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Zhang D, Gou Z, Qu Y, Su X. Understanding how methyltransferase-like 3 functions in lung diseases: From pathogenesis to clinical application. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117421. [PMID: 39241568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases have complex pathogenesis and treatment challenges, showing an obvious increase in the rate of diagnosis and death every year. Therefore, elucidating the mechanism for their pathogenesis and treatment ineffective from novel views is essential and urgent. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is a novel post-transcriptional regulator for gene expression that has been implicated in regulating lung diseases, including that observed in chronic conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis (PF), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as acute conditions such as pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Notably, a comprehensive summary and analysis of findings from these studies might help understand lung diseases from the novel view of METTL3-regulated mechanism, however, such a review is still lacking. Therefore, this review aims to bridge such shortage by summarising the roles of METTL3 in lung diseases, establishing their interrelationships, and elucidating the potential applications of METTL3 regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The analysis collectively suggests METTL3 is contributable to the onset and progression of these lung diseases, thereby prospecting METTL3 as a valuable biomarker for their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In conclusion, this review offers elucidation into the correlation between METTL3 and lung diseases in both research and clinical settings and highlights potential avenues for exploring the roles of METTL3 in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuang Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhixian Gou
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine & the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Paediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Deng L, Cao C, Cai Z, Wang Z, Leng B, Chen Z, Kong F, Zhou Z, He J, Nie X, Bian JS. STING Contributes to Pulmonary Hypertension by Targeting IFN and BMPR2 Signaling through Regulating of F2RL3. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 71:356-371. [PMID: 38864771 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0308oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an incurable disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling. Endothelial injury and inflammation are the key triggers of disease initiation. Recent findings suggest that STING (stimulator of IFN genes) activation plays a critical role in endothelial dysfunction and IFN signaling. Here, we investigated the involvement of STING in the pathogenesis of PH. Patients with PH and rodent PH model samples, a Sugen 5416/hypoxia PH model, and pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) were used to evaluate the hypothesis. We found that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-AMP synthase-STING signaling pathway was activated in lung tissues from rodent PH models and patients with PH and in TNF-α-induced PAECs in vitro. Specifically, STING expression was significantly elevated in the endothelial cells in PH disease settings. In the Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model, genetic knockout or pharmacological inhibition of STING prevented the progression of PH. Functionally, knockdown of STING reduced the proliferation and migration of PAECs. Mechanistically, STING transcriptionally regulates its binding partner F2RL3 (F2R-like thrombin or trypsin receptor 3) through the STING-NF-κB axis, which activated IFN signaling and repressed BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2) signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis revealed that F2RL3 expression was increased in PH settings and identified negative feedback regulation of F2RL3/BMPR2 signaling. Accordingly, a positive correlation of expression amounts between STING and F2RL3/IFN-stimulated genes was observed in vivo. Our findings suggest that STING activation in PAECs plays a critical role in the pathobiology of PH. Targeting STING may be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing the development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengrui Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongye Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Leng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, China; and
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanhao Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Du Q, Zhang C, Qu T, Zhou X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Shen Z, Chen P, Zhang R. METTL3-Driven m6A Modification of RBPJ Promotes Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00326-2. [PMID: 39222906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The dysregulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is widely recognized for its crucial roles in various diseases, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). Prior studies have highlighted the significant role of METTL3 in the pathogenesis of PH. Nevertheless, the potential and underlying mechanisms of METTL3 and its inhibitors as targets for PH treatment require further elucidation. In this study, we observed increased levels of METTL3 in various rodent models of PH. In vitro studies revealed that METTL3 silencing or treatment with STM2457, a specific METTL3 inhibitor, attenuated the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) or hypoxia. Moreover, in vivo experiments using AAV9-mediated METTL3 silencing or STM2457 inhibition demonstrated improvement in SU5416/hypoxia-induced PH in mice. Additionally, m6A RNA immunoprecipitation analysis identified RBPJ as a gene regulated by METTL3 in rodent models of PH. Loss-of-function studies showed that silencing RBPJ could attenuate the changes in the proliferation and migration of PASMCs induced by PDGF-BB or hypoxia. Further studies indicated that METTL3 and YTHDF1 regulate RBPJ mRNA expression in an m6A-dependent manner. These findings indicated that targeting METTL3 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating PH, and modulation of RBPJ could offer a potential intervention mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyu Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixuan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zilin Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Wang K, Wang Y, Li Y, Fang B, Li B, Cheng W, Wang K, Yang S. The potential of RNA methylation in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. iScience 2024; 27:110524. [PMID: 39165846 PMCID: PMC11334793 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA methylation has emerged as a dynamic regulatory mechanism that impacts gene expression and protein synthesis. Among the known RNA methylation modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), 3-methylcytosine (m3C), and N7-methylguanosine (m7G) have been studied extensively. In particular, m6A is the most abundant RNA modification and has attracted significant attention due to its potential effect on multiple biological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that RNA methylation plays an important role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To identify key pathogenic genes of CVD and potential therapeutic targets, we reviewed several common RNA methylation and summarized the research progress of RNA methylation in diverse CVDs, intending to inspire effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - YuQin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - YingHui Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - SuMin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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5
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Liu S, Cao Y, Zhang Y. Regulatory roles of RNA methylation in vascular lesions in ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38957015 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2370267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
RNA methylation is a widespread regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression in physiological processes. In recent years, the mechanisms and functions of RNA methylation under diseased conditions have been increasingly unveiled by RNA sequencing technologies with large scale and high resolution. In this review, the fundamental concept of RNA methylation is introduced, and the common types of transcript methylation and their machineries are described. Then, the regulatory roles of RNA methylation, particularly N6-methyladenosine and 5-methylcytosine, in the vascular lesions of ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases are discussed and compared. The ocular diseases include corneal neovascularization, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and pathologic myopia; whereas the cardiopulmonary ailments involve atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. This review hopes to shed light on the common regulatory mechanisms underlying the vascular lesions in these ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases, which may be conducive to developing therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunshan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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6
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Zhang J, Huang WQ, Zhang YR, Liang N, Li NP, Tan GK, Gong SX, Wang AP. Upregulation of eIF2α by m 6A modification accelerates the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rats. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:598-608. [PMID: 37973667 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a malignant cardiovascular disease. Eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) plays an important role in the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) rats. However, the regulatory mechanism of eIF2α remains poorly understood in PAH rats. Here, we discover eIF2α is markedly upregulated in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats, eIF2α can be upregulated by mRNA methylation, and upregulated eIF2α can promote PASMC proliferation in MCT-PAH rats. GSK2606414, eIF2α inhibitor, can downregulate the expression of eIF2α and alleviate PASMC proliferation in MCT-PAH rats. And we further discover the mRNA of eIF2α has a common sequence with N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification by bioinformatics analysis, and the expression of METTL3, WTAP, and YTHDF1 is upregulated in MCT-PAH rats. These findings suggest a potentially novel mechanism by which eIF2α is upregulated by m6A modification in MCT-PAH rats, which is involved in the pathogenesis of PAH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/genetics
- Up-Regulation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Male
- Cells, Cultured
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/genetics
- Monocrotaline/toxicity
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Methylation
- Signal Transduction
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Methyltransferases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qian Huang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Rong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Ping Li
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang-Kai Tan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Li P, Xiong P, Li X, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang W, Jia B, Lai Y. Tumor microenvironment characteristics and prognostic role of m 6A modification in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26851. [PMID: 38455573 PMCID: PMC10918158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It has recently been determined that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation regulators have prominent effects on several cancers. However, the potential role of m6A modification in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains unclear. Methods We evaluated the modification pattern of m6A and studied the biological function of m6A regulators in LUSC. Then, we constructed the m6Ascore to predict the prognosis of LUSC and analyzed the relationship between the m6Ascore and tumor mutation burden, immune cell infiltration, and immunotherapy. Result In the unsupervised consensus cluster analysis, three different m6Aclusters were identified, which correspond to an immune activation state, a moderate immune activation state, and an immune tolerance state. Forty-two genes related to the m6A phenotype were used to construct the m6Ascore; subsequently, multiple validations of the m6Ascore were carried out to determine the relationship between the score and immune cell infiltration and response to CTLA-4/PD-1 inhibitor treatment. Further analysis revealed that the m6Ascore could effectively predict the prognosis of LUSC and that the m6A phenotype-related genes, FAM162A and LOM4, might be potential biomarkers. Conclusion These findings highlight the potential role of m6A modification in the prognosis, TME, and immunotherapy of LUSC and have profound implications for developing more effective personalized treatment strategies for LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Peiyu Xiong
