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Huang L, Shen Q, Yu K, Yang J, Li X. RBPMS-AS1 sponges miR-19a-3p to restrain cervical cancer cells via enhancing PLCL1-mediated pyroptosis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39300709 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) poses a threat to human health. Enhancing pyroptosis can prevent the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. This study aims to reveal the candidates that modulate pyroptosis in CC. Accordingly, the common microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) that were sponged by RBPMS antisense RNA 1 (RBPMS-AS1) and could target Phospholipase C-Like 1 (PLCL1) were intersected. The expression of PBPMS-AS1/miR-19a-3p (candidate miRNA)/PLCL1 was predicted in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), by which the expression location of RBPMS-AS1 and the binding between RBPMS-AS1/PLCL1 and miR-19a-3p were analyzed. The targeting relationship between RBPMS-AS1/PLCL1 and miR-19a-3p was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. After the transfection, cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and Western blot were implemented for cell viability and proliferation analysis as well as gene and protein expression quantification analysis. Based on the results, RBPMS-AS1 and PLCL1 were lowly expressed, yet miR-19a-3p was highly expressed in CESC. RBPMS-AS1 overexpression diminished the proliferation and expressions of N-cadherin, vimentin, and miR-19a-3p, yet enhanced those of E-cadherin, PLCL1, and pyroptosis-relevant proteins (inteleukin-1β, caspase-1, and gasdermin D N-terminal). However, the above RBPMS-AS1 overexpression-induced effects were counteracted in the presence of miR-19a-3p. There also existed a targeting relationship and negative interplay between PLCL1 and miR-19a-3p. In short, RBPMS-AS1 sponges miR-19a-3p and represses the growth and EMT of CC cells via enhancing PLCL1-mediated pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Science and Education, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Jin T, Yin T, Xu R, Liu H, Yuan S, Xue Y, Zhang J, Wang H. Exploring the role of disulfidptosis-related signatures in immune microenvironment, prognosis and therapeutic strategies of cervical cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 44:101938. [PMID: 38492499 PMCID: PMC10955422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is characterized by a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Disulfidptosis is a recently identified form of programmed cell death that has emerged as a crucial factor in tumorigenesis. However, the research on the specific involvement of disulfidptosis within the TME is still in its early stages. METHODS Under glucose starvation, SiHa and HeLa cells underwent experiments employing diverse cell death inhibitors and SLC7A11 knockdown to observe their impact on cell survival. TCGA-CESC cohort was subjected to consensus clustering for disulfidptosis-related clusters. Prognosis, function, immune infiltration, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) evaluations among clusters were compared. A prognostic model based on DEGs and disulfidptosis regulator genes (DRGs) was constructed and internally and externally validated. The correlation between YWHAG and clinicopathological characteristics in cervical cancer patients was investigated at both the mRNA and protein levels. Proliferation and migration assays were performed to uncover the roles of YWHAG in cervical cancer. RESULTS Experimental validation confirmed disulfidptosis in cervical cancer cell lines. Cervical cancer patients were classified into three clusters based on DRGs, showing notably improved prognosis and increased immune infiltration in cluster B. The developed disulfidptosis-related prognostic model effectively stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups. Low-risk patients exhibited more favorable responses to immunotherapy and improved overall prognosis. Additionally, YWHAG, recognized as a tumor-promoting gene, demonstrated active roles in enhancing the growth, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our research proposed a prognostic model for cervical cancer, probably contributing to tumor microenvironment traits and more potent immunotherapy strategy exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Taotao Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Ruiyi Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Yite Xue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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Pasamba EC, Orda MA, Villanueva BHA, Tsai PW, Tayo LL. Transcriptomic Analysis of Hub Genes Reveals Associated Inflammatory Pathways in Estrogen-Dependent Gynecological Diseases. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:397. [PMID: 38927277 PMCID: PMC11201105 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Gynecological diseases are triggered by aberrant molecular pathways that alter gene expression, hormonal balance, and cellular signaling pathways, which may lead to long-term physiological consequences. This study was able to identify highly preserved modules and key hub genes that are mainly associated with gynecological diseases, represented by endometriosis (EM), ovarian cancer (OC), cervical cancer (CC), and endometrial cancer (EC), through the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of microarray datasets sourced from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Five highly preserved modules were observed across the EM (GSE51981), OC (GSE63885), CC (GSE63514), and EC (GSE17025) datasets. The functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the highly preserved modules were heavily involved in several inflammatory pathways that are associated with transcription dysregulation, such as NF-kB signaling, JAK-STAT signaling, MAPK-ERK signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the results also include pathways that are relevant in gynecological disease prognosis through viral infections. Mutations in the ESR1 gene that encodes for ERα, which were shown to also affect signaling pathways involved in inflammation, further indicate its importance in gynecological disease prognosis. Potential drugs were screened through the Drug Repurposing Encyclopedia (DRE) based on the up-and downregulated hub genes, wherein a bacterial ribosomal subunit inhibitor and a benzodiazepine receptor agonist were the top candidates. Other drug candidates include a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, cholinergic receptor agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sterol demethylase inhibitors, a bacterial antifolate, and serotonin receptor antagonist drugs which have known anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating that the gene network highlights specific inflammatory pathways as a therapeutic avenue in designing drug candidates for gynecological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C. Pasamba
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines; (E.C.P.); (M.A.O.); (B.H.A.V.)
