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Da W, Song Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang S, Ma J. The role of TET2 in solid tumors and its therapeutic potential: a comprehensive review. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:2156-2165. [PMID: 38598002 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Indeed, tumors are a significant health concern worldwide, and understanding the underlying mechanisms of tumor development is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Epigenetics, which refers to changes in gene expression that are not caused by alterations in the DNA sequence itself, plays a critical role in the entire process of tumor development. It goes without saying that the effect of methylation on tumors is a significant aspect of epigenetics. Among the methylation modifications, DNA methylation is an important part, which plays a regulatory role in tumor-related genes. Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is a highly influential protein involved in the modification of DNA methylation. Its primary role is associated with the suppression of tumor development, making it a significant player in cancer research. However, TET2 is frequently mentioned in hematological diseases, its role in solid tumors has received little attention. Studying the changes of TET2 in solid tumors and the regulatory mechanism will facilitate its investigation as a clinical target for targeted therapy and may also provide directions for clinical treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Da
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ziyu Song
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Seethy AA, Pethusamy K, Kushwaha T, Kumar G, Talukdar J, Chaubey R, Sundaram UD, Mahapatra M, Saxena R, Dhar R, Inampudi KK, Karmakar S. Alterations of the expression of TET2 and DNA 5-hmC predict poor prognosis in Myelodysplastic Neoplasms. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1035. [PMID: 37884893 PMCID: PMC10601240 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and progression to acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplasia-related (AML-MR). A major mechanism of pathogenesis of MDS is the aberration of the epigenetic landscape of the hematopoietic stem cells and/or progenitor cells, especially DNA cytosine methylation, and demethylation. Data on TET2, the predominant DNA demethylator of the hematopoietic system, is limited, particularly in the MDS patients from India, whose biology may differ since these patients present at a relatively younger age. We studied the expression and the variants of TET2 in Indian MDS and AML-MR patients and their effects on 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine (5-hmC, a product of TET2 catalysis) and on the prognosis of MDS patients. RESULTS Of the 42 MDS patients, cytogenetics was available for 31 sub-categorized according to the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R). Their age resembled that of the previous studies from India. Bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNCs) were also obtained from 13 patients with AML-MR, 26 patients with de-novo AML, and 11 subjects with morphologically normal bone marrow. The patients had a significantly lower TET2 expression which was more pronounced in AML-MR and the IPSS-R higher-risk MDS categories. The 5-hmC levels in higher-risk MDS and AML-MR correlated with TET2 expression, suggesting a possible mechanistic role in the loss of TET2 expression. The findings on TET2 and 5-hmC were also confirmed at the tissue level using immunohistochemistry. Pathogenic variants of TET2 were found in 7 of 24 patient samples (29%), spanning across the IPSS-R prognostic categories. One of the variants - H1778R - was found to affect local and global TET2 structure when studied using structural predictions and molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, it is plausible that some pathogenic variants in TET2 can compromise the structure of TET2 and hence in the formation of 5-hmC. CONCLUSIONS IPSS-R higher-risk MDS categories and AML-MR showed a reduction in TET2 expression, which was not apparent in lower-risk MDS. DNA 5-hmC levels followed a similar pattern. Overall, a decreased TET2 expression and a low DNA 5-hmC level are predictors of advanced disease and adverse outcome in MDS in the population studied, i.e., MDS patients from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashikh A Seethy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, India
| | - Karthikeyan Pethusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tushar Kushwaha
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rekha Chaubey
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Udayakumar Dharmalingam Sundaram
