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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Fernàndez-Bernal A, Portero-Otin M, Barja G, Pamplona R. Phenotypic molecular features of long-lived animal species. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:728-747. [PMID: 37748717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges facing science/biology today is uncovering the molecular bases that support and determine animal and human longevity. Nature, in offering a diversity of animal species that differ in longevity by more than 5 orders of magnitude, is the best 'experimental laboratory' to achieve this aim. Mammals, in particular, can differ by more than 200-fold in longevity. For this reason, most of the available evidence on this topic derives from comparative physiology studies. But why can human beings, for instance, reach 120 years whereas rats only last at best 4 years? How does nature change the longevity of species? Longevity is a species-specific feature resulting from an evolutionary process. Long-lived animal species, including humans, show adaptations at all levels of biological organization, from metabolites to genome, supported by signaling and regulatory networks. The structural and functional features that define a long-lived species may suggest that longevity is a programmed biological property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Fernàndez-Bernal
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Barja
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), E28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain.
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Sharif Swallah M, Bondzie-Quaye P, Wang H, Shao CS, Hua P, Alrasheed Bashir M, Benjamin Holman J, Sossah FL, Huang Q. Potentialities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts as functional ingredients in food formulation. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113161. [PMID: 37689913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the recognized therapeutic characteristics of G. lucidum, it is one of the most extensively researched mushrooms as a chemopreventive agent and as a functional food. It is a known wood-degrading basidiomycete possessing numerous pharmacological functions and is termed a natural pharmacy store due to its rich number of active compounds which have proved to portray numerous therapeutic properties. This current review highlights studies on the potentialities of G. lucidum extracts as functional ingredients on organoleptic and nutritional properties of food products (e.g., dairy, wine, beverage, bakery, meat, and other products). In addition, the study delved into various aspects of encapsulated G. lucidum extracts, their morphological and rheological characteristics, prebiotic and immunomodulatory importance, the effects on apoptosis, autophagy, cancer therapy, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, antioxidant activities, and safety concerns. These findings have significant implications for the development of new products in the food and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, the various active compounds extracted from G. lucidum exhibited no toxic or adverse effects, and the appeal for it as a dietary food, natural remedy, and health-fortifying food is drastically increasing as well as attracting the interest of both the industrial and scientific communities. Furthermore, the formation of functional foods based on G. lucidum appears to have actual promise and exciting prospects in nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Precious Bondzie-Quaye
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Shao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pei Hua
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mona Alrasheed Bashir
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Frederick Leo Sossah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Oil Palm Research Institute, Coconut Research Programme, P.O. Box 245, Sekondi, Ghana
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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González-Rodríguez P, Füllgrabe J, Joseph B. The hunger strikes back: an epigenetic memory for autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01159-4. [PMID: 37031275 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Historical and demographical human cohorts of populations exposed to famine, as well as animal studies, revealed that exposure to food deprivation is associated to lasting health-related effects for the exposed individuals, as well as transgenerational effects in their offspring that affect their diseases' risk and overall longevity. Autophagy, an evolutionary conserved catabolic process, serves as cellular response to cope with nutrient starvation, allowing the mobilization of an internal source of stored nutrients and the production of energy. We review the evidence obtained in multiple model organisms that support the idea that autophagy induction, including through dietary regimes based on reduced food intake, is in fact associated to improved health span and extended lifespan. Thereafter, we expose autophagy-induced chromatin remodeling, such as DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications that are known heritable epigenetic marks, as a plausible mechanism for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Füllgrabe
- Cambridge Epigenetix Ltd, The Trinity Building, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chen Q, Yang X, Capanoglu E, Amrouche AT, Wu L, Luo J, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Zhang D, Lu B. Eucommia ulmoides male flower as a remarkable edible floral resource exerts lifespan/healthspan-promoting effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Funct 2023; 14:457-470. [PMID: 36519399 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, especially phytochemicals, can effectively improve the health of various model organisms and ultimately prolong their lifespan. As an emerging resource of plant-based food, edible flowers have potential anti-aging effects. Here, we showed that twelve out of 30 drug-food homologous flowers' extracts significantly extended the lifespan of C. elegans, and the Eucommia ulmoides male flower was screened out by comparing centrally. The lifespan of C. elegans increased by 18.61% under the treatment of 100 μg mL-1 floral extract (EUFE). Interestingly, this effect was attenuated when EUFE was administered late or at higher concentrations. Significantly, EUFE improved health indicators that decline with aging including pharyngeal pumping, mobility, muscle morphology, and lipofuscin accumulation. EUFE also enhanced the resistance of C. elegans to oxidative/heat stress. The longevity-extending effect of EUFE was dependent on transcription factor DAF-16 and mitochondrial function. Moreover, EUFE triggered the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 and promoted downstream LGG-1 and SOD3 protein expression. In body-wall muscles, EUFE stimulated mitochondrial fission and mitophagy to mitigate age-related mitochondrial impairments. The transcriptional checkpoints of daf-16, drp-1, eat-3, lgg-1, and dct-1 further showed that EUFE regulated DAF-16 signaling and mitochondrial homeostasis. Finally, the interpretation of the EUFE components by correlation analysis, UHPLC-QE-MS, and verification experiments showed that aucubin, geniposide, and asperuloside are the main active compounds. We revealed the excellent lifespan/healthspan-promoting efficacy of EUFE and highlighted that edible flowers are worthy of further investigation as anti-aging dietary resources. Meanwhile, related mechanisms enriched the hypothesis that mitochondria might be involved in the healthspan modulation of longevity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Amel Thanina Amrouche
