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Kanayama M, Chen Y, Rabizadeh D, Vera L, Lu C, Nielsen SM, Russell EM, Esplin ED, Wang H, Isaacs WB, Antonarakis ES, Luo J. Clinical and Functional Analyses of an African-ancestry Gain-of-function HOXB13 Variant Implicated in Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2024; 7:751-759. [PMID: 37806842 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have uncovered a HOXB13 variant (X285K) predisposing to prostate cancer in men of West African ancestry. The clinical relevance and protein function associated with this inherited variant are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical relevance of HOXB13 (X285K) in comparison with HOXB13 (G84E) and BRCA2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants, and to elucidate the oncogenic mechanisms of the X285K protein. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Real-world data were collected from 21,393 men with prostate cancer undergoing genetic testing from 2019 to 2022, and in vitro cell-line models were established for the evaluation of oncogenic functions associated with the X285K protein. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Genetic testing results were compared among patient groups according to self-reported race/ethnicity, Gleason scores, and American Joint Committee on Cancer stages using the exact test. Oncogenic functions of X285K were evaluated by RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS HOXB13 (X285K) was significantly enriched in self-reported Black (1.01%) versus White (0.01%) patients. We observed a trend of more aggressive disease in the HOXB13 (X285K) and BRCA2 P/LP carriers than in the HOXB13 (G84E) carriers. Replacement of the wild-type HOXB13 protein with the X285K protein resulted in a gain of an E2F/MYC signature, validated by the elevated expression of cyclin B1 and c-Myc, without affecting the androgen response signature. Elevated expression of cyclin B1 and c-Myc was explained by enhanced binding of the X285K protein to the promoters and enhancers of these genes. The limitations of the study are the lack of complete clinical outcome data for all patients studied and the use of a single cell line in the functional analysis. CONCLUSIONS HOXB13 (X285K) is significantly enriched in self-reported Black patients, and X285K carriers detected in the real-world clinical setting have aggressive prostate cancer features similar to the BRCA2 carriers. Functional studies revealed a unique gain-of-function oncogenic mechanism of X285K protein in regulating E2F/MYC signatures. PATIENT SUMMARY The HOXB13 (X285K) variant is clinically and functionally linked to aggressive prostate cancer, supporting genetic testing for X285K in Black men and early disease screening of carriers of this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, the University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Rabizadeh
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Vera
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Silva MP, Ferreira LT, Brás NF, Torres L, Brandão A, Pinheiro M, Cardoso M, Resende A, Vieira J, Palmeira C, Martins G, Silva M, Pinto C, Peixoto A, Silva J, Henrique R, Maia S, Maiato H, Teixeira MR, Paulo P. BUB1B monoallelic germline variants contribute to prostate cancer predisposition by triggering chromosomal instability. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:74. [PMID: 39014450 PMCID: PMC11251299 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Variants in known moderate- to high-penetrance genes explain less than 5% of the cases arising at early-onset (< 56 years) and/or with familial aggregation of the disease. Considering that BubR1 is an essential component of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, we hypothesized that monoallelic BUB1B variants could be sufficient to fuel chromosomal instability (CIN), potentially triggering (prostate) carcinogenesis. METHODS To unveil BUB1B as a new PrCa predisposing gene, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing in germline DNA from 462 early-onset/familial PrCa patients and 1,416 cancer patients fulfilling criteria for genetic testing for other hereditary cancer syndromes. To explore the pan-cancer role of BUB1B, we used in silico BubR1 molecular modeling, in vitro gene-editing, and ex vivo patients' tumors and peripheral blood lymphocytes. RESULTS Rare BUB1B variants were found in ~ 1.9% of the early-onset/familial PrCa cases and in ~ 0.6% of other cancer patients fulfilling criteria for hereditary disease. We further show that BUB1B variants lead to decreased BubR1 expression and/or stability, which promotes increased premature chromatid separation and, consequently, triggers CIN, driving resistance to Taxol-based therapies. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that different BUB1B variants may uncover a trigger for CIN-driven carcinogenesis, supporting the role of BUB1B as a (pan)-cancer predisposing gene with potential impact on genetic counseling and treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Silva
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa T Ferreira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia F Brás
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Torres
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Brandão
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pinheiro
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Cardoso
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana Resende
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Vieira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Department of Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Martins
- Department of Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Pinto
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Peixoto
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Maia
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, i3S, Portugal
- Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal.