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
| | - Marco A. Orda
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines; (E.C.P.); (M.A.O.); (B.H.A.V.)
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
| | - Brian Harvey Avanceña Villanueva
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines; (E.C.P.); (M.A.O.); (B.H.A.V.)
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Lemmuel L. Tayo
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines; (E.C.P.); (M.A.O.); (B.H.A.V.)
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
- Department of Biology, School of Health Sciences, Mapúa University, Makati City 1203, Philippines
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Samare-Najaf M, Samareh A, Savardashtaki A, Khajehyar N, Tajbakhsh A, Vakili S, Moghadam D, Rastegar S, Mohsenizadeh M, Jahromi BN, Vafadar A, Zarei R. Non-apoptotic cell death programs in cervical cancer with an emphasis on ferroptosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 194:104249. [PMID: 38145831 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer, a pernicious gynecological malignancy, causes the mortality of hundreds of thousands of females worldwide. Despite a considerable decline in mortality, the surging incidence rate among younger women has raised serious concerns. Immortality is the most important characteristic of tumor cells, hence the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer cells pivotally requires compromising with cell death mechanisms. METHODS The current study comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms of non-apoptotic cell death programs to provide possible disease management strategies. RESULTS Comprehensive evidence has stated that focusing on necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy for disease management is associated with significant limitations such as insufficient understanding, contradictory functions, dependence on disease stage, and complexity of intracellular pathways. However, ferroptosis represents a predictable role in cervix carcinogenesis, and ferroptosis-related genes demonstrate a remarkable correlation with patient survival and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Ferroptosis may be an appropriate option for disease management strategies from predicting prognosis to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samare-Najaf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Samareh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nastaran Khajehyar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Delaram Moghadam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Mohsenizadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Asma Vafadar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarei
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bi K, Yang J, Wei X. Alternative splicing variants involved in pyroptosis and cuproptosis contribute to phenotypic remodeling of the tumor microenvironment in cervical cancer. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:3648-3660. [PMID: 37434062 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) remains a prevalent gynecological malignancy, posing a significant health burden among women worldwide. With the remarkable discoveries of cellular pyroptosis and cuproptosis, there has been a growing focus on exploring the intricate relationship between these two forms of cell death and their impact on tumor progression. In recent years, alternative splicing has emerged as a significant field in cancer research. Thus, the integration of alternative splicing, pyroptosis, and cuproptosis holds immense value in studying their collective impact on the occurrence and progression of cervical cancer. In this study, alternative splicing data of pyroptosis- and cuproptosis-associated genes were integrated with public databases, including TCGA, to establish a prognostic model for cervical cancer based on COX regression modeling. Subsequently, the tumor microenvironment (TME) phenotypes in the high-risk and low-risk patient groups were characterized through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. The findings of this study revealed that the low-risk group exhibited a predominant immune-active TME phenotype, while the high-risk group displayed a tumor-favoring metabolic phenotype. These results indicate that the alternative splicing of pyroptosis- and cuproptosis-associated genes plays a pivotal role in remodeling the phenotypic landscape of the cervical cancer TME by modulating immune responses and metabolic pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the interplay between alternative splicing variants involved in pyroptosis and cuproptosis and the TME, contributing to a deeper understanding of cervical cancer pathogenesis and potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Bi