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bo Jia
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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Zheng H, Wu D, Chen X, He W, Hua J, Li Q, Ji Y. Endothelial downregulation of nuclear m6A reader YTHDC1 promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling in sugen hypoxia model of pulmonary hypertension. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24963. [PMID: 38318069 PMCID: PMC10838804 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized with vascular remodeling, which is intiated by vascular endothelial dysfunction. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification mediates gene expression in many ways including mediating RNA degradation, splicing, nuclear export et al. m6A modification have been found to be associated with the development of PH. However, the role of m6A regulators in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) dysfunction of PH is still under research. Methods The expression levels of m6A regulators in PAECs were analyzed with the single-cell sequencing Data(scRNA). Next, the target differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of m6A regulators in PAECs were functionally annotated. The analysis of cellular interactions included the examination of receptor-ligand pairs regulated by m6A regulators. Pseudo-time trajectory analyses and a ceRNA network involving lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were conducted in PAECs. Furthermore, microarray data (GSE180169) for Sugen Hypoxia PH (SuHx PH) mouse models was screened for DEGs and m6A regulators in PAECs. Moreover, the expression of YTHDC1 in the lung samples of SuHx PH models was determined using immunofluorescence. In vitro, the mRNA expression of YTHDC1 in HPAECs under hypoxia conditions was detected. The effect of YTHDC1 recombinant protein on HPAEC proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8). Results Dysregulation of m6A regulators was observed in mouse PAECs. The m6A reader of YTHDC1 was decreased in PAECs in scRNA data and RNAseq data of isolated PAECs of SuHx PH models. Downregulation of YTHDC1 was caused by hypoxia in PAECs in vitro and similar results was observed in PAECs of SuHx PH mouse models. Next, YTHDC1 recombinant protein was found to inhibit HPAECs proliferation. The DEGs targeted by YTHDC1 were enriched in angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, fluid shear stress, and stem cell maintenance. Analysis indicates that interactions among endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, mediated by specific YTHDC1 target genes (e.g., PTPRC-MRC1, ITBG2-ICAM1, COL4A1-CD44), contribute to PH development. Also, the YTHDC1 expression were consistent with Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP). What's more, the predicted transcription factors showed that NFKB1, Foxd3 may be involved in the regulation of YTHDC1. Lastly, our data suggest that YTHDC1 may be involved in regulating PAECs dysfunction through lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA network. Conclusion For the first time, we analyzed changes in the expression and biological functions of m6A regulators in SuHx PH mouse models. We causatively linked YTHDC1 to PAECs dysfunction, providing novel insight into and opportunities to diagnose and treat PH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenjuan He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - YingQun Ji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
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9
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Feng Y, Yu Z, Tang M, Li J, Peng B, Juaiti M, Tang Y, Liang B, Ouyang M, Liu Q, Song J. Transcriptome-Wide N6-Methyladenosine Alternations in Pulmonary Arteries of Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Rats and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2024; 12:364. [PMID: 38397966 PMCID: PMC10886831 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional epigenetic change with transcriptional stability and functionality regulated by specific m6A-modifying enzymes. However, the significance of genes modified by m6A and enzymes specific to m6A regulation in the context of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains largely unexplored. MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq were applied to explore variances in m6A and RNA expression within the pulmonary artery tissues of control and monocrotaline-induced PAH rats. Functional enrichments were analyzed using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. To screen candidate m6A-related genes, the STRING and Metascape databases were used to construct a protein-protein interaction network followed by a real-time PCR validation of their expression. The expression level of an m6A regulator was further investigated using immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence, and Western blot techniques. Additionally, proliferation assays were conducted on primary rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). We identified forty-two differentially expressed genes that exhibited either hypermethylated or hypomethylated m6A. These genes are predominantly related to the extracellular matrix structure, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. A candidate gene, centromere protein F (CENPF), was detected with increased expression in the PAH group. Additionally, we first identified an m6A reader, leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing (LRPPRC), which was downregulated in the PAH rat model. The in vitro downregulation of Lrpprc mediated by siRNA resulted in the enhanced proliferation and elevated expression of Cenpf mRNA in primary rat PASMCs. Our study revealed a modified transcriptome-wide m6A landscape and associated regulatory mechanisms in the pulmonary arteries of PAH rats, potentially offering a novel target for therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Y.F.); (Z.Y.); (B.P.); (M.J.); (Y.T.); (B.L.)