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Hematopathology, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Manoranjan Mahapatra
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Saxena
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Hematopathology, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Ruby Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna K Inampudi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Zhou Z, Zhong L, Chu X, Wan P, Dan W, Shao X, Chen S, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Liu B. HDAC11 mediates the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p53 and inhibits the anti-leukemia effect of PD0166285. Med Oncol 2023; 40:325. [PMID: 37805625 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytarabine-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common phenomenon, necessitating the search for new chemotherapeutics. WEE1 participates in cell cycle checkpoint signaling and inhibitors targeting WEE1 (WEE1i) constitute a potential novel strategy for AML treatment. HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors have been shown to enhance the anti-tumor effects of WEE1i but molecular mechanisms of HDAC remain poorly characterized. In this study, the WEE1 inhibitor PD0166285 showed a relatively good anti-leukemia effect. Notably, PD0166285 can arise the expression of HDAC11 which was negatively correlated with survival of AML patients. Moreover, HDAC11 can reduced the anti-tumor effect of PD0166285 through an effect on p53 stability and the changes in phosphorylation levels of MAPK pathways. Overall, the cell cycle inhibitor, PD0166285, is a potential chemotherapeutic drug for AML. These fundings contribute to a functional understanding of HDAC11 in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Wenran Dan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Marinelli LM, Romain JT, Ehman W, Ortega V, Velagaleti G, Gibbons TF, Nazario-Toole A, Holmes AR. Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasm with FGFR1 Rearrangement Presenting with Polycythemia Vera and T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Genet 2023; 276-277:43-47. [PMID: 37480761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with fibroblast growth factor 1 rearrangements (MLN-FGFR1) represents a rare group of hematologic neoplasms, with approximately 100 cases reported to date. A 69-year-old woman with a history of polycythemia and leukocytosis, with negative molecular testing for JAK2, CALR, and MPL, presented with diffuse adenopathy. A lymph node (LN) biopsy revealed effacement by T-lymphoblasts, consistent with T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL). A staging bone marrow (BM) biopsy demonstrated trilineage hyperplasia, which, taken together with the patient's elevated hemoglobin and low serum erythropoietin level, fulfilled diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera. Karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization on both the BM and LN demonstrated a FGFR1 rearrangement due to t(8;13), consistent with MLN-FGFR1. Whole genome sequencing on the LN additionally identified a pathogenic frameshift mutation of ASXL1 NC_000020.11:g32434646dup NM_015338.6(ASXL1):c.1934dup p.(Gly646Trpfs) predicted to result in loss of protein function, a finding also observed in 8.1% of BM reads. Both the BM and LN harbored missense variants in HDAC4 NM_001378414.1(HDAC4):c.[2763G>A]; [2763=] p.(Met921Ile) and CHEK2 NM_007194.4(CHEK2):c.[538C>T];[538=] p.(Arg180Cys), with an unknown significance. Despite initial response to Mini-CVD + venetoclax, the patient subsequently experienced rapid clinical deterioration and death. We report the second case of MLN-FGFR1 with an ASXL1 mutation and the first case with HDAC4 and CHEK2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Marinelli
- Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Services, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA, 78234.
| | - Joshua T Romain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA, 78234.
| | - William Ehman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, USA, 78229.
| | - Veronica Ortega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, USA, 78229.
| | - Gopalrao Velagaleti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, USA, 78229.
| | - Thomas F Gibbons
- Clinical Investigations & Research Support Laboratory, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, 1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Lackland AFB, TX, USA, 78236.
| | - Ashley Nazario-Toole
- Clinical Investigations & Research Support Laboratory, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, 1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Lackland AFB, TX, USA, 78236.
| | - Allen R Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Services, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA, 78234.