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jialin Yang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuge Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
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Tibbs E, Kandy RRK, Jiao D, Wu L, Cao X. Murine regulatory T cells utilize granzyme B to promote tumor metastasis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:2927-2937. [PMID: 36826509 PMCID: PMC10690887 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess a wide range of mechanisms for immune suppression. Among them, Granzyme B (GzmB) and perforin expressed by Tregs were shown to inhibit tumor clearance in previous reports, which contradicted the canonical roles of these cytotoxic molecules expressed by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in antitumor immune responses. Given the ability of the tumor to manipulate the microenvironment, Treg-derived GzmB function may represent an important approach to aid in tumor growth as well as facilitating tumor metastasis. In this study, we utilized Treg-specific GzmB knockout (Foxp3creGzmBfl/fl) mice to test whether Treg-derived GzmB can aid in tumor progression and metastasis. Using an IL-2 complex to activate GzmB expression in the non-immunogenic B16-F10 tumor model, we provide evidence to show that GzmB produced by Tregs is important for spontaneous metastasis to the lungs. In addition, we depleted CD8 + T cells to selectively measure the impact of Treg-derived GzmB in an experimental lung metastasis model by intravenous injection of B16-F10 tumor cells; our results demonstrate that Treg-derived GzmB plays an important role in increasing the metastatic burden to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rakhee Rathnam Kalari Kandy
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Delong Jiao
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA.
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Lv SJ, Sun JN, Gan L, Sun J. Identification of molecular subtypes and immune infiltration in endometriosis: a novel bioinformatics analysis and In vitro validation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130738. [PMID: 37662927 PMCID: PMC10471803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endometriosis is a worldwide gynacological diseases, affecting in 6-10% of women of reproductive age. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene network and potential signatures of immune infiltration in endometriosis. Methods The expression profiles of GSE51981, GSE6364, and GSE7305 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Core modules and central genes related to immune characteristics were identified using a weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify central genes in immune infiltration. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was used to identify the hub genes. We then constructed subtypes of endometriosis samples and calculated their correlation with hub genes. qRTPCR and Western blotting were used to verify our findings. Results We identified 10 candidate hub genes (GZMB, PRF1, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, KIR3DL1, KIR2DL4, FGB, IGFBP1, RBP4, and PROK1) that were significantly correlated with immune infiltration. Our study established a detailed immune network and systematically elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying endometriosis from the aspect of immune infiltration. Discussion Our study provides comprehensive insights into the immunology involved in endometriosis and might contribute to the development of immunotherapy for endometriosis. Furthermore, our study sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanism of endometriosis and might help improve the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-ji Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-ni Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Song C, Zhu L, Gu J, Wang T, Shi L, Li C, Chen L, Xie S, Lu Y. A necroptosis-related lncRNA signature was identified to predict the prognosis and immune microenvironment of IDH-wild-type GBM. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1024208. [PMID: 36601479 PMCID: PMC9806237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1024208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Necroptosis-related genes are essential for the advancement of IDH-wild-type GBM. However, the putative effects of necroptosis-related lncRNAs (nrlncRNAs) in IDH-wild-type GBM remain unknown. Methods By using the TCGA and GTEx databases, a nrlncRNA prognostic signature was created using LASSO Cox regression. The median risk score was used to categorize the patients into low and high-risk groups. To confirm the validity, univariate, multivariate Cox regression and ROC curves were used. Furthermore, by enrichment analysis, immune