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (J.L.); (M.O.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Zaixin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Y.F.); (Z.Y.); (B.P.); (M.J.); (Y.T.); (B.L.)
| | - Mi Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China;
| | - Jiang Li
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (J.L.); (M.O.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Baohua Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Y.F.); (Z.Y.); (B.P.); (M.J.); (Y.T.); (B.L.)
| | - Mukamengjiang Juaiti
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Y.F.); (Z.Y.); (B.P.); (M.J.); (Y.T.); (B.L.)
| | - Yiyang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Y.F.); (Z.Y.); (B.P.); (M.J.); (Y.T.); (B.L.)
| | - Benhui Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Y.F.); (Z.Y.); (B.P.); (M.J.); (Y.T.); (B.L.)
| | - Mingqi Ouyang
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (J.L.); (M.O.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China;
| | - Jie Song
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (J.L.); (M.O.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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10
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Mocumbi A, Humbert M, Saxena A, Jing ZC, Sliwa K, Thienemann F, Archer SL, Stewart S. Pulmonary hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38177157 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension encompasses a range of conditions directly or indirectly leading to elevated pressures within the pulmonary arteries. Five main groups of pulmonary hypertension are recognized, all defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >20 mmHg: pulmonary arterial hypertension (rare), pulmonary hypertension associated with left-sided heart disease (very common), pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease (common), pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary artery obstructions, usually related to thromboembolic disease (rare), and pulmonary hypertension with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (rare). At least 1% of the world's population is affected, with a greater burden more likely in low-income and middle-income countries. Across all its forms, pulmonary hypertension is associated with adverse vascular remodelling with obstruction, stiffening and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vasculature. Without proactive management this leads to hypertrophy and ultimately failure of the right ventricle, the main cause of death. In older individuals, dyspnoea is the most common symptom. Stepwise investigation precedes definitive diagnosis with right heart catheterization. Medical and surgical treatments are approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. There are emerging treatments for other forms of pulmonary hypertension; but current therapy primarily targets the underlying cause. There are still major gaps in basic, clinical and translational knowledge; thus, further research, with a focus on vulnerable populations, is needed to better characterize, detect and effectively treat all forms of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mocumbi
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique.
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, EN 1, Marracuene, Moçambique.