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Dissecting TET2 Regulatory Networks in Blood Differentiation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030830. [PMID: 35159097 PMCID: PMC8834528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone marrow disorders such as leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes are characterized by abnormal healthy blood cells production and function. Uncontrolled growth and impaired differentiation of white blood cells hinder the correct development of healthy cells in the bone marrow. One of the most frequent alterations that appear to initiate this deregulation and persist in leukemia patients are mutations in epigenetic regulators such as TET2. This review summarizes the latest molecular findings regarding TET2 functions in hematopoietic cells and their potential implications in blood cancer origin and evolution. Our goal was to encompass and interlink up-to-date discoveries of the convoluted TET2 functional network to provide a more precise overview of the leukemic burden of this protein. Abstract Cytosine methylation (5mC) of CpG is the major epigenetic modification of mammalian DNA, playing essential roles during development and cancer. Although DNA methylation is generally associated with transcriptional repression, its role in gene regulation during cell fate decisions remains poorly understood. DNA demethylation can be either passive or active when initiated by TET dioxygenases. During active demethylation, transcription factors (TFs) recruit TET enzymes (TET1, 2, and 3) to specific gene regulatory regions to first catalyze the oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and subsequently to higher oxidized cytosine derivatives. Only TET2 is frequently mutated in the hematopoietic system from the three TET family members. These mutations initially lead to the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compartment expansion, eventually evolving to give rise to a wide range of blood malignancies. This review focuses on recent advances in characterizing the main TET2-mediated molecular mechanisms that activate aberrant transcriptional programs in blood cancer onset and development. In addition, we discuss some of the key outstanding questions in the field.
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6
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Mikkelsen SU, Gillberg L, Lykkesfeldt J, Grønbæk K. The role of vitamin C in epigenetic cancer therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:179-193. [PMID: 33789122 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of vitamin C in the treatment of cancer has been subject to controversy for decades. Within the past 10 years, mechanistic insight into the importance of vitamin C in epigenetic regulation has provided a new rationale for its potential anti-cancer effects. At physiological concentrations, vitamin C is a potent antioxidant and thereby co-factor for a range of enzymes including the Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that represent some of the most important epigenetic regulators; the ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases and the Jumonji-C domain-containing histone demethylases. Epigenetic deregulation is a hallmark of many cancers and reduced activity of these enzymes or somatic loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding them, are observed in many cancer types. The present review outlines the growing literature on the role of vitamin C in epigenetic therapy of cancer. In the vast majority of in vitro, animal and clinical studies included in this review, vitamin C showed ability across cancer types to increase the hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine catalyzed by the TET enzymes - the first step in DNA demethylation. Most consistently, vitamin C in combination with the class of epigenetic drugs, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies in both preclinical and the limited number of available clinical studies. Yet, the pertinent question of what is the optimal dose of vitamin C in cancer studies remains to be answered. High-quality randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with vitamin C may benefit subgroups of patients with (pre-)cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ulrik Mikkelsen
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 10, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Building 2, 3rd Floor, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Gillberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1st Floor, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 10, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Building 2, 3rd Floor, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8a, a New Acridine Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Agent Targeting HDAC1/DNMT1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115516. [PMID: 34073721 PMCID: PMC8197214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapy using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors has become an attractive project in new drug development. However, DNA methylation and histone acetylation are important epigenetic ways to regulate the occurrence and development of leukemia. Given previous studies, N-(2-aminophenyl)benzamide acridine (8a), as a histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) inhibitor, induces apoptosis and shows significant anti-proliferative activity against histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells. HDAC1 plays a role in the nucleus, which we confirmed by finding that 8a entered the nucleus. Subsequently, we verified that 8a mainly passes through the endogenous (mitochondrial) pathway to induce cell apoptosis. From the protein interaction data, we found that 8a also affected the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Therefore, an experiment was performed to assess the binding of 8a to DNMT1 at the molecular and cellular levels. We found that the binding strength of 8a to DNMT1 enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, 8a inhibits the expression of DNMT1 mRNA and its protein. These findings suggested that the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of 8a against leukemia cells were achieved by targeting HDAC1 and DNMT1.