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Weng M, Lai Y, Ge X, Gu W, Zhang X, Li L, Sun M. HOXC6: A promising biomarker linked to an immunoevasive microenvironment in colorectal cancer based on TCGA analysis and cohort validation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23500. [PMID: 38192826 PMCID: PMC10772581 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
HOXC6 plays an essential part of the carcinogenesis of solid tumors, but its functional relevance within the immune contexture in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is still uncertain. We intended to investigate the predictive value of HOXC6 expression for survival outcomes and its correlation with immune contexture in CRC patients by utilizing the Cancer Genome Atlas database (n = 619). Validation was performed in cohorts from Zhongshan Hospital (n = 200) and Shanghai Cancer Center (n = 300). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was utilized to compare the levels of immunocytes infiltrating the tumor between the groups with high and low expression of HOXC6. Elevated levels of HOXC6 expression in CRC tissues were linked to malignant progression and poor prognosis. HOXC6 as a risk factor for survival of CRC patients was confirmed. Receiver operating characteristic analysis confirmed its diagnostic value, and a reliable prognostic nomogram was constructed. KEGG analysis and GSEA showed that HOXC6 participated in immune regulation, and its expression was tightly linked to the abundance of infiltrating immunocytes. HOXC6 was upregulated in patients diagnosed with CRC within the two cohorts, and high HOXC6 levels were correlated with a worse prognosis. The high-HOXC6 expression group showed increased infiltration of Treg cells, CD68+ macrophages, CD66b+ neutrophils, and CD8+ T-cells and elevated levels of PD-L1 and PD-1, but decreased levels of granzyme B and perforin. These findings suggest that HOXC6 abundance in patients with CRC determines a poor prognosis, promotes an immunoevasive environment, and directs CD8+ T-cell dysfunction. HOXC6 is expected to become a prospective biomarker for the outcome of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuling Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tsukuba, Faculty of medicine, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xixue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No 221, West Yan'an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Timofte AD, Caruntu ID, Covic AC, Hancianu M, Girlescu N, Chifu MB, Giusca SE. Renal Function Parameters in Distinctive Molecular Subtypes of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5013. [PMID: 37894380 PMCID: PMC10605320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignancy in male patients, having diverse clinical outcomes. The follow-up of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer involves the evaluation of renal function, because its impairment reduces patient survival rates and adds complexity to their treatment and clinical care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between renal function parameters and distinctive molecular subtypes of prostate adenocarcinomas, defined by the immunoexpression of the SPINK1, ERG, HOXB13, and TFF3 markers. The study group comprised 72 patients with prostate cancer and associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) who underwent radical prostatectomy. Histopathological, molecular, and renal parameters were analyzed. Patients were categorized based on ERG/SPINK1 and HOXB13/TFF3 status, and correlations with renal function and prognostic grade groups were assessed. The ERG+/SPINK1+ subgroup exhibited significantly higher postoperative CKD stages and serum creatinine levels compared to the ERG+/SPINK1- subgroup. This suggests an intricate relationship between SPINK1 overexpression and renal function dynamics. The HOXB13-/TFF3+ subgroup displayed higher preoperative serum creatinine levels and CKD stages than the HOXB13-/TFF3- subgroup, aligning with TFF3's potential role in renal function. Furthermore, the study revealed associations between CKD stages and prognostic grade groups in different molecular subtypes, pointing out an intricate interplay between renal function and tumor behavior. Although the molecular classification of prostate acinar ADK is not yet implemented, this research underscores the variability of renal function parameters in different molecular subtypes, offering potential insights into patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Daniel Timofte
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (N.G.); (M.B.C.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Irina-Draga Caruntu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (N.G.); (M.B.C.); (S.E.G.)