| | - Marc Humbert
- Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR_S 999, Paris, France
- ERN-LUNG, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Anita Saxena
- Sharma University of Health Sciences, Haryana, New Delhi, India
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Stewart
- Institute of Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Huang T, Zeng Y, Yang Y, Fan H, Deng Y, Chen W, Liu J, Yang F, Li W, Xiao Y. Comprehensive analysis of m 6A methylomes in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2242225. [PMID: 37537976 PMCID: PMC10405774 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2242225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a serious and fatal disease. Recently, m6A has been reported to play an important role in the lungs of IPAH patients and experimental pulmonary hypertension models. However, the meaning of m6A mRNAs in the peripheral blood of IPAH patients remains largely unexplored. We aimed to construct a transcriptome-wide map of m6A mRNAs in the peripheral blood of IPAH patients. M6A RNA Methylation Quantification Kit was utilized to measure the total m6A levels in the peripheral blood of IPAH patients. A combination of MeRIP-seq, RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis was utilized to select m6A-modified hub genes of IPAH. MeRIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR were used to measure the m6A levels and mRNA levels of TP53, RPS27A, SMAD3 and FoxO3 in IPAH patients. Western blot was performed to assess the protein levels of m6A related regulators and m6A related genes in experimental PH animal models, hypoxia-treated and PDGF-BB induced PASMCs. We found that the total m6A levels were increased in peripheral blood of IPAH patients and verified that m6A levels of RPS27A and SMAD3 were significantly elevated and m6A levels of TP53 and FoxO3 were significantly reduced. The mRNA or protein levels of RPS27A, SMAD3, TP53 and FoxO3 were changed in human blood samples, experimental PH animal models and PDGF-BB induced PASMCs. Moreover, METTL3 and YTHDF1 were increased in the hypoxia induced pulmonary hypertension rat model, hypoxia-treated and PDGF-BB induced PASMCs. These finding suggested that m6A may play an important role in IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yunhong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoqin Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Material Medical, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jinqiao Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yunbin Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
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12
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Huang J, Chen B, Jiang Y, Sun Z, Liu Y. N6-Methyladenosine Modifications in Pulmonary Hypertension. Pharmacology 2023; 108:497-503. [PMID: 37742623 DOI: 10.1159/000533588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most prevalent kind of RNA methylation modification existing in eukaryotes is N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which is a reversible type of posttranscriptional modification. SUMMARY Many studies have reported that m6A participates in cell differentiation, self-renewal, invasion, and apoptosis by modifying protein synthesis. Furthermore, m6A modification is also involved in disease progression and pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. However, very few researchers have investigated the effect of m6A modifications on pulmonary hypertension. KEY MESSAGES Here, we have reviewed the latest research advances in the field of m6A RNA methylation in pulmonary hypertension and explored its regulatory role in pulmonary hypertension development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China,
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - YanJiao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zengxian Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
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13
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Zhao SS, Liu J, Wu QC, Zhou XL. Role of histone lactylation interference RNA m 6A modification and immune microenvironment homeostasis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1268646. [PMID: 37771377 PMCID: PMC10522917 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease resulting from progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular remodeling, ultimately leading to right ventricular failure and even death. Hypoxia, inflammation, immune reactions, and epigenetic modifications all play significant contributory roles in the mechanism of PAH. Increasingly, epigenetic changes and their modifying factors involved in reprogramming through regulation of methylation or the immune microenvironment have been identified. Among them, histone lactylation is a new post-translational modification (PTM), which provides a novel visual angle on the functional mechanism of lactate and provides a promising diagnosis and treatment method for PAH. This review detailed introduces the function of lactate as an important molecule in PAH, and the effects of lactylation on N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and immune cells. It provides a new perspective to further explore the development of lactate regulation of pulmonary hypertension through histone lactylation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-shuai Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-cai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue-liang Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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14