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8
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Chavkin NW, Min KD, Walsh K. Importance of clonal hematopoiesis in heart failure. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:198-203. [PMID: 33892102 PMCID: PMC8526615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is prevalent in the elderly population. Inflammatory processes can contribute to the progression of heart failure by altering the balance of tissue healing and pathological remodeling during the injury response. New findings show that aging can alter immune cell phenotypes through the process of clonal hematopoiesis. This condition results from acquired somatic DNA mutations in specific driver genes that give rise to clonal expansions of mutant hematopoietic cells with overactive inflammatory properties. Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that clonal hematopoiesis is prevalent in heart failure patients and associated with poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize current evidence that associates clonal hematopoiesis with the progression of heart failure. We further describe the mechanistic links between clonal hematopoiesis and the pro-inflammatory responses that can contribute to pathological outcomes in the heart. Finally, we provide perspectives on future research directions in the area of clonal hematopoiesis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Chavkin
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center USA; Department of Cardiology USA; Hematovascular Biology Center, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center USA; Department of Cardiology USA; Hematovascular Biology Center, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center USA; Department of Cardiology USA; Hematovascular Biology Center, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA.
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Pasca S, Jurj A, Zdrenghea M, Tomuleasa C. The Potential Equivalents of TET2 Mutations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071499. [PMID: 33805247 PMCID: PMC8036366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) TET2 mutations have been observed to be mutually exclusive with IDH1, IDH2, and WT1 mutations, all of them showing a similar impact on the transcription profile. Because of this, it is possible that TET2/IDH1/2/WT1 mutated AML could be considered as having similar characteristics between each other. Nonetheless, other genes also interact with TET2 and influence its activity. Because of this, it is possible that other signatures exist that would mimic the effect of TET2 mutations. Thus, in this review, we searched the literature for the genes that were observed to interact with TET2 and classified them in the following manner: transcription alteration, miRs, direct interaction, posttranslational changes, and substrate reduction. Abstract TET2 is a dioxygenase dependent on Fe2+ and α-ketoglutarate which oxidizes 5-methylcytosine (5meC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmeC). TET proteins successively oxidize 5mC to yield 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Among these oxidized methylcytosines, 5fC and 5caC are directly excised by thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and ultimately replaced with unmethylated cytosine. Mutations in TET2 have been shown to lead to a hypermethylated state of the genome and to be responsible for the initiation of the oncogenetic process, especially in myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Nonetheless, this was also shown to be the case in other cancers. In AML, TET2 mutations have been observed to be mutually exclusive with IDH1, IDH2, and WT1 mutations, all of them showing a similar impact on the transcription profile of the affected cell. Because of this, it is possible that TET2/IDH1/2/WT1 mutated AML could be considered as having similar characteristics between each other. Nonetheless, other genes also interact with TET2 and influence its effect, thus making it possible that other signatures exist that would mimic the effect of TET2 mutations. Thus, in this review, we searched the literature for the genes that were observed to interact with TET2 and classified them in the following manner: transcription alteration, miRs, direct interaction, posttranslational changes, and substrate reduction. What we propose in the present review is the potential extension of the TET2/IDH1/2/WT1 entity with the addition of certain expression signatures that would be able to induce a similar phenotype with that induced by TET2 mutations. Nonetheless, we recommend that this approach be taken on a disease by disease basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (S.P.); (M.Z.); (C.T.)
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (S.P.); (M.Z.); (C.T.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (S.P.); (M.Z.); (C.T.)
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
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Li G, Tian Y, Zhu WG. The Roles of Histone Deacetylases and Their Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576946. [PMID: 33117804 PMCID: PMC7552186 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations and abnormal gene regulation are key mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Nucleosomes, which consist of DNA wrapped around histone cores, represent the basic units of chromatin. The fifth amino group (Nε) of histone lysine residues is a common site for post-translational modifications (PTMs), and of these, acetylation is the second most common. Histone acetylation is modulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), and is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Over the past two decades, numerous studies characterizing HDACs and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have provided novel and exciting insights concerning their underlying biological mechanisms and potential anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we detail the diverse structures of HDACs and their underlying biological functions, including transcriptional regulation, metabolism, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, cell cycle, apoptosis, protein degradation, immunity and other several physiological processes. We also highlight potential avenues to use HDACi as novel, precision cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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