- Department of Pathology, “Dr. C. I. Parhon” University Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Medical Science Academy, 030171 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adrian C. Covic
- Romanian Medical Science Academy, 030171 Bucharest, Romania;
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
- Department Medical II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, “Dr. C. I. Parhon” University Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Nona Girlescu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (N.G.); (M.B.C.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Mariana Bianca Chifu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (N.G.); (M.B.C.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Simona Eliza Giusca
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (N.G.); (M.B.C.); (S.E.G.)
- Department of Pathology, “Dr. C. I. Parhon” University Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania
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5
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Chen Y, Dufour CR, Han L, Li T, Xia H, Giguère V. Hierarchical Phosphorylation of HOXB13 by mTOR Dictates Its Activity and Oncogenic Function in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:1050-1063. [PMID: 37409967 PMCID: PMC10544006 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of mTOR signaling plays a critical role in promoting prostate cancer growth. HOXB13, a homeodomain transcription factor, is known to influence the androgen response and prostate cancer development. Recently, HOXB13 was found to complex with mTOR on chromatin. However, the functional crosstalk between HOXB13 and mTOR remains elusive. We now report that mTOR directly interacts with and hierarchically phosphorylates HOXB13 at threonine 8 and 41 then serine 31 to promote its interaction with the E3 ligase SKP2 while enhancing its oncogenic properties. Expression of HOXB13 harboring phosphomimetic mutations at the mTOR-targeted sites stimulates prostate cancer cellular growth both in vitro and in murine xenografts. Transcriptional profiling studies revealed a phospho-HOXB13-dependent gene signature capable of robustly discriminating between normal prostate tissues, primary and metastatic prostate cancer samples. This work uncovers a previously unanticipated molecular cascade by which mTOR directly phosphorylates HOXB13 to dictate a specific gene program with oncogenic implications in prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS Control of HOXB13 transcriptional activity via its direct phosphorylation by the mTOR kinase is a potential therapeutic avenue for the management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Chen
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lingwei Han
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ting Li
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hui Xia
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Militaru FC, Militaru V, Crisan N, Bocsan IC, Udrea AA, Catana A, Kutasi E, Militaru MS. Molecular basis and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer: A comprehensive review. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:760-771. [PMID: 37021836 PMCID: PMC10494850 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.8782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in male patients. The incidence increases with age, and it is higher among African Americans. The occurrence of prostate cancer is associated with many risk factors, including genetic and hereditary predisposition. The most common genetic syndromes associated with prostate cancer risk are BRCA-associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and Lynch syndrome. Local-regional therapy, i.e., surgery is beneficial in early-stage prostate cancer management. Advanced and metastatic prostate cancers require systemic therapies, including hormonal inhibition, chemotherapy, and targeted agents. Most prostate cancers can be treated by targeting the androgen-receptor pathway and decreasing androgen production or binding to androgen receptors (AR). Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) usually involves the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and requires targeted therapy. Specific molecular therapy can target mutated cell lines in which DNA defect repair is altered, caused by mutations of BRCA2, partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or the transmembrane protease serine 2-ERG (TMPRSS2-ERG) fusion. Most benefits were demonstrated in cyclin dependent-kinase 12 (CDK12) mutated cell lines when treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) therapy. Therapies targeting p53 and AKT are the subject of ongoing clinical trials. Many genetic defects are listed as diagnostic, prognostic, and clinically actionable markers in prostate cancer. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) is an important oncogenic driver and an early diagnostic and prognostic marker, as well as a therapeutic target in hormone-resistant CRPC. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and available targeted therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Claudia Militaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Medisprof Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Militaru
- Medisprof Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical County Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Crisan