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Gao G, Chen A, Gong J, Lin W, Wu W, Mohammad Ismail Hajary S, Lian G, Luo L, Xie L. Comprehensive analyses of m6A RNA methylation patterns and related immune microenvironment in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Genet 2023; 14:1222368. [PMID: 37732317 PMCID: PMC10507408 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1222368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a life-threatening disease with a poor prognosis and high heritability, characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery pressure. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification influences many RNA metabolism pathways. However, the position of m6A methylation regulators in IPAH remains unknown. Therefore, the study aims to disclose the function m6A regulators exert in the pathological mechanisms of IPAH and the immune microenvironment involved. The GSE117261 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and IPAH samples. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were then conducted by Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We also identified the differentially-expressed m6A (DEm6A) regulators between normal and IPAH samples. Key m6A regulators related to the prediction of IPAH were selected using the random forest model. The results showed that FMR1, RBM15, HNRNPA2B1 and IGFBP3 were upregulated in IPAH. In contrast, LRPPRC was downregulated. The single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) method was then adopted to estimate the immune microenvironment in distinct m6A clusters and m6A phenotype-related genes (PRGs) clusters, respectively. Furthermore, we calculated the m6A score via principal component analysis (PCA), and the Sankey diagram was selected to present the correlation among the m6A clusters, m6A PRGs clusters and m6A score. Finally, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to validate the key genes in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) treated by human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). The relative mRNA and protein expression levels of FMR1 were significantly elevated, however, the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of LRPPRC were downregulated. Besides, the relative mRNA level of HNRNPA2B1 was increased. Generally, this bioinformatics analysis might provoke more insights into diagnosing and treating IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gufeng Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ai Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weijun Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sagor Mohammad Ismail Hajary
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guili Lian
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangdi Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Hypertension Disease of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Geriatrics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Xu J, Yin D, Zhang W, Xu Y. The role and mechanism of FTO in pulmonary vessels. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37154010 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2209413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) is the main factor of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The pathological characteristics of PVR are vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and extensive damage. In vivo experiments, the expression of FTO in PH rat lung tissues of different rat models of hypoxia PH was observed by immunohistochemical method. mRNA microarray analysis was used to analyze the differential expressed genes in rat lung tissues. In vitro experiments, we developed models of overexpression and knockdown of FTO to study the effect of FTO protein expression on cell apoptotic, cell cycle, and the abundance of m6A. The expression of FTO was increased in PH rats. FTO knockdown can inhibit the proliferation of PASMCs, thereby regulating the cell cycle and reducing the expression of Cyclin D1 and the abundance of m6A, while overexpression of FTO leads to increased expression of Cyclin D1 and the abundance of m6A. FTO destroys the stability of Cyclin D1 by regulating the abundance of Cyclin D1 m6A, causing cell cycle arrest and inducing cell proliferation, thus inducing the occurrence and development of PVR in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Department of endocrinology, Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Faraj R, Liang Y, Feng A, Wu J, Black SM, Wang T. Exploring m6A-RNA methylation as a potential therapeutic strategy for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12230. [PMID: 37091123 PMCID: PMC10119488 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common methylation modification in mammalian messenger RNA (mRNA) and noncoding RNAs. m6A modification plays a role in the regulation of gene expression and deregulation of m6A methylation has been implicated in many human diseases. Recent publications suggest that exploitation of this methylation process may possess utility against acute lung injury (ALI). ALI and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are acute, inflammatory clinical syndromes characterized by poor oxygenation and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. This syndrome is associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction, subsequent pulmonary hypertension and may ultimately lead to mortality without rigorous and acute clinical intervention. Over the years, many attempts have been made to detect novel therapeutic avenues for research without much success. The urgency for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has become more pronounced recently given the current pandemic infection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019), still ongoing at the time that this review is being written. We review the current landscape of literature regarding ALI and ARDS etiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics and present a potential role of m6A methylation. Additionally, we will establish the axiomatic principles of m6A methylation to provide a framework. In conclusion, METTL3, or methyltransferase-like 3, the selective RNA methyltransferase for m6A, is a hub of proinflammatory gene expression regulation in ALI, and using a modern drug discovery strategy will identify new and effective ALI drug candidates targeting METTTL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Faraj
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine PhoenixPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Ying Liang
- Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health SciencesFlorida International UniversityPort St. LucieFloridaUSA
| | - Anlin Feng
- Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health SciencesFlorida International UniversityPort St. LucieFloridaUSA
| | - Jialin Wu
- Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health SciencesFlorida International UniversityPort St. LucieFloridaUSA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health SciencesFlorida International UniversityPort St. LucieFloridaUSA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine PhoenixPhoenixArizonaUSA
- Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health SciencesFlorida International UniversityPort St. LucieFloridaUSA
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17