correlation analysis, and drug sensitivity analysis, the targeted lncRNAs were selected for further verification. As the highest upregulated expression in tumor than peritumor specimens, RP11-131L12.4 was selected for phenotype and functional experiments in primary GBM cells. Results Six lncRNAs were proved to be closely related to necroptosis in IDH-1-wild-type GBM, which were used to create a new signature. For 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS, the AUCs were 0.709, 0.645 and 0.694, respectively. Patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis, stronger immune function activity, and more immune cell infiltration. In contrast, enrichment analysis revealed that the malignant phenotype was more prevalent in the high-risk group. In vitro experiments indicated that RP11-131L12.4 increased the tumor proliferation, migration and invasion, but decreased the necroptosis. Moreover, this nrlncRNA was also proved to be negatively associated with patient prognosis. Conclusion The signature of nrlncRNAs may aid in the formulation of tailored and precise treatment for individuals with IDH-wild-type GBM. RP11-131L12.4 may play indispensable role in necroptosis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Liwen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linyong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chiyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanfang Neurology Research Institution, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanfang Glioma Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Sidi Xie, ; Yuntao Lu,
| | - Yuntao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanfang Neurology Research Institution, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanfang Glioma Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Sidi Xie, ; Yuntao Lu,
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Wu EY, Huang LP, Bao JH. miR-96-5p regulates cervical cancer cell resistance to cisplatin by inhibiting lncRNA TRIM52-AS1 and promoting IGF2BP2. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:1178-1189. [PMID: 36354205 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) are both regulators of cancer progression. This study sought to discuss the functional mechanism of miR-96-5p/lncRNA TRIM52 antisense RNA 1 (head-to-head; TRIM52-AS1) in cervical cancer (CC) cell resistance to cisplatin (DDP). DDP-resistant CC cell line was established using increasing concentrations of DDP, followed by transfection with miR-96-5p inhibitor, or si-TRIM52-AS1, or insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) overexpression vector. Expression levels of miR-96-5p, TRIM52-AS1, and IGF2BP2 were determined. Changes in IC50 value to DDP, cell proliferation, and apoptosis rate were evaluated by cell-counting kit-8 assay, colony formation, and flow cytometry. The bindings of miR-96-5p to IGF2BP2 and TRIM52-AS1 to IGF2BP2 were verified by dual-luciferase or RNA pull-down assays. These experiments revealed an up-expression of miR-96-5p and IGF2BP2 while an under-expression of TRIM52-AS1 in CC cells. After DDP treatment, miR-96-5p inhibition increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation and DDP resistance. miR-96-5p bound to TRIM52-AS1 and downregulated TRIM52-AS1 expression, and TRIM52-AS1 bound to IGF2BP2 to inhibit IGF2BP2 expression. TRIM52-AS1 inhibition or IGF2BP2 overexpression neutralized the inhibition of silencing miR-96-5p on CC cell resistance to DDP. Overall, miR-96-5p improved CC cell resistance to DDP by inhibiting TRIM52-AS1 and promoting IGF2BP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Yuesu Wu
- Department of Gynecology II, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li-Ping Huang
- Department of Gynecology II, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jin-Hua Bao
- Department of Gynecology II, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
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Pyroptosis and Its Role in Cervical Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235764. [PMID: 36497244 PMCID: PMC9739612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death, is characterized by the caspase-mediated pore formation of plasma membranes and the release of large quantities of inflammatory mediators. In recent years, the morphological characteristics, induction mechanism and action process of pyroptosis have been gradually unraveled. As a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality, cervical cancer is seriously harmful to women's health. It has been found that pyroptosis is closely related to the initiation and development of cervical cancer. In this review the mechanisms of pyroptosis and its role in the initiation, progression and treatment application of cervical cancer are summarized and discussed.
