capillary blood flow. In the current study, we use a microvasculature model, where human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP) are co-cultured together with human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, to demonstrate that IAPP oligomers (oIAPP) alter the morphology and contractility of HBVP. Contraction and relaxation of HBVP was verified using the vasoconstrictor sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and vasodilator Y27632, where the former increased, and the latter decreased, the number of HBVP with round morphology. Increased number of round HBVP was also seen after oIAPP stimulation, and the effect was reverted by the IAPP analogue pramlintide, Y27632, and the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin. Inhibition of the IAPP receptor with the antagonist AC187 only reverted IAPP effects partially. Finally, we demonstrate by immunostaining of human brain tissue against laminin that individuals with high amount of brain IAPP levels show significantly lower capillary diameter and altered mural cell morphology compared to individuals with low brain IAPP levels. These results indicate that HBVP, in an in vitro model of microvasculature, respond morphologically to vasoconstrictors, dilators, and myosin inhibitors. They also suggest that oIAPP induces contraction of these mural cells and that pramlintide can reverse such contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dovilė Pocevičiūtė
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nina Schultz
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - The Netherlands Brain Bank
- grid.419918.c0000 0001 2171 8263Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Swärd
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Wennström
- Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Shi L, Zhang R, Li T, Han X, Yuan N, Jiang L, Zhou H, Xu S. Decreased miR-132 plays a crucial role in diabetic encephalopathy by regulating the GSK-3β/Tau pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:4590-4604. [PMID: 33406505 PMCID: PMC7906212 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a global concern and Gordian knot worldwide. miRNA-132 (miR-132) is a class of negative gene regulators that promote diabetic pathologic mechanisms and its complications. However, the molecular mechanisms of miR-132 in DE are elusive, thus an alternative therapeutic strategy is urgently in demand. The present study explored the protective effect and the underlying mechanism of miR-132 on DE via the GSK-β/Tau signaling pathway. Experimentally, a type 2 DM rat model was developed by incorporating a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Further, the DE model was screened via the Morris Water Maze test. Primary hippocampal neurons and HT-22 cells were used for in vitro analysis. We found that hyperglycemia exacerbates cognitive impairment in T2DM rats. When we isolated the primary hippocampus neurons, the expression of miR-132 RNA was low in both the DE hippocampus and primary neurons. GSK-3β and Tau 404 were highly expressed in injured HT-22 cells and diabetic hippocampal tissues. miR-132 downregulated the expression of GSK-3β. Besides, a binding and colocalized relationship between GSK3β and Tau was also reported. These findings suggest that miR-132 exerts protective effects from DE injury by repressing GSK-3β expression and alleviating Tau hyperphosphorylation in HT-22 cells and hippocampus tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang 075000, China.,Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain Science, Shijiazhuang 075000, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of General Practice, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Nannan Yuan
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang 075000, China.,Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain Science, Shijiazhuang 075000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang 075000, China.,Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain Science, Shijiazhuang 075000, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang 075000, China.,Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain Science, Shijiazhuang 075000, China
| | - Shunjiang Xu
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang 075000, China.,Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain Science, Shijiazhuang 075000, China
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Zhang N, Guan T, Shafiq K, Xing Y, Sun B, Huang Q, Kong J. Compromised Lactate Efflux Renders Vulnerability of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells to Metabolic Stresses. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2717-2727. [PMID: 32667776 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the brain cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are the most vulnerable in response to hypoxic and ischemic insults, of which the mechanism remains unknown. Brain cells are known to import or export lactate via differentially expressed monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to maintain energy metabolism and pH homeostasis. The present study aims to determine the role of MCT1 in the high vulnerability of OPCs. Here we show that a mild ischemic condition equivalent to ischemic preconditioning caused detectable loss of OPCs. MCT1, which is primarily expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells including OPCs, was up-regulated immediately under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. However, persistent hypoxia, but not hypoglycemia, inhibited the function of MCT1, leading to an intracellular lactate accumulation and acidosis in OPCs. Neurons, which express primarily MCT2, were able to export lactate and maintain an intracellular pH homeostasis under similar conditions. The results support that compromised lactate efflux resulting from hypoxia-induced dysfunction of MCT1 contributes to the high vulnerability of OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, 243 Daxue Road Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kashfia Shafiq
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Yuan Xing
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, 243 Daxue Road Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, 243 Daxue Road Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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