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Wang D, Mo Y, Zhang D, Bai Y. Analysis of m 7G methylation modification patterns and pulmonary vascular immune microenvironment in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014509. [PMID: 36544768 PMCID: PMC9762157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background M7G methylation modification plays an important role in cardiovascular disease development. Dysregulation of the immune microenvironment is closely related to the pathogenesis of PAH. However, it is unclear whether m7G methylation is involved in the progress of PAH by affecting the immune microenvironment. Methods The gene expression profile of PAH was obtained from the GEO database, and the m7G regulatory factors were analyzed for differences. Machine learning algorithms were used to screen characteristic genes, including the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, random forest, and support vector machine recursive feature elimination analysis. Constructed a nomogram model, and receiver operating characteristic was used to evaluate the diagnosis of disease characteristic genes value. Next, we used an unsupervised clustering method to perform consistent clustering analysis on m7G differential genes. Used the ssGSEA algorithm to estimate the relationship between the m7G regulator in PAH and immune cell infiltration and analyze the correlation with disease-characteristic genes. Finally, the listed drugs were evaluated through the screened signature genes. Results We identified 15 kinds of m7G differential genes. CYFIP1, EIF4E, and IFIT5 were identified as signature genes by the machine learning algorithm. Meanwhile, two m7G molecular subtypes were identified by consensus clustering (cluster A/B). In addition, immune cell infiltration analysis showed that activated CD4 T cells, regulatory T cells, and type 2 T helper cells were upregulated in m7G cluster B, CD56 dim natural killer cells, MDSC, and monocyte were upregulated in the m7G cluster A. It might be helpful to select Calpain inhibitor I and Everolimus for the treatment of PAH. Conclusion Our study identified CYFIP1, EIF4E, and IFIT5 as novel diagnostic biomarkers in PAH. Furthermore, their association with immune cell infiltration may facilitate the development of immune therapy in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanfei Mo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,*Correspondence: Yang Bai, ; Dongfang Zhang,
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,*Correspondence: Yang Bai, ; Dongfang Zhang,
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18
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Sikorski V, Vento A, Kankuri E. Emerging roles of the RNA modifications N6-methyladenosine and adenosine-to-inosine in cardiovascular diseases. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:426-461. [PMID: 35991314 PMCID: PMC9366019 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases lead the mortality and morbidity disease metrics worldwide. A multitude of chemical base modifications in ribonucleic acids (RNAs) have been linked with key events of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Named either RNA epigenetics or epitranscriptomics, the post-transcriptional RNA modifications, their regulatory pathways, components, and downstream effects substantially contribute to the ways our genetic code is interpreted. Here we review the accumulated discoveries to date regarding the roles of the two most common epitranscriptomic modifications, N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilbert Sikorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vento
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - IHD-EPITRAN Consortium
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Zheng H, Hua J, Li H, He W, Chen X, Ji Y, Li Q. Comprehensive analysis of the expression of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation regulators in pulmonary artery hypertension. Front Genet 2022; 13:974740. [PMID: 36171892 PMCID: PMC9510777 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.974740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling. The development of PAH involves N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. However, the functional role of m6A regulators in PAH and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown so far. Methods: Microarray data (GSE149713) for monocrotaline induced PAH (MCT-PAH) rat models were downloaded and screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and m6A regulators. Next, we screened for differentially expressed m6A regulators in endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), fibroblasts, interstitial macrophages, NK cells, B cells, T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) using scRNA sequencing data. The target DEGs of m6A regulators in ECs, SMCs, fibroblasts, and Tregs were functionally annotated using the Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. In addition, the cellular interaction analysis was performed to reveal the receptor—ligand pairs regulated by m6A regulators. Pseudo-time trajectory analyses were performed and a ceRNA network of lncRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs was constructed in SMCs. Furthermore, the RNA transcriptome sequencing data for the SMCs isolated from idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients (GSE144274) were validated for differentially expressed m6A regulators. Moreover, the HNRNPA2B1 levels in the lung samples from PAH patients and MCT-PAH were determined using immunohistochemistry. Results: The m6A regulators were observed to be dysregulated in PAH. HNRNPA2B1expression level was increased in the PASMCs of scRNAs and IPAH patients. The target DEGs of HNRNPA2B1 were enriched in the regulation of muscle cell differentiation and vasculature development in PASMCs. The HNRNPA2B1 expression levels determined were consistent with the proliferation-related and collagen synthesis-related gene COL4A1. Moreover, the predicted transcription factors (TFs) foxd2/3 and NFκB could be involved in the regulation of HNRNPA2B1. HNRNPA2B1 might be regulating SMCs proliferation and phenotypic transition via rno-miR-330–3p/TGFβR3 and rno-miR-125a-3p/slc39a1. In addition, HNRNPA2B1 was observed to be highly expressed in the lung samples from MCT-PAH rat models and patients with PAH. Conclusion: In summary, the present study identified certain key functional m6A regulators that are involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. The investigation of m6A patterns might be promising and provide biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of PAH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yingqun Ji
