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Egan JM. Physiological Integration of Taste and Metabolism. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1699-1710. [PMID: 38718360 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2304578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M Egan
- From the Diabetes Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore
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2
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Wang L, Li J. Morphogenesis of fungiform papillae in developing miniature pigs. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24953. [PMID: 38314265 PMCID: PMC10837543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Fungiform papillae contain taste buds and play a critical role in mastication and the gustatory system. In this study, we report a series of sequential observations of organogenesis of fungiform papillae in miniature pigs, as well as changes in the expression of BMP2, BMP4, Wnt5a, Sox2, and Notch1 signaling pathway components. Design In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression patterns of BMP, Wnt, Sox2 and Notch in the fungiform papillae of miniature pigs at the bud stage (E40), cap stage (E50) and bell stage (E60). Pregnant miniature pigs were obtained, and the samples were processed for histological staining. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of BMP2, BMP4, Wnt5a, Sox2, and Notch1. Results At E40, fungiform papillae were present on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue in a specific array and pattern. The fungiform papillae were enlarged and basically developed at E50 and were largest at the earlier stage (E60). Most of the BMP2 was concentrated in the epithelial layer and the connective tissue core of the fungal papilloma and gradually accumulated from E40-E60. BMP-4 was weakly expressed in the fungiform papillae epithelia, but BMP-4-positive cells were also observed in the developing tongue muscle at E50 and E60. Wnt5a-positive cells were observed in the fungiform papillae epithelia and developing tongue muscle at all three time points. Sox2-positive cells were observed only in fungiform papillae epithelial cells, and Notch1-positive cells could not be detected. Conclusions This study provides primary data regarding the morphogenesis and expression of developmental signals in the fungiform papillae of miniature pigs, establishing a foundation for further research in both this model and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, China
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Abdel-Maksoud FM, Inui-Yamamoto C, Kawano A, Honma S, Saeki N, Abe M, Kuraki M, Ohba S, Wakisaka S. Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the fungiform and the circumvallate papillae through the life stages from 6- to 72-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:414-425. [PMID: 37818703 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Taste sensitivity decreases with age. Therefore, we investigated the histological and immunohistochemical changes in the receptive fields circumvallate papilla (CvP) and fungiform papilla (FfP) to explore the mechanism underlying age-related changes in taste sensitivity in 6- to 72-week-old rats. We analyzed papilla size, the thickness of the keratin layer of the papilla and stratified squamous epithelium, taste bud size, the keratin layer around the taste pores in the CvP and FfP, and the number and distribution of taste buds in the CvP coronal section. We further assessed the expression of marker proteins for Type II and III cells, phospholipase C subtype beta 2 (PLCβ2), and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25). The cellular activity of these taste cells was examined through co-localization with the senescence cell marker protein-30 (SMP30). There were no differences in the number of taste bud sections in the CvP among the age groups. However, the size of the CvP increased and the density of the taste bud area in the CvP area decreased with increasing age. In contrast, the number of cells with co-expression of SMP30, PLCβ2, and SNAP-25 decreased with age. Furthermore, the morphological structures of the CvP, FfP, and taste buds in these regions changed with age, but not the overall taste bud number in the CvP coronal section. The decrease in cell count with co-expression of SMP30 and PLCβ2, or SNAP-25 may indicate reduced cellular functions of taste cells with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Chizuko Inui-Yamamoto
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kawano
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Otemae College, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shiho Honma
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Saeki
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Abe
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moe Kuraki
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakisaka
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kansai Women's College, Kashiwara, Osaka, Japan
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Andreeva R, Sarkar A, Sarkar R. Machine learning and topological data analysis identify unique features of human papillae in 3D scans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21529. [PMID: 38097616 PMCID: PMC10721919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tongue surface houses a range of papillae that are integral to the mechanics and chemistry of taste and textural sensation. Although gustatory function of papillae is well investigated, the uniqueness of papillae within and across individuals remains elusive. Here, we present the first machine learning framework on 3D microscopic scans of human papillae ([Formula: see text]), uncovering the uniqueness of geometric and topological features of papillae. The finer differences in shapes of papillae are investigated computationally based on a number of features derived from discrete differential geometry and computational topology. Interpretable machine learning techniques show that persistent homology features of the papillae shape are the most effective in predicting the biological variables. Models trained on these features with small volumes of data samples predict the type of papillae with an accuracy of 85%. The papillae type classification models can map the spatial arrangement of filiform and fungiform papillae on a surface. Remarkably, the papillae are found to be distinctive across individuals and an individual can be identified with an accuracy of 48% among the 15 participants from a single papillae. Collectively, this is the first evidence demonstrating that tongue papillae can serve as a unique identifier, and inspires a new research direction for food preferences and oral diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna Andreeva
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rik Sarkar
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Chia CW, Yeager SM, Egan JM. Endocrinology of Taste with Aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:295-315. [PMID: 36948781 PMCID: PMC10037529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Taste is one of our five primary senses, and taste impairment has been shown to increase with aging. The ability to taste allows us to enjoy the food we eat and to avoid foods that are potentially spoiled or poisonous. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of taste receptor cells located within taste buds help us decipher how taste works. The discoveries of "classic" endocrine hormones in taste receptor cells point toward taste buds being actual endocrine organs. A better understanding of how taste works may help in reversing taste impairment associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM536, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Shayna M Yeager
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM547, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM527, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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Doyle ME, Premathilake HU, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1193-1246. [PMID: 36422992 PMCID: PMC9942923 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, and the presence and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as address the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Sobek G, Jagielski P. The Number of Fungiform Papillae, Taste Sensitivity and Smell Functions of Children Aged 11–15. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132578. [PMID: 35807758 PMCID: PMC9268619 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in the ability to identify and perceive tastes and smells might influence food consumption and, ultimately, chronic nutrition-related conditions such as overweightness and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity and odour function, anthropometry, and quantity of fungiform papillae in children at age 11–15. Taste strips (4 base tastes), U-Sniff sticks (12 selected smells), and a filter paper strip impregnated with 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) were used. The photographic method was used to estimate the number of fungiform papillae (FP) on the tongue. The results showed that the quantity of FP was not related to anthropometry or gender. The taste test total scores were higher for girls, for whom the median score was 14 (12.0–15.0), than for boys, for whom the median score was 12 (9.0–13.0). Of the children, 13.9% had some difficulty in identifying odours. The Mann–Whitney U test showed that children who were most sensitive to bitter taste had more FP (p = 0.0001). The median score for this group (score = 4) was 34.0 (27.0–37.0). For those who had some problems with correctly assessing all bitter taste strips (score = 0–3), the median score was 24.0 (20.0–31.0). Higher numbers of FP were also observed in tasters, that is, people sensitive to PROP, than in nontasters. Only some measures of the taste function correlated with each other, but not very significantly. We concluded that there are multiple perceptual phases of taste, with no single measure able to entirely represent the sense of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sobek
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
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