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Tang Y, Zhang P, Liu Q, Cao L, Xu J. Pyroptotic Patterns in Blood Leukocytes Predict Disease Severity and Outcome in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888661. [PMID: 35928821 PMCID: PMC9343985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has lasted for over 2 years now and has already caused millions of deaths. In COVID-19, leukocyte pyroptosis has been previously associated with both beneficial and detrimental effects, so its role in the development of this disease remains controversial. Using transcriptomic data (GSE157103) of blood leukocytes from 126 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients (ARDS) with or without COVID-19, we found that COVID-19 patients present with enhanced leukocyte pyroptosis. Based on unsupervised clustering, we divided 100 COVID-19 patients into two clusters (PYRcluster1 and PYRcluster2) according to the expression of 35 pyroptosis-related genes. The results revealed distinct pyroptotic patterns associated with different leukocytes in these PYRclusters. PYRcluster1 patients were in a hyperinflammatory state and had a worse prognosis than PYRcluster2 patients. The hyperinflammation of PYRcluster1 was validated by the results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of proteomic data (MSV000085703). These differences in pyroptosis between the two PYRclusters were confirmed by the PYRscore. To improve the clinical treatment of COVID-19 patients, we used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to construct a prognostic model based on differentially expressed genes between PYRclusters (PYRsafescore), which can be applied as an effective prognosis tool. Lastly, we explored the upstream transcription factors of different pyroptotic patterns, thereby identifying 112 compounds with potential therapeutic value in public databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyu Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyang Cao
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingsong Xu, ; Luyang Cao,
| | - Jingsong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingsong Xu, ; Luyang Cao,
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Chen Z, Han Z, Nan H, Fan J, Zhan J, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Cao Y, Shen X, Xue X, Lin K. A Novel Pyroptosis-Related Gene Signature for Predicting the Prognosis and the Associated Immune Infiltration in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:904464. [PMID: 35912258 PMCID: PMC9330598 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.904464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPyroptosis has been demonstrated to be an inflammatory form of programmed cell death recently. However, the expression of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and their correlations with prognosis remain unclear.MethodsData of COAD patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Univariate Cox regression analysis and the LASSO Cox regression analysis were applied to construct a gene signature. All COAD patients in TCGA cohort were separated into low-risk subgroup or high-risk subgroup via the risk score. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were adopted to assess its prognostic efficiency. COAD data from the GSE17537 datasets was used for validation. A prognostic nomogram was established to predict individual survival. The correlation between PRGs and immune cell infiltration in COAD was verified based on TIMER database. CIBERSORT analysis was utilized on risk subgroup as defined by model. The protein and mRNA expression level of PRGs were verified by HPA database and qPCR.ResultsA total of 51 differentially expressed PRGs were identified in TCGA cohort. Through univariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO Cox regression analysis, a prognostic model containing 7 PRGs was constructed. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that patients in the low-risk subgroup exhibited better prognosis compared to those in the high-risk subgroup. Additionally, the area under the curve (AUC) of ROC is 0.60, 0.63, and 0.73 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival in TCGA cohort and 0.63, 0.65, and 0.64 in validation set. TIMER database showed a strong correlation between 7 PRGs and tumor microenvironment in COAD. Moreover, CIBERSORT showed significant differences in the infiltration of plasma cells, M0 macrophages, resting dendritic cells, and eosinophils between low-risk subgroup and high-risk subgroup. HPA database showed that protein expression level of SDHB, GZMA, BTK, EEF2K, and NR1H2 was higher in normal tissues. And the transcriptional level of CASP5, BTK, SDHB, GZMA, and RIPK3 was high in normal tissues.ConclusionsOur study identified a novel PRGs signature that could be used to predict the prognosis of COAD patients, which might provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Chen
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Han Nan
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Fan
- School of Second Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingfei Zhan
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Cao
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kezhi Lin, ; Xiangyang Xue, ; Xian Shen,
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kezhi Lin, ; Xiangyang Xue, ; Xian Shen,
| | - Kezhi Lin
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kezhi Lin, ; Xiangyang Xue, ; Xian Shen,
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Tibbs E, Cao X. Emerging Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of Granzyme B in Health and Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1436. [PMID: 35326588 PMCID: PMC8946077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Granzyme (Gzm) family has classically been recognized as a cytotoxic tool utilized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells to illicit cell death to infected and cancerous cells. Their importance is established based on evidence showing that deficiencies in these cell death executors result in defective immune responses. Recent findings have shown the importance of Granzyme B (GzmB) in regulatory immune cells, which may contribute to tumor growth and immune evasion during cancer development. Other studies have shown that members of the Gzm family are important for biological processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis and organized vascular degradation. With this growing body of evidence, it is becoming more important to understand the broader function of Gzm's rather than a specific executor of cell death, and we should be aware of the many alternative roles that Gzm's play in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, we review the classical as well as novel non-canonical functions of GzmB and discuss approaches to utilize these new findings to address current gaps in our understanding of the immune system and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ou T, Wei Y, Long Y, Pan X, Yao D. A Novel Pyroptosis-Related Prognostic Signature for Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2057-2073. [PMID: 35237069 PMCID: PMC8885126 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s353576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pyroptosis has vital roles in tumorigenesis and cancer development; however, its relationship with cervical squamous cell cancer (CSCC) remains unexplored. In this study, we aimed to develop a CSCC prediction signature related to pyroptosis. Patients and Methods Consensus clustering analysis was conducted to detect pyroptosis-related subclusters for CSCC. Next, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subclusters were identified. Univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and stepwise multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to establish a prognostic model and a nomogram drawn. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis, tumor mutation burden, and immune characteristics associated with this signature were investigated. Results We constructed a seven-gene signature that functions as an independent predictor of prognosis in CSCC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Patients with CSCC were divided into two groups based on median risk score, and patients in the low-risk group had significantly longer survival time than those in the high-risk group. Our findings were validated using Gene Expression Omnibus cohort data. We also established a nomogram, to expand the clinical applicability of our findings. The seven gene signature was associated with various molecular pathways, tumor mutation status, and immune microenvironment. Conclusion The pyroptosis-related risk signature consisting of seven genes developed here represents a potential robust biomarker for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in patients with CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Ou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yousheng Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Long
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinbin Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Desheng Yao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Desheng Yao, Email
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Xu X, Liang JH, Li JH, Xu QC, Yin XY. Values of a novel pyroptosis-related genetic signature in predicting outcome and immune status of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac051. [PMID: 36196256 PMCID: PMC9522386 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pyroptosis is an emerging form of programmed cell death associated with progression in malignancies. Yet, there are few studies reporting on the association between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and pyroptosis. Therefore, we aimed to construct a pyroptosis-related genetic signature to predict the clinical outcome and immune status in PDAC patients.
Methods
RNA-seq data of 176 PDAC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 167 PDAC patients from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project were analysed for pyroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PDAC and normal pancreas. The risk signature of DEGs was analysed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis and its accuracy was validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort (n = 190). Functional enrichment analyses were performed to explore the mechanisms of the DEGs. The immune characteristics were evaluated using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and ESTIMATE algorithms for each group.
Results
A nine-gene risk signature was generated from LASSO Cox regression analysis and classified PDAC patients into either a high- or low-risk group according to the median risk score. The high-risk group had significantly shorter overall survival than the low-risk group and it was verified in the external GEO database. A nomogram based on the risk signature was constructed and showed an ideal prediction performance. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that pyroptosis might regulate the tumor immune microenvironment in PDAC. Immune infiltration evaluation suggested that immune status was more activated in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group.
Conclusion
The risk signature encompassing nine pyroptosis-related genes may be a prognostic marker for PDAC. Pyroptosis might affect the prognosis of PDAC patients via regulating the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hua Liang
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiong-Cong Xu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yin
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Bai Z, Xu F, Feng X, Wu Y, Lv J, Shi Y, Pei H. Pyroptosis regulators exert crucial functions in prognosis, progression and immune microenvironment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a bioinformatic and in vitro research. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1717-1735. [PMID: 35000541 PMCID: PMC8805829 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2019873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory programmed cell death, showing potentials to be a novel anti-cancer approach. However, the roles of pyroptosis-related (PR) genes (PRGs) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) remain elusive. In the present study, we constructed a novel PR risk signature through the lasso regression analysis. The risk signature was greatly conducive to PAAD prognostic assessment. PR risk score was identified as an independent prognostic factor and could distinguish the prognostic differences of most clinical subgroups. Meanwhile, it could improve the traditional prognostic models based on TNM-staging. Next, its prognostic value was also tested in five validation cohorts. Using CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and ssGSEA algorithms, the effects of PR risk signature on tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) were explored. High PR risk suppressed antitumor immune through decreasing the infiltrating levels of CD8 T and NK cells. The genomic information and histological expression of risk PRGs were uncovered by USCA and HPA databases. Somatic mutation, methylation alteration, and homozygous CNV of eight PRGs barely occurred in PAAD samples. As for therapeutic correlation, PR risk score may not predict the efficacy of PD-1/L1 inhibitors and was weakly associated with multiple drug susceptibilities. Finally, the biofunctions of toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells were investigated through qPCR, MTT, colony formation, and Transwell assays. Overexpression of TLR3 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC cells. In conclusion, PRGs play crucial roles in prognosis, progression, and immune microenvironment of PAAD. TLR3 is expected to be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Bai
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fangshi Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaodan Feng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junhua Lv
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Honghong Pei
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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