- Department of Urology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Andreea Catana
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute of Oncology I. Chiricuta, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eniko Kutasi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mariela Sanda Militaru
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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7
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Brennen WN, Zhu Y, Coleman IM, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Patel RA, Hanratty B, Chikarmane R, Meeker AK, Zheng SL, Hooper JE, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Corey E, Xu J, Yegnasubramanian S, Haffner MC, Nelson PS, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, Isaacs JT. Resistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibition does not necessitate development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146827. [PMID: 33724955 PMCID: PMC8119192 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to AR signaling inhibitors (ARSis) in a subset of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPCs) occurs with the emergence of AR– neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) coupled with mutations/deletions in PTEN, TP53, and RB1 and the overexpression of DNMTs, EZH2, and/or SOX2. To resolve whether the lack of AR is the driving factor for the emergence of the NE phenotype, molecular, cell, and tumor biology analyses were performed on 23 xenografts derived from patients with PC, recapitulating the full spectrum of genetic alterations proposed to drive NE differentiation. Additionally, phenotypic response to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated AR KO in AR+ CRPC cells was evaluated. These analyses document that (a) ARSi-resistant NEPC developed without androgen deprivation treatment; (b) ARS in ARSi-resistant AR+/NE+ double-positive “amphicrine” mCRPCs did not suppress NE differentiation; (c) the lack of AR expression did not necessitate acquiring a NE phenotype, despite concomitant mutations/deletions in PTEN and TP53, and the loss of RB1 but occurred via emergence of an AR–/NE– double-negative PC (DNPC); (d) despite DNPC cells having homogeneous genetic driver mutations, they were phenotypically heterogeneous, expressing basal lineage markers alone or in combination with luminal lineage markers; and (e) AR loss was associated with AR promoter hypermethylation in NEPCs but not in DNPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yezi Zhu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Hanratty
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roshan Chikarmane
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Urology and
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Momozawa Y, Iwasaki Y, Hirata M, Liu X, Kamatani Y, Takahashi A, Sugano K, Yoshida T, Murakami Y, Matsuda K, Nakagawa H, Spurdle AB, Kubo M. Germline Pathogenic Variants in 7636 Japanese Patients With Prostate Cancer and 12 366 Controls. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:369-376. [PMID: 31214711 PMCID: PMC7156928 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic testing has been conducted in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) using multigene panels, but no centralized guidelines for genetic testing exist. To overcome this limitation, we investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with pathogenic variants. Methods We sequenced eight genes associated with hereditary PCa in 7636 unselected Japanese patients with PCa and 12 366 male, cancer-free control individuals. We assigned clinical significance for all 1456 variants using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines and ClinVar. We compared the frequency of carriers bearing pathogenic variants between cases and control participants with calculated PCa risk in each gene and documented the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients bearing pathogenic variants. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We identified 136 pathogenic variants, and 2.9% of patients and 0.8% of control individuals had a pathogenic variant. Association with PCa risk was statistically significant for variants in BRCA2 (P < .001, odds ratio [OR] = 5.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.55 to 9.32), HOXB13 (P < .001, OR = 4.73, 95% CI = 2.84 to 8.19), and ATM (P < .001, OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.63 to 5.15). We detected recurrent new pathogenic variants such as p.Gly132Glu of HOXB13. Patients with pathogenic variants were 2.0 years younger at diagnosis and more often had smoking and alcohol drinking histories as well as family histories of breast, pancreatic, lung, and liver cancers. Conclusions This largest sequencing study of PCa heredity provides additional evidence supporting the latest consensus among clinicians for developing genetic testing guidelines for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Services, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kokichi Sugano
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Services, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Oncogene Research Unit/Cancer Prevention Unit, Tochigi Cancer Centre Research Institute, Yohnan, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Services, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