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Yuhang Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Xiongtao Jiang
- Florasis Oriental Beauty Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Florasis Oriental Beauty Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
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Wang Y, Liu H, Fu G, Li Y, Ji X, Zhang S, Qiao K. Paecilomyces variotii extract increases lifespan and protects against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans through SKN-1, but not DAF-16. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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mTOR Complex 1 Content and Regulation Is Adapted to Animal Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158747. [PMID: 35955882 PMCID: PMC9369240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased content and activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway, as well as the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) itself, are key traits for animal species and human longevity. Since mTORC1 acts as a master regulator of intracellular metabolism, it is responsible, at least in part, for the longevous phenotype. Conversely, increased content and activity of mTOR signalling and mTORC1 are hallmarks of ageing. Additionally, constitutive and aberrant activity of mTORC1 is also found in age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer. The downstream processes regulated through this network are diverse, and depend upon nutrient availability. Hence, multiple nutritional strategies capable of regulating mTORC1 activity and, consequently, delaying the ageing process and the development of age-related diseases, are under continuous study. Among these, the restriction of calories is still the most studied and robust intervention capable of downregulating mTOR signalling and feasible for application in the human population.
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Sweet tea (Rubus Suavissmus S. Lee) polysaccharides promote the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans through autophagy-dependent insulin and mitochondrial pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:883-892. [PMID: 35351545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of sweet tea polysaccharide (STP-60a) has been characterized. However, the biological activity of STP-60a has not been extensively explored. This study aims to evaluate the anti-aging activity of STP-60a using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. 400 μg/mL of STP-60a increased the mean lifespan of C. elegans by 22.88%, reduced the lipofuscin content by 33.01%, and improved the survival rate under heat stress and oxidative stress by 32.33% and 27.63%, respectively. Further research in lifespan-related mutants revealed that STP-60a exerted anti-aging effects mainly through insulin and mitochondrial signaling pathways. Through qRT-PCR and microscopic imaging of transgenic nematodes, we found that 400 μg/mL of STP-60a increased the expression of daf-16, skn-1, and hsf-1 downstream of the insulin pathway by 1.68-fold, 1.88-fold, and 1.03-fold, respectively, and promoted the accumulation of daf-16 and skn-1 in the nucleus. STP-60a also significantly regulated the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and unfolded protein recovery system. Furthermore, STP-60a activated the autophagy level in C. elegans, and the mutation of daf-2 or clk-1 inhibited the upregulation of autophagy genes by STP-60a, suggesting that autophagy acted as an effector of the insulin and mitochondrial pathways during STP-60a antiaging.
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Peng X, Luo RC, Su H, Zhou L, Ran XQ, Guo YR, Yao YG, Qiu M. ((±)-Spiroganoapplanin A, a complex polycyclic meroterpenoid dimer from Ganoderma applanatum displaying the potential against Alzheimer’s disease. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pair of meroterpenoid dimers, (±)-spiroganoapplanain A (1) represents a new subtype of Ganoderma meroterpenoid dimers with a 6/5/5/6/5/6 hexacyclic system were isolated from Ganoderma applanatum. Their structures were determined...
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Qiu WL, Hsu WH, Tsao SM, Tseng AJ, Lin ZH, Hua WJ, Yeh H, Lin TE, Chen CC, Chen LS, Lin TY. WSG, a Glucose-Rich Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum, Combined with Cisplatin Potentiates Inhibition of Lung Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244353. [PMID: 34960904 PMCID: PMC8705874 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest global mortality rate of any cancer. Although targeted therapeutic drugs are commercially available, the common drug resistance and insensitivity to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, a common clinical treatment for lung cancer, have prompted active research on alternative lung cancer therapies and methods for mitigating cisplatin-related complications. In this study, we investigated the effect of WSG, a glucose-rich, water soluble polysaccharide derived from Ganoderma lucidum, on cisplatin-based treatment for lung cancer. Murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells were injected into C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously and through the tail vein. The combined administration of WSG and cisplatin effectively inhibited tumor growth and the formation of metastatic nodules in the lung tissue of the mice. Moreover, WSG increased the survival rate of mice receiving cisplatin. Co-treatment with WSG and cisplatin induced a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of lung cancer cells, enhancing the apoptotic responses mediated by cisplatin. WSG also reduced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin in both macrophages and normal lung fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that WSG can increase the therapeutic effectiveness of cisplatin. In clinical settings, WSG may be used as an adjuvant or supplementary agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wei-Hung Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
- LO-Sheng Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei 242, Taiwan
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ming Tsao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Ai-Jung Tseng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Hu Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wei-Jyun Hua
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Yeh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- The General Education Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Sheng Chen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-S.C.); or (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-S.C.); or (T.-Y.L.)
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