- *Correspondence: Yingqun Ji, ; Qiang Li,
| | - Qiang Li
- *Correspondence: Yingqun Ji, ; Qiang Li,
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20
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Zhou Y, Fang C, Sun Q, Dong Y. Relevance of RNA N6-Methyladenosine Regulators for Pulmonary Fibrosis: Implications for Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:939175. [PMID: 35910226 PMCID: PMC9329921 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a pivotal role in post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression and biological functions. Nonetheless, the roles of m6A modification in the regulation of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain unclear. Twenty-two significant m6A regulators were selected from differential gene analysis between the control and treatment groups from the GSE150910 dataset. Five candidate m6A regulators (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, YTH domain-containing protein 1, zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 13, and methyltransferase-like 3) were screened by the application of a random forest model and nomogram model to predict risks of pulmonary fibrosis. The consensus clustering method was applied to divide the treatment samples into two groups with different m6A patterns (clusters A and B) based on the 22 m6A regulators. Our study performed principal component analysis to obtain the m6A-related score of the 288 samples to quantify the two m6A patterns. The study reveals that cluster A was linked to T helper cell (Th) 2-type cytokines, while the immune infiltration of Th1 cytokines was higher in cluster B. Our results suggest that m6A cluster A is likely related to pulmonary fibrosis, indicating m6A regulators play notable roles in the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis. The m6A patterns could be considered as biomarkers to identify CHP and IPF, which will be helpful to develop immunotherapy strategies for pulmonary fibrosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qinying Sun
- *Correspondence: Yuchao Dong, ; Qinying Sun,
| | - Yuchao Dong
- *Correspondence: Yuchao Dong, ; Qinying Sun,
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21
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Li D, Huang LT, Zhang CP, Li Q, Wang JH. Insights Into the Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factors: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890509. [PMID: 35847662 PMCID: PMC9283766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, commonly occurs in the elderly population, causing a significant medical and economic burden to the aging society worldwide. At present, there are few effective methods that achieve satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of PD. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are important neurotrophic factors that are expressed in various cell types. Their unique structures allow for specific binding that can effectively regulate vital functions in the nervous system. In this review, we summarized the possible mechanisms by which PDGFs/PDGFRs regulate the occurrence and development of PD by affecting oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, protein folding and aggregation, Ca2+ homeostasis, and cell neuroinflammation. These modes of action mainly depend on the type and distribution of PDGFs in different nerve cells. We also summarized the possible clinical applications and prospects for PDGF in the treatment of PD, especially in genetic treatment. Recent advances have shown that PDGFs have contradictory roles within the central nervous system (CNS). Although they exert neuroprotective effects through multiple pathways, they are also associated with the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Our recommendations based on our findings include further investigation of the contradictory neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of the PDGFs acting on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-pu Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li,
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Jia-He Wang,
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22
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Li L, Xu N, Liu J, Chen Z, Liu X, Wang J. m6A Methylation in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Potential. Front Genet 2022; 13:908976. [PMID: 35836571 PMCID: PMC9274458 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.908976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies have shown that n6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a major role in cardiovascular homeostasis and pathophysiology. These studies have confirmed that m6A methylation affects the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases by regulating cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Moreover, plenty of research has confirmed that m6A modification can delay the progression of CVD via the post-transcriptional regulation of RNA. However, there are few available summaries of m6A modification regarding CVD. In this review, we highlight advances in CVD-specific research concerning m6A modification, summarize the mechanisms underlying the involvement of m6A modification during the development of CVD, and discuss the potential of m6A modification as a therapeutic target of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Rabolli CP, Accornero F. m6A RNA methylation: A dynamic regulator of cardiac muscle and extracellular matrix. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [PMID: 37304645 PMCID: PMC10249538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications encompass a large group of RNA alterations that control gene expression. Methylation of the N6-Adenosine (m6A) of mRNA is a prevalent modification which alters the life cycle of transcripts. The roles that m6A play in regulating cardiac homeostasis and injury response are an active area of investigation, but it is clear that this chemical modification is a critical controller of fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and division, and the structure and function of the extracellular matrix. Here we discuss the latest findings of m6A in cardiac muscle and matrix.
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