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9
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Kim EH, Cao D, Mahajan NP, Andriole GL, Mahajan K. ACK1-AR and AR-HOXB13 signaling axes: epigenetic regulation of lethal prostate cancers. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa018. [PMID: 32885168 PMCID: PMC7454006 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical transcription factor in prostate cancer (PC) pathogenesis. Its activity in malignant cells is dependent on interactions with a diverse set of co-regulators. These interactions fluctuate depending on androgen availability. For example, the androgen depletion increases the dependence of castration-resistant PCs (CRPCs) on the ACK1 and HOXB13 cell survival pathways. Activated ACK1, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase, phosphorylates cytosolic and nuclear proteins, thereby avoiding the inhibitory growth consequences of androgen depletion. Notably, ACK1-mediated phosphorylation of histone H4, which leads to epigenetic upregulation of AR expression, has emerged as a critical mechanism of CRPC resistance to anti-androgens. This resistance can be targeted using the ACK1-selective small-molecule kinase inhibitor (R)- 9b. CRPCs also deploy the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein BRD4 to epigenetically increase HOXB13 gene expression, which in turn activates the MYC target genes AURKA/AURKB. HOXB13 also facilitates ligand-independent recruitment of the AR splice variant AR-V7 to chromatin, compensating for the loss of the chromatin remodeling protein, CHD1, and restricting expression of the mitosis control gene HSPB8. These studies highlight the crosstalk between AR-ACK1 and AR-HOXB13 pathways as key mediators of CRPC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Kim
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gerald L Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Brotto DB, Siena ÁDD, de Barros II, Carvalho SDCES, Muys BR, Goedert L, Cardoso C, Plaça JR, Ramão A, Squire JA, Araujo LF, Silva WAD. Contributions of HOX genes to cancer hallmarks: Enrichment pathway analysis and review. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320918050. [PMID: 32456563 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320918050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes function as master regulatory transcription factors during development, and their expression is often altered in cancer. The HOX gene family was initially studied intensively to understand how the expression of each gene was involved in forming axial patterns and shaping the body plan during embryogenesis. More recent investigations have discovered that HOX genes can also play an important role in cancer. The literature has shown that the expression of HOX genes may be increased or decreased in different tumors and that these alterations may differ depending on the specific HOX gene involved and the type of cancer being investigated. New studies are also emerging, showing the critical role of some members of the HOX gene family in tumor progression and variation in clinical response. However, there has been limited systematic evaluation of the various contributions of each member of the HOX gene family in the pathways that drive the common phenotypic changes (or "hallmarks") and that underlie the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells. In this review, we investigate the context of the engagement of HOX gene targets and their downstream pathways in the acquisition of competence of tumor cells to undergo malignant transformation and tumor progression. We also summarize published findings on the involvement of HOX genes in carcinogenesis and use bioinformatics methods to examine how their downstream targets and pathways are involved in each hallmark of the cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Barbosa Brotto
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ádamo Davi Diógenes Siena
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ichihara de Barros
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone da Costa E Silva Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rodrigues Muys
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas Goedert
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cibele Cardoso
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jessica Rodrigues Plaça
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Anelisa Ramão
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jeremy Andrew Squire
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Luiza Ferreira Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Integrative System Biology (CISBi), NAP/USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Center for Medical Genomics, Clinics Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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11
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Yao J, Chen Y, Nguyen DT, Thompson ZJ, Eroshkin AM, Nerlakanti N, Patel AK, Agarwal N, Teer JK, Dhillon J, Coppola D, Zhang J, Perera R, Kim Y, Mahajan K. The Homeobox gene, HOXB13, Regulates a Mitotic Protein-Kinase Interaction Network in Metastatic Prostate Cancers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9715. [PMID: 31273254 PMCID: PMC6609629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXB13, a homeodomain transcription factor, is linked to recurrence following radical prostatectomy. While HOXB13 regulates Androgen Receptor (AR) functions in a context dependent manner, its critical effectors in prostate cancer (PC) metastasis remain largely unknown. To identify HOXB13 transcriptional targets in metastatic PCs, we performed integrative bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the proximity of the human prostate tumor-specific AR binding sites. Unsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) led to a focused core HOXB13 target gene-set referred to as HOTPAM9 (HOXB13 Targets separating Primary And Metastatic PCs). HOTPAM9 comprised 7 mitotic kinase genes overexpressed in metastatic PCs, TRPM8, and the heat shock protein HSPB8, whose levels were significantly lower in metastatic PCs compared to the primary disease. The expression of a two-gene set, CIT and HSPB8 with an overall balanced accuracy of 98.8% and a threshold value of 0.2347, was sufficient to classify metastasis. HSPB8 mRNA expression was significantly increased following HOXB13 depletion in multiple metastatic CRPC models. Increased expression of HSPB8 by the microtubule inhibitor Colchicine or by exogenous means suppressed migration of mCRPC cells. Collectively, our results indicate that HOXB13 promotes metastasis of PCs by coordinated regulation of mitotic kinases and blockade of a putative tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiang Yao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Duy T Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary J Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexey M Eroshkin
- Bioinformatics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Niveditha Nerlakanti
- Tumor Biology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ami K Patel
- Tumor Biology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Neha Agarwal
- Tumor Biology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jamie K Teer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jasreman Dhillon
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ranjan Perera
- Analytical Genomics and Bioinformatics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Farashi S, Kryza T, Clements J, Batra J. Post-GWAS in prostate cancer: from genetic association to biological contribution. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:46-59. [PMID: 30538273 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in deciphering the genetic component of predisposition to many human complex diseases including prostate cancer. Germline variants identified by GWAS progressively unravelled the substantial knowledge gap concerning prostate cancer heritability. With the beginning of the post-GWAS era, more and more studies reveal that, in addition to their value as risk markers, germline variants can exert active roles in prostate oncogenesis. Consequently, current research efforts focus on exploring the biological mechanisms underlying specific susceptibility loci known as causal variants by applying novel and precise analytical methods to available GWAS data. Results obtained from these post-GWAS analyses have highlighted the potential of exploiting prostate cancer risk-associated germline variants to identify new gene networks and signalling pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis. In this Review, we describe the molecular basis of several important prostate cancer-causal variants with an emphasis on using post-GWAS analysis to gain insight into cancer aetiology. In addition to discussing the current status of post-GWAS studies, we also summarize the main molecular mechanisms of potential causal variants at prostate cancer risk loci and explore the major challenges in moving from association to functional studies and their implication in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Impact of the G84E variant on HOXB13 gene and protein expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded prostate tumours. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17778. [PMID: 29259341 PMCID: PMC5736598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The HOXB13 G84E variant is associated with risk of prostate cancer (PCa), however the role this variant plays in PCa development is unknown. This study examined 751 cases, 450 relatives and 355 controls to determine the contribution of this variant to PCa risk in Tasmania and investigated HOXB13 gene and protein expression in tumours from nine G84E heterozygote variant and 13 wild-type carriers. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that HOXB13 gene and protein expression did not differ between tumour samples from variant and wild-type carriers. Allele-specific transcription revealed that two of seven G84E carriers transcribed both the variant and wild-type allele, while five carriers transcribed the wild-type allele. Methylation of surrounding CpG sites was lower in the variant compared to the wild-type allele, however overall methylation across the region was very low. Notably, tumour characteristics were less aggressive in the two variant carriers that transcribed the variant allele compared to the five that did not. This study has shown that HOXB13 expression does not differ between tumour tissue of G84E variant carriers and non-carriers. Intriguingly, the G84E variant allele was rarely transcribed in carriers, suggesting that HOXB13 expression may be driven by the wild-type allele in the majority